List of threatened rays

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

See also:
Threatened sharks
CITES Appendix II species, which gives them some international protection.[2]

The market for shark and ray products is first and foremost a luxury one: The gill plates, in the case of manta rays, are used in China for a tonic soup that has become fashionable because of perceived medicinal properties, even though it is not in the traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia. This is a recent trend and has caused a population loss of up to 86% in the last six to eight years.

– WWF 2013 [3]

IUCN) ranks threatened species in three categories:[4]

Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.

red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[5]

Together

bony fishes have skeletons made of bone. Because rays and sharks are closely related, they are often studied together. In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of 1,044 cartilaginous (ray and shark) species examined, 345 or 33% were threatened with extinction.[6][7]

There are four

K-strategists which grow slowly, mature late sexually and produce few offspring. They cannot recover as rapidly as many faster growing fish can if their populations are depleted.[8] As with sharks, rays are increasingly becoming vulnerable because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-ray fisheries on the seabed and ray prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[9] Most particularly, the continuing decline of threatened rays and sharks is the consequence of unregulated fishing,[10] as illustrated by a recent international survey which listed only 38 species of skates and rays still subsisting in the highly impacted Mediterranean Sea.[11]

critically endangered[12]

giant manta ray, are being caught and killed purely for their gill rakers. A fisheries study in Sri Lanka estimated that over a thousand of these were being sold in the country's fish markets each year.[19]

In 2011, manta rays became strictly protected in international waters thanks to their recent inclusion in the

CITES Appendix II species. This means that the international trade of manta rays will now be monitored and regulated.[2][21]

Appendix I. This is CITES highest protection level, and means that all international trade of the species is banned.[26][27]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal

fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[28] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[29][30] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[31] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[32][28]

List

Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend
IUCN status
 Fish
Base
FAO
 Comment
Stingray
Aetobatus flagellum
 		Longheaded eagle ray decreasing Endangered[33] [34]
Stingray
Aetomylaeus maculatus
 		Mottled eagle ray decreasing Endangered[33] [35]
Stingray
Aetomylaeus nichofii
 		Banded eagle ray decreasing Vulnerable[36] [37]
Stingray
Aetomylaeus vespertilio
 		Ornate eagle ray decreasing Endangered[38] [39]
Skate
Amblyraja radiata
 		Thorny skate decreasing Vulnerable[40] [41]
Sawfish
Anoxypristis cuspidata
 		Knifetooth sawfish decreasing Endangered[42] [43]
Stingray
Aptychotrema timorensis
 		Spotted shovelnose ray unknown Vulnerable[44] [45]
Skate
Atlantoraja castelnaui
 		Spotback skate decreasing Endangered[46] [47]
Skate
Atlantoraja cyclophora
 		Eyespot skate decreasing Vulnerable[48] [49]
Skate
Atlantoraja platana
 		La Plata skate decreasing Vulnerable[50] [51]
Skate
Bathyraja griseocauda
 		Graytail skate decreasing Endangered[52] [53]
Electric ray
Benthobatis kreffti
 		Brazilian blind electric ray unknown Vulnerable[54] [55]
Stingray
Dasyatis colarensis
 		Colares stingray unknown Vulnerable[56] [57]
Stingray
Dasyatis fluviorum
Estuary stingaree
 decreasing Vulnerable[58] [59]
Stingray
Dasyatis garouaensis
Smooth freshwater stingray
 decreasing Vulnerable[60] [61] freshwater
Stingray
Dasyatis laosensis
 		Mekong freshwater stingray decreasing Endangered[62] [63] freshwater
Stingray
Dasyatis margarita
 		Daisy stingray decreasing Endangered[64] [65]
Stingray
Dasyatis ukpam
 		Daisy stingray unknown Endangered[66] [67] freshwater
Electric ray
Diplobatis colombiensis
 		Colombian electric ray unknown Vulnerable[68] [69]
Electric ray
Diplobatis guamachensis
 		Brownband numbfish unknown Vulnerable[70] [71]
Electric ray
Diplobatis ommata
 		Ocellated electric ray unknown Vulnerable[72] [73]
Electric ray
Diplobatis pictus
Variegated electric ray
 unknown Vulnerable[74] [75]
Skate Dipturus australis Sydney skate unknown Vulnerable[76] [77]
Skate
Dipturus batis
Blue skate
 decreasing Critically endangered[78] [79]
Skate
Dipturus crosnieri
 		Madagascar skate unknown Vulnerable[80] [81]
Skate
Dipturus laevis
 		Barndoor skate stable Endangered[82] [83]
Skate Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skate unknown Vulnerable[84] [85]
Skate Dipturus trachydermus Roughskin skate decreasing Vulnerable[86] [87]
Skate
Glaucostegus granulatus
 		Sharpnose guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[88] [89]
Skate
Glaucostegus thouin
 		Clubnose guitarfish unknown Vulnerable[90] [91]
Skate
Glaucostegus typus
 		Common shovelnose ray decreasing Vulnerable[92] [93]
Skate
Gurgesiella dorsalifera
 		Onefin skate decreasing Vulnerable[94]
Stingray
Gymnura altavela
 		Spiny butterfly ray decreasing Vulnerable[95] [96]
Stingray
Gymnura zonura
 		Zonetail butterfly ray decreasing Vulnerable[97] [98]
Electric ray
Heteronarce garmani
 		Natal electric ray unknown Vulnerable[99] [100]
Stingray
Himantura gerrardi
 		Whitespotted whipray unknown Vulnerable[101] [102] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura hortlei
 		Hortle's whipray decreasing Vulnerable[103] [104] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura kittipongi
 		Roughback whipray unknown Endangered[105] [106] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura leoparda
 		Leopard whipray decreasing Vulnerable[107] [108] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura lobistoma
 		Tubemouth whipray decreasing Vulnerable[109] [110] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura oxyrhyncha
Longnose marbled whipray
 unknown Endangered[111] [112] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura pastinacoides
 		Round whipray decreasing Vulnerable[113] [114] freshwater
Stingray
Urogymnus polylepis
 		Giant freshwater stingray decreasing Endangered[115] [116] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura signifer
 		White-edge freshwater whipray unknown Endangered[117] [118] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura uarnacoides
Bleeker's whipray
 decreasing Vulnerable[119] [120] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura uarnak
 		Reticulate whipray decreasing Vulnerable[121] [122]
Stingray
Himantura undulata
Bleeker's variegated whipray
 decreasing Vulnerable[123] [124]
Skate
Leucoraja circularis
 		Sandy ray unknown Vulnerable[125] [126]
Skate
Leucoraja melitensis
 		Maltese skate decreasing Critically endangered[127] [128]
Skate
Leucoraja ocellata
 		Winter skate decreasing Endangered[129] [130]
Stingray
Myliobatis hamlyni
 		Purple eagle ray decreasing Endangered[131] [132]
Skate Malacoraja senta Smooth skate decreasing Endangered[133] [134]
Stingray
Manta alfredi
 		Reef manta ray decreasing Vulnerable[135]
Stingray
Manta birostris
Giant manta ray
 decreasing Endangered[1] [136]
Stingray
Mobula mobular
Giant devil ray
 decreasing Endangered[137] [138]
Stingray Mobula rochebrunei
Lesser Guinean devil ray
 unknown Vulnerable[139] [140]
Electric ray
Narcine brevilabiata
 		Shortlip electric ray unknown Vulnerable[141] [142]
Electric ray
Narke japonica
 		Japanese sleeper ray unknown Vulnerable[143] [144]
Skate
Okamejei pita
 		Pita skate unknown Critically endangered[145] [146]
Stingray
Pastinachus solocirostris
 		Roughnose stingray unknown Endangered[147] [148]
Stingray
Platyrhina sinensis
 		Fanray unknown Vulnerable[149] [150]
Sawfish
Pristis clavata
Queensland sawfish
 decreasing Critically endangered[151] [152]
Sawfish
Pristis pectinata
 		Smalltooth sawfish decreasing Critically endangered[153] [154]
Sawfish
Pristis pristis
Common sawfish
 decreasing Critically endangered[155] [156]
Sawfish
Pristis zijsron
Narrowsnout sawfish
 decreasing Critically endangered[157] [158]
Skate
Raja pulchra
 		Mottled skate decreasing Vulnerable[159] [160]
Skate
Raja undulata
 		Undulate ray decreasing Endangered[161] [162]
Sawfish Rhina ancylostoma
Bowmouth guitarfish
 decreasing Critically endangered[163] [164]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos albomaculatus
 		White-spotted guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[165] [166]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos cemiculus
 		Blackchin guitarfish decreasing Endangered[167] [168]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos formosensis
Taiwan guitarfish
 unknown Vulnerable[169] [170]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos horkelii
 		Brazilian guitarfish decreasing Critically endangered[171] [172]
Sawfish Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[173] [174]
Sawfish Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose ray decreasing Vulnerable[175] [176]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos obtusus
 		Widenose guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[177] [178]
Sawfish Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose ray decreasing Vulnerable[179]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos rhinobatos
 		Common guitarfish decreasing Endangered[180]
Stingray
Rhinoptera brasiliensis
 		Brazilian cownose ray decreasing Endangered[181] [182]
Stingray
Rhinoptera javanica
Javanese cownose ray
 unknown Vulnerable[183] [184]
Skate Rhinoraja albomaculata White-dotted skate unknown Vulnerable[185] [186]
Sawfish Rhynchobatus australiae White-spotted guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[187] [188]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus djiddensis
 		Giant guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[189] [190]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus laevis
 		Smoothnose wedgefish unknown Vulnerable[191] [192]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus luebberti
Lubbert's guitarfish
 decreasing Endangered[193] [194]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus sp. nov. A
 		Roughnose wedgefish decreasing Vulnerable[195] [196]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus springeri
 		Broadnose wedgefish decreasing Vulnerable[197] [198]
Skate
Rioraja agassizii
 		Rio skate unknown Vulnerable[199] [200]
Skate
Rostroraja alba
 		Bottlenose skate decreasing Endangered[201] [202]
Skate
Spiniraja whitleyi
 		Melbourne skate unknown Vulnerable[203]
Skate
Sympterygia acuta
 		Bignose fanskate decreasing Vulnerable[204] [205]
Stingray
Taeniura meyeni
 		Round ribbontail ray unknown Vulnerable[206] [207]
Electric ray
Temera hardwickii
 		Finless sleeper ray unknown Vulnerable[208] [209]
Sawfish
Trygonorrhina melaleuca
Magpie fiddler ray
 unknown Endangered[210] [211]
Stingray
Urogymnus asperrimus
 		Porcupine ray unknown Vulnerable[212] [213]
Stingray
Urogymnus ukpam
 		Pincushion ray unknown Endangered[214] [215]
Stingray
Urolophus bucculentus
 		Sandyback stingaree decreasing Vulnerable[216] [217]
Stingray
Urolophus javanicus
 		Java stingaree decreasing Critically endangered[218] [219]
Stingray
Urolophus orarius
 		Coastal stingaree unknown Endangered[220] [221]
Stingray
Urolophus sufflavus
 		Yellowback stingaree decreasing Vulnerable[222] [223]
Stingray
Urolophus viridis
 		Greenback stingaree decreasing Vulnerable[224] [225]
Stingray Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round stingray unknown Vulnerable[226] [227]
Stingray Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round ray unknown Vulnerable[228] [229]
Sawfish
Zapteryx brevirostris
 		Shortnose guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable[230] [231]
Skate Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skate decreasing Vulnerable[232] [233]
Skate
Zearaja maugeana
 		Maugean skate unknown Endangered[234] [235]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_threatened_rays&oldid=1186571915"