List of threatened rays

    Add links
    Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

    See also:
    Threatened sharks
    CITES Appendix II species, which gives them some international protection.[2]

    The market for shark and ray products is first and foremost a luxury one: The gill plates, in the case of manta rays, are used in China for a tonic soup that has become fashionable because of perceived medicinal properties, even though it is not in the traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia. This is a recent trend and has caused a population loss of up to 86% in the last six to eight years.

    – WWF 2013 [3]

    IUCN) ranks threatened species in three categories:[4]

    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable species
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered species
    Critically endangered species

    The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.

    red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[5]

    Together

    bony fishes have skeletons made of bone. Because rays and sharks are closely related, they are often studied together. In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of 1,044 cartilaginous (ray and shark) species examined, 345 or 33% were threatened with extinction.[6][7]

    There are four

    K-strategists which grow slowly, mature late sexually and produce few offspring. They cannot recover as rapidly as many faster growing fish can if their populations are depleted.[8] As with sharks, rays are increasingly becoming vulnerable because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-ray fisheries on the seabed and ray prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[9] Most particularly, the continuing decline of threatened rays and sharks is the consequence of unregulated fishing,[10] as illustrated by a recent international survey which listed only 38 species of skates and rays still subsisting in the highly impacted Mediterranean Sea.[11]

    critically endangered[12]

    giant manta ray, are being caught and killed purely for their gill rakers. A fisheries study in Sri Lanka estimated that over a thousand of these were being sold in the country's fish markets each year.[19]

    In 2011, manta rays became strictly protected in international waters thanks to their recent inclusion in the

    CITES Appendix II species. This means that the international trade of manta rays will now be monitored and regulated.[2][21]

    Appendix I. This is CITES highest protection level, and means that all international trade of the species is banned.[26][27]

    According to a 2021 study published in the journal

    fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[28] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[29][30] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[31] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[32][28]

    List

    Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend
    IUCN status
    		 Fish
    Base
    FAO
    		 Comment
    Stingray
    M.E. Blochii ... Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (Plate 73) (7038524053).jpg
    Aetobatus flagellum
         		Longheaded eagle ray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[33]
    		 [34]
    Stingray
    Aetomylaeus maculatus 01.jpg
    Aetomylaeus maculatus
         		Mottled eagle ray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[33]
    		 [35]
    Stingray
    Aetomylaeus nichofii
         		Banded eagle ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[36]
    		 [37]
    Stingray
    Ornate eagle ray (Aetomylaeus vespertilio) Baa Atoll, Maldives (2018).jpg
    Aetomylaeus vespertilio
         		Ornate eagle ray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[38]
    		 [39]
    Skate
    Amblyraja radiata Gervais.jpg
    Amblyraja radiata
         		Thorny skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[40]
    		 [41]
    Sawfish
    AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg
    Anoxypristis cuspidata
         		Knifetooth sawfish decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[42]
    		 [43]
    Stingray
    Aptychotrema timorensis csiro.jpg
    Aptychotrema timorensis
         		Spotted shovelnose ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[44]
    		 [45]
    Skate
    Atlantoraja castelnaui(MIRANDA RIBEIRO,1907).jpg
    Atlantoraja castelnaui
         		Spotback skate decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[46]
    		 [47]
    Skate
    Atlantoraja cyclophora.jpg
    Atlantoraja cyclophora
         		Eyespot skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[48]
    		 [49]
    Skate
    Atlantoraja platana.jpg
    Atlantoraja platana
         		La Plata skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[50]
    		 [51]
    Skate
    Bathyraja griseocauda
         		Graytail skate decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[52]
    		 [53]
    Electric ray
    Benthobatis kreffti
         		Brazilian blind electric ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[54]
    		 [55]
    Stingray
    Dasyatis colarensis
         		Colares stingray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[56]
    		 [57]
    Stingray
    Brendos stingray.jpg
    Dasyatis fluviorum
    Estuary stingaree
    		 decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[58]
    		 [59]
    Stingray
    Dasyatis garouaensis
    Smooth freshwater stingray
    		 decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[60]
    		 [61] freshwater
    Stingray
    Dasyatis laosensis.jpg
    Dasyatis laosensis
         		Mekong freshwater stingray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[62]
    		 [63] freshwater
    Stingray
    Dasyatis margarita
         		Daisy stingray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[64]
    		 [65]
    Stingray
    Dasyatis ukpam
         		Daisy stingray unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[66]
    		 [67] freshwater
    Electric ray
    Diplobatis colombiensis
         		Colombian electric ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[68]
    		 [69]
    Electric ray
    Diplobatis guamachensis
         		Brownband numbfish unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[70]
    		 [71]
    Electric ray
    Bullseye Stingray - Day 267.jpg
    Diplobatis ommata
         		Ocellated electric ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[72]
    		 [73]
    Electric ray
    Diplobatis pictus
    Variegated electric ray
    		 unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[74]
    		 [75]
    Skate Dipturus australis Sydney skate unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[76]
    		 [77]
    Skate
    Vangst van een vleet.jpg
    Dipturus batis
    Blue skate
    		 decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[78]
    		 [79]
    Skate
    Dipturus crosnieri
         		Madagascar skate unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[80]
    		 [81]
    Skate
    Dipturus laevis 2.jpg
    Dipturus laevis
         		Barndoor skate stable
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[82]
    		 [83]
    Skate Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skate unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[84]
    		 [85]
    Skate Dipturus trachydermus Roughskin skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[86]
    		 [87]
    Skate
    Glaucostegus granulatus TSCK.jpg
    Glaucostegus granulatus
         		Sharpnose guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[88]
    		 [89]
    Skate
    Rhinobates thouini Day 190.jpg
    Glaucostegus thouin
         		Clubnose guitarfish unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[90]
    		 [91]
    Skate
    The Lazy Afternoon.jpg
    Glaucostegus typus
         		Common shovelnose ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[92]
    		 [93]
    Skate
    Gurgesiella dorsalifera
         		Onefin skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[94]
    Stingray
    Gymnura altavela.jpg
    Gymnura altavela
         		Spiny butterfly ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[95]
    		 [96]
    Stingray
    Gymnura zonura
         		Zonetail butterfly ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[97]
    		 [98]
    Electric ray
    		 Heteronarce garmani Natal electric ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[99]
    		 [100]
    Stingray
    Whipray mandalay bay2.jpg
    Himantura gerrardi
         		Whitespotted whipray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[101]
    		 [102] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura hortlei
         		Hortle's whipray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[103]
    		 [104] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura kittipongi.jpg
    Himantura kittipongi
         		Roughback whipray unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[105]
    		 [106] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura leoparda farglory.jpg
    Himantura leoparda
         		Leopard whipray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[107]
    		 [108] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura lobistoma
         		Tubemouth whipray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[109]
    		 [110] freshwater
    Stingray
    Stingray shedd.jpg
    Himantura oxyrhyncha
    Longnose marbled whipray
    		 unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[111]
    		 [112] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura pastinacoides
         		Round whipray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[113]
    		 [114] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura polylepis.jpg
    Urogymnus polylepis
         		Giant freshwater stingray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[115]
    		 [116] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura signifer.jpg
    Himantura signifer
         		White-edge freshwater whipray unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[117]
    		 [118] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura uarnacoides.jpg
    Himantura uarnacoides
    Bleeker's whipray
    		 decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[119]
    		 [120] freshwater
    Stingray
    Himantura Uarnak 2004 Australia.jpg
    Himantura uarnak
         		Reticulate whipray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[121]
    		 [122]
    Stingray
    Himantura undulata lisbon.jpg
    Himantura undulata
    Bleeker's variegated whipray
    		 decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[123]
    		 [124]
    Skate
    Leucoraja circularis.jpg
    Leucoraja circularis
         		Sandy ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[125]
    		 [126]
    Skate
    Leucoraja melitensis
         		Maltese skate decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[127]
    		 [128]
    Skate
    Winter skate.jpg
    Leucoraja ocellata
         		Winter skate decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[129]
    		 [130]
    Stingray
    Myliobatis hamlyni
         		Purple eagle ray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[131]
    		 [132]
    Skate
    Smooth skate 2.jpg
    		 Malacoraja senta Smooth skate decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[133]
    		 [134]
    Stingray
    Manta alfredi at a ‘cleaning station’ - journal.pone.0046170.g002B.png
    Manta alfredi
         		Reef manta ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[135]
    Stingray
    Manta birostris-Thailand4.jpg
    Manta birostris
    Giant manta ray
    		 decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[1]
    		 [136]
    Stingray
    Atlantic mobula lisbon.jpg
    Mobula mobular
    Giant devil ray
    		 decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[137]
    		 [138]
    Stingray
    Mobula rochebrunei.jpg
    Mobula rochebrunei
         		Lesser Guinean devil ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[139]
    		 [140]
    Electric ray
    Narcine brevilabiata
         		Shortlip electric ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[141]
    		 [142]
    Electric ray
    Narke japonica.jpg
    Narke japonica
         		Japanese sleeper ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[143]
    		 [144]
    Skate
    Okamejei pita
         		Pita skate unknown
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[145]
    		 [146]
    Stingray
    Pastinachus solocirostris
         		Roughnose stingray unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[147]
    		 [148]
    Stingray
    Platyrhina sinensis.jpg
    Platyrhina sinensis
         		Fanray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[149]
    		 [150]
    Sawfish
    Pristis clavata (Dwarf sawfish) in Aqua park.png
    Pristis clavata
    Queensland sawfish
    		 decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[151]
    		 [152]
    Sawfish
    Pristis pectinata SI.jpg
    Pristis pectinata
         		Smalltooth sawfish decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[153]
    		 [154]
    Sawfish
    Pristis pristis - Georgia Aquarium Jan 2006.jpg
    Pristis pristis
    Common sawfish
    		 decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[155]
    		 [156]
    Sawfish
    Sawfish genova.jpg
    Pristis zijsron
    Narrowsnout sawfish
    		 decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[157]
    		 [158]
    Skate
    Raja pulchra.jpg
    Raja pulchra
         		Mottled skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[159]
    		 [160]
    Skate
    Raja undulata 2.jpg
    Raja undulata
         		Undulate ray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[161]
    		 [162]
    Sawfish
    Rhina anyclostoma australia.jpg
    		 Rhina ancylostoma
    Bowmouth guitarfish
    		 decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[163]
    		 [164]
    Sawfish
    Rhinobatos albomaculatus
         		White-spotted guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[165]
    		 [166]
    Sawfish
    Rhinobatos cemiculus.raie-guitare01.jpg
    Rhinobatos cemiculus
         		Blackchin guitarfish decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[167]
    		 [168]
    Sawfish
    Rhinobatos schlegelii 1838.jpg
    Rhinobatos formosensis
    Taiwan guitarfish
    		 unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[169]
    		 [170]
    Sawfish
    Rhinobatos horkelii 2.jpg
    Rhinobatos horkelii
         		Brazilian guitarfish decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[171]
    		 [172]
    Sawfish Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[173]
    		 [174]
    Sawfish Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[175]
    		 [176]
    Sawfish
    Glaucostegus obtusus.jpg
    Rhinobatos obtusus
         		Widenose guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[177]
    		 [178]
    Sawfish Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose ray decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[179]
    Sawfish
    Rhinobatos Rhinobatos.jpg
    Rhinobatos rhinobatos
         		Common guitarfish decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[180]
    Stingray
    Rhinoptera brasiliensis
         		Brazilian cownose ray decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[181]
    		 [182]
    Stingray
    Rhinoptera javanica.jpg
    Rhinoptera javanica
    Javanese cownose ray
    		 unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[183]
    		 [184]
    Skate Rhinoraja albomaculata Whitedotted skate unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[185]
    		 [186]
    Sawfish
    Rhynchobatus syndey aquarium.jpg
    		 Rhynchobatus australiae White-spotted guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[187]
    		 [188]
    Sawfish
    Rhynchobatus djiddensis durban.jpg
    Rhynchobatus djiddensis
         		Giant guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[189]
    		 [190]
    Sawfish
    M.E. Blochii Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (1801) (14766102852).jpg
    Rhynchobatus laevis
         		Smoothnose wedgefish unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[191]
    		 [192]
    Sawfish
    African wedgefish Bijagos archipelago.png
    Rhynchobatus luebberti
    Lubbert's guitarfish
    		 decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[193]
    		 [194]
    Sawfish
    Rhynchobatus sp. nov. A
         		Roughnose wedgefish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[195]
    		 [196]
    Sawfish
    Rhynchobatus springeri
         		Broadnose wedgefish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[197]
    		 [198]
    Skate
    Rioraja agassizii.jpg
    Rioraja agassizii
         		Rio skate unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[199]
    		 [200]
    Skate
    Rostroraja alba.jpg
    Rostroraja alba
         		Bottlenose skate decreasing
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[201]
    		 [202]
    Skate
    Spiniraja whitleyi
         		Melbourne skate unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[203]
    Skate
    Sympterygia acuta.jpg
    Sympterygia acuta
         		Bignose fanskate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[204]
    		 [205]
    Stingray
    Taeniura meyeni makunudhoo.jpg
    Taeniura meyeni
         		Round ribbontail ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[206]
    		 [207]
    Electric ray
    Temera hardwickii by gray.jpg
    Temera hardwickii
         		Finless sleeper ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[208]
    		 [209]
    Sawfish
    Trygonorrhina sp.jpg
    Trygonorrhina melaleuca
    Magpie fiddler ray
    		 unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[210]
    		 [211]
    Stingray
    Urogymnus asperrimus.jpg
    Urogymnus asperrimus
         		Porcupine ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[212]
    		 [213]
    Stingray
    Urogymnus ukpam
         		Pincushion ray unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[214]
    		 [215]
    Stingray
    Urolophus bucculentus.jpg
    Urolophus bucculentus
         		Sandyback stingaree decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[216]
    		 [217]
    Stingray
    Urolophus javanicus
         		Java stingaree decreasing
    CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[218]
    		 [219]
    Stingray
    Urolophus orarius
         		Coastal stingaree unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[220]
    		 [221]
    Stingray
    Urolophus sufflavus
         		Yellowback stingaree decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[222]
    		 [223]
    Stingray
    Trygonoptera testacea sydney.jpg
    Urolophus viridis
         		Greenback stingaree decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[224]
    		 [225]
    Stingray Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round stingray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[226]
    		 [227]
    Stingray Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round ray unknown
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[228]
    		 [229]
    Sawfish
    Zapteryx brevirostris.jpg
    Zapteryx brevirostris
         		Shortnose guitarfish decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[230]
    		 [231]
    Skate Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skate decreasing
    VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[232]
    		 [233]
    Skate
    Zearaja maugeana
         		Maugean skate unknown
    EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[234]
    		 [235]

    See also

    References

    1. ^
      doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T198921A126669349.en
      . Retrieved 19 January 2020.
    2. ^ a b Proposal 46: Genus Manta CITES, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013.
    3. ^ The fight to save threatened sharks and rays WWF, 6 March 2013.
    4. ^
      IUCN. August 2010. Archived from the original
      (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
    5. ^ "Red List Overview". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012.
    6. ^ Third of Shark and Ray Species Are Threatened, Study Suggests Science News, 27 October 2010.
    7. doi:10.1126/science.1194442
    8. ^ Conservation of Sharks CITES AC18 Inf. 1, 2002.
    9. ^ "The Greatest Threats to Sharks". Oceana. 2007. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
    10. ^ The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine CITES AC25 Inf. 6, 2011.
    11. ^ Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand. Oct. 2022.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364309239_Guide_of_Mediterranean_Skates_and_Rays
    12. ^ a b c Black, Richard (11 June 2007). "Sawfish protection acquires teeth". BBC News.
    13. ^ a b Glider of the sea threatened by 'traditional' medicine New Scientist, 25 March 2013.
    14. doi:10.2174/1877609401103010001
      .
    15. ^ Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013). "No species is safe from burgeoning wildlife trade". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
    16. ^ Manta Rays Endangered by Sudden Demand from Chinese Medicine ScientificAmerican, 17 January 2012.
    17. ^ "The global threat to manta and mobula rays" WildAid and Shark Savers. 2011 report.
    18. ^ "Manta Fisheries". The Manta Trust. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
    19. ^ "Sri Lanka Manta Project". The Manta Trust. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
    20. ^ "COP10 Outcome: Migratory Manta Ray under CMS Protection". Convention on Migratory Species. UNEP; CMS. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
    21. ^ CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
    22. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pristis microdon" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
    23. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pristis perotteti" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
    24. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pristis pristis" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
    25. ^ Sawfish Is First Sea Fish on U.S. Endangered List National Geographic News, 4 June 2003.
    26. ^ Proposal 45: Pristis microdon CITES, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013.
    27. ^ "CITES Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Retrieved 7 March 2013.
    28. ^
      S2CID 231723355
      .
    29. doi:10.1111/faf.12119
      .
    30. S2CID 20632998
      .
    31. S2CID 46839247
      .
    32. PMID 22808187
      .
    33. ^
      doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60119A12306888.en
      . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
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    35. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aetomylaeus maculatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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    149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161589A5458790.en
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    159. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161669A5476757.en
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    167. ^ Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Bradai, M.N.; Morey, G.; Brahim, K.; Camara L.; Litvinov; F., Dulvy; N. Doumbouya, F.; Ducrocq, M.; Heenan, A.; et al. (2007). "Rhinobatos cemiculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.[dead link]
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    175. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T63167A12625681.en
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    180. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63131A12620901.en
      . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
    181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44595A10912274.en
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    185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T63102A136602064.en
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    191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41854A124422344.en
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    195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T60181A151858712.en
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    197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T60182A124448942.en
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    199. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63109A12607686.en
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    201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61408A12473706.en
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    203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161496A5436892.en
      . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
    204. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T44642A10931230.en
      . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
    205. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sympterygia acuta" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
    206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T60162A68646736.en
      . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
    207. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Taeniurops meyeni" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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      . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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    211. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Trygonorrhina melaleuca" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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      . Retrieved 21 January 2020.
    213. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Urogymnus asperrimus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
    214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T39414A104173622.en
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    215. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Urogymnus ukpam" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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    217. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Urolophus bucculentus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
    218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60095A12247760.en
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    221. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Urolophus orarius" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
    222. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T60104A68650134.en
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    232. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63147A12623314.en
      . Retrieved 22 January 2020.
    233. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Zearaja chilensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
    234. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64442A68650404.en
      . Retrieved 22 January 2020.
    235. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Zearaja maugeana" in FishBase. March 2013 version.

    Further reading

    External links

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