List of threatened rays

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

CITES Appendix II species, which gives them some international protection.[2]

IUCN) ranks threatened species in three categories:[4]

Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.

red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[5]

Together

bony fishes have skeletons made of bone. Because rays and sharks are closely related, they are often studied together. In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of 1,044 cartilaginous (ray and shark) species examined, 345 or 33% were threatened with extinction.[6][7]

There are four

K-strategists which grow slowly, mature late sexually and produce few offspring. They cannot recover as rapidly as many faster growing fish can if their populations are depleted.[8] As with sharks, rays are increasingly becoming vulnerable because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-ray fisheries on the seabed and ray prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[9] Most particularly, the continuing decline of threatened rays and sharks is the consequence of unregulated fishing,[10] as illustrated by a recent international survey which listed only 38 species of skates and rays still subsisting in the highly impacted Mediterranean Sea.[11]

giant manta ray, are being caught and killed purely for their gill rakers. A fisheries study in Sri Lanka estimated that over a thousand of these were being sold in the country's fish markets each year.[19]

In 2011, manta rays became strictly protected in international waters thanks to their recent inclusion in the

CITES Appendix II species. This means that the international trade of manta rays will now be monitored and regulated.[2][21]

Appendix I. This is CITES highest protection level, and means that all international trade of the species is banned.[26][27]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal

fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[28] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[29][30] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[31] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[32][28]

List

Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend
IUCN status
Fish
Base
FAO
Comment
Stingray
M.E. Blochii ... Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (Plate 73) (7038524053).jpg
Aetobatus flagellum
Longheaded eagle ray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[33]
[34]
Stingray
Aetomylaeus maculatus 01.jpg
Aetomylaeus maculatus
Mottled eagle ray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[33]
[35]
Stingray
Aetomylaeus nichofii
Banded eagle ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[36]
[37]
Stingray
Ornate eagle ray (Aetomylaeus vespertilio) Baa Atoll, Maldives (2018).jpg
Aetomylaeus vespertilio
Ornate eagle ray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[38]
[39]
Skate
Amblyraja radiata Gervais.jpg
Amblyraja radiata
Thorny skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[40]
[41]
Sawfish
AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg
Anoxypristis cuspidata
Knifetooth sawfish decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[42]
[43]
Stingray
Aptychotrema timorensis csiro.jpg
Aptychotrema timorensis
Spotted shovelnose ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[44]
[45]
Skate
Atlantoraja castelnaui(MIRANDA RIBEIRO,1907).jpg
Atlantoraja castelnaui
Spotback skate decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[46]
[47]
Skate
Atlantoraja cyclophora.jpg
Atlantoraja cyclophora
Eyespot skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[48]
[49]
Skate
Atlantoraja platana.jpg
Atlantoraja platana
La Plata skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[50]
[51]
Skate
Bathyraja griseocauda
Graytail skate decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[52]
[53]
Electric ray
Benthobatis kreffti
Brazilian blind electric ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[54]
[55]
Stingray
Dasyatis colarensis
Colares stingray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[56]
[57]
Stingray
Brendos stingray.jpg
Dasyatis fluviorum
Estuary stingaree
decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[58]
[59]
Stingray
Dasyatis garouaensis
Smooth freshwater stingray
decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[60]
[61] freshwater
Stingray
Dasyatis laosensis.jpg
Dasyatis laosensis
Mekong freshwater stingray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[62]
[63] freshwater
Stingray
Dasyatis margarita
Daisy stingray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[64]
[65]
Stingray
Dasyatis ukpam
Daisy stingray unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[66]
[67] freshwater
Electric ray
Diplobatis colombiensis
Colombian electric ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[68]
[69]
Electric ray
Diplobatis guamachensis
Brownband numbfish unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[70]
[71]
Electric ray
Bullseye Stingray - Day 267.jpg
Diplobatis ommata
Ocellated electric ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[72]
[73]
Electric ray
Diplobatis pictus
Variegated electric ray
unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[74]
[75]
Skate Dipturus australis Sydney skate unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[76]
[77]
Skate
Vangst van een vleet.jpg
Dipturus batis
Blue skate
decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[78]
[79]
Skate
Dipturus crosnieri
Madagascar skate unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[80]
[81]
Skate
Dipturus laevis 2.jpg
Dipturus laevis
Barndoor skate stable
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[82]
[83]
Skate Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skate unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[84]
[85]
Skate Dipturus trachydermus Roughskin skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[86]
[87]
Skate
Glaucostegus granulatus TSCK.jpg
Glaucostegus granulatus
Sharpnose guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[88]
[89]
Skate
Rhinobates thouini Day 190.jpg
Glaucostegus thouin
Clubnose guitarfish unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[90]
[91]
Skate
The Lazy Afternoon.jpg
Glaucostegus typus
Common shovelnose ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[92]
[93]
Skate
Gurgesiella dorsalifera
Onefin skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[94]
Stingray
Gymnura altavela.jpg
Gymnura altavela
Spiny butterfly ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[95]
[96]
Stingray
Gymnura zonura
Zonetail butterfly ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[97]
[98]
Electric ray
Heteronarce garmani Natal electric ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[99]
[100]
Stingray
Whipray mandalay bay2.jpg
Himantura gerrardi
Whitespotted whipray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[101]
[102] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura hortlei
Hortle's whipray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[103]
[104] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura kittipongi.jpg
Himantura kittipongi
Roughback whipray unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[105]
[106] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura leoparda farglory.jpg
Himantura leoparda
Leopard whipray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[107]
[108] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura lobistoma
Tubemouth whipray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[109]
[110] freshwater
Stingray
Stingray shedd.jpg
Himantura oxyrhyncha
Longnose marbled whipray
unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[111]
[112] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura pastinacoides
Round whipray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[113]
[114] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura polylepis.jpg
Urogymnus polylepis
Giant freshwater stingray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[115]
[116] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura signifer.jpg
Himantura signifer
White-edge freshwater whipray unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[117]
[118] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura uarnacoides.jpg
Himantura uarnacoides
Bleeker's whipray
decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[119]
[120] freshwater
Stingray
Himantura Uarnak 2004 Australia.jpg
Himantura uarnak
Reticulate whipray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[121]
[122]
Stingray
Himantura undulata lisbon.jpg
Himantura undulata
Bleeker's variegated whipray
decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[123]
[124]
Skate
Leucoraja circularis.jpg
Leucoraja circularis
Sandy ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[125]
[126]
Skate
Leucoraja melitensis
Maltese skate decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[127]
[128]
Skate
Winter skate.jpg
Leucoraja ocellata
Winter skate decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[129]
[130]
Stingray
Myliobatis hamlyni
Purple eagle ray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[131]
[132]
Skate
Smooth skate 2.jpg
Malacoraja senta Smooth skate decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[133]
[134]
Stingray
Manta alfredi at a ‘cleaning station’ - journal.pone.0046170.g002B.png
Manta alfredi
Reef manta ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[135]
Stingray
Manta birostris-Thailand4.jpg
Manta birostris
Giant manta ray
decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[1]
[136]
Stingray
Atlantic mobula lisbon.jpg
Mobula mobular
Giant devil ray
decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[137]
[138]
Stingray
Mobula rochebrunei.jpg
Mobula rochebrunei
Lesser Guinean devil ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[139]
[140]
Electric ray
Narcine brevilabiata
Shortlip electric ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[141]
[142]
Electric ray
Narke japonica.jpg
Narke japonica
Japanese sleeper ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[143]
[144]
Skate
Okamejei pita
Pita skate unknown
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[145]
[146]
Stingray
Pastinachus solocirostris
Roughnose stingray unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[147]
[148]
Stingray
Platyrhina sinensis.jpg
Platyrhina sinensis
Fanray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[149]
[150]
Sawfish
Pristis clavata (Dwarf sawfish) in Aqua park.png
Pristis clavata
Queensland sawfish
decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[151]
[152]
Sawfish
Pristis pectinata SI.jpg
Pristis pectinata
Smalltooth sawfish decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[153]
[154]
Sawfish
Pristis pristis - Georgia Aquarium Jan 2006.jpg
Pristis pristis
Common sawfish
decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[155]
[156]
Sawfish
Sawfish genova.jpg
Pristis zijsron
Narrowsnout sawfish
decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[157]
[158]
Skate
Raja pulchra.jpg
Raja pulchra
Mottled skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[159]
[160]
Skate
Raja undulata 2.jpg
Raja undulata
Undulate ray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[161]
[162]
Sawfish
Rhina anyclostoma australia.jpg
Rhina ancylostoma
Bowmouth guitarfish
decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[163]
[164]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos albomaculatus
White-spotted guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[165]
[166]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos cemiculus.raie-guitare01.jpg
Rhinobatos cemiculus
Blackchin guitarfish decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[167]
[168]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos schlegelii 1838.jpg
Rhinobatos formosensis
Taiwan guitarfish
unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[169]
[170]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos horkelii 2.jpg
Rhinobatos horkelii
Brazilian guitarfish decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[171]
[172]
Sawfish Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[173]
[174]
Sawfish Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[175]
[176]
Sawfish
Glaucostegus obtusus.jpg
Rhinobatos obtusus
Widenose guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[177]
[178]
Sawfish Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose ray decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[179]
Sawfish
Rhinobatos Rhinobatos.jpg
Rhinobatos rhinobatos
Common guitarfish decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[180]
Stingray
Rhinoptera brasiliensis
Brazilian cownose ray decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[181]
[182]
Stingray
Rhinoptera javanica.jpg
Rhinoptera javanica
Javanese cownose ray
unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[183]
[184]
Skate Rhinoraja albomaculata Whitedotted skate unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[185]
[186]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus syndey aquarium.jpg
Rhynchobatus australiae White-spotted guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[187]
[188]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus djiddensis durban.jpg
Rhynchobatus djiddensis
Giant guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[189]
[190]
Sawfish
M.E. Blochii Systema ichthyologiae iconibus CX illustratum (1801) (14766102852).jpg
Rhynchobatus laevis
Smoothnose wedgefish unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[191]
[192]
Sawfish
African wedgefish Bijagos archipelago.png
Rhynchobatus luebberti
Lubbert's guitarfish
decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[193]
[194]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus sp. nov. A
Roughnose wedgefish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[195]
[196]
Sawfish
Rhynchobatus springeri
Broadnose wedgefish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[197]
[198]
Skate
Rioraja agassizii.jpg
Rioraja agassizii
Rio skate unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[199]
[200]
Skate
Rostroraja alba.jpg
Rostroraja alba
Bottlenose skate decreasing
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[201]
[202]
Skate
Spiniraja whitleyi
Melbourne skate unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[203]
Skate
Sympterygia acuta.jpg
Sympterygia acuta
Bignose fanskate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[204]
[205]
Stingray
Taeniura meyeni makunudhoo.jpg
Taeniura meyeni
Round ribbontail ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[206]
[207]
Electric ray
Temera hardwickii by gray.jpg
Temera hardwickii
Finless sleeper ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[208]
[209]
Sawfish
Trygonorrhina sp.jpg
Trygonorrhina melaleuca
Magpie fiddler ray
unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[210]
[211]
Stingray
Urogymnus asperrimus.jpg
Urogymnus asperrimus
Porcupine ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[212]
[213]
Stingray
Urogymnus ukpam
Pincushion ray unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[214]
[215]
Stingray
Urolophus bucculentus.jpg
Urolophus bucculentus
Sandyback stingaree decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[216]
[217]
Stingray
Urolophus javanicus
Java stingaree decreasing
CR IUCN 3 1.svg Critically endangered[218]
[219]
Stingray
Urolophus orarius
Coastal stingaree unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[220]
[221]
Stingray
Urolophus sufflavus
Yellowback stingaree decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[222]
[223]
Stingray
Trygonoptera testacea sydney.jpg
Urolophus viridis
Greenback stingaree decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[224]
[225]
Stingray Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round stingray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[226]
[227]
Stingray Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round ray unknown
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[228]
[229]
Sawfish
Zapteryx brevirostris.jpg
Zapteryx brevirostris
Shortnose guitarfish decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[230]
[231]
Skate Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skate decreasing
VU IUCN 3 1.svg Vulnerable[232]
[233]
Skate
Zearaja maugeana
Maugean skate unknown
EN IUCN 3 1.svg Endangered[234]
[235]

See also

References

  1. ^ . Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b Proposal 46: Genus Manta CITES, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013.
  3. ^ The fight to save threatened sharks and rays WWF, 6 March 2013.
  4. ^
    IUCN. August 2010. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  5. ^ "Red List Overview". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012.
  6. ^ Third of Shark and Ray Species Are Threatened, Study Suggests Science News, 27 October 2010.
  7. ^ Conservation of Sharks CITES AC18 Inf. 1, 2002.
  8. ^ "The Greatest Threats to Sharks". Oceana. 2007. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  9. ^ The Future of Sharks: A Review of Action and Inaction Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine CITES AC25 Inf. 6, 2011.
  10. ^ Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand. Oct. 2022.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364309239_Guide_of_Mediterranean_Skates_and_Rays
  11. ^ a b c Black, Richard (11 June 2007). "Sawfish protection acquires teeth". BBC News.
  12. ^ a b Glider of the sea threatened by 'traditional' medicine New Scientist, 25 March 2013.
  13. .
  14. ^ Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013). "No species is safe from burgeoning wildlife trade". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  15. ^ Manta Rays Endangered by Sudden Demand from Chinese Medicine ScientificAmerican, 17 January 2012.
  16. ^ "The global threat to manta and mobula rays" WildAid and Shark Savers. 2011 report.
  17. ^ "Manta Fisheries". The Manta Trust. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  18. ^ "Sri Lanka Manta Project". The Manta Trust. 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  19. ^ "COP10 Outcome: Migratory Manta Ray under CMS Protection". Convention on Migratory Species. UNEP; CMS. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  20. ^ CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
  21. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pristis microdon" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
  22. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pristis perotteti" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
  23. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Pristis pristis" in FishBase. February 2011 version.
  24. ^ Sawfish Is First Sea Fish on U.S. Endangered List National Geographic News, 4 June 2003.
  25. ^ Proposal 45: Pristis microdon CITES, Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3–14 March 2013.
  26. ^ "CITES Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  27. ^
    S2CID 231723355
    .
  28. .
  29. .
  30. .
  31. .
  32. ^ . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  33. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aetobatus flagellum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  34. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aetomylaeus maculatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  35. ]
  36. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aetomylaeus nichofii" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  37. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  38. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aetomylaeus vespertilio" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  39. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  40. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Amblyraja radiata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  41. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  42. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Anoxypristis cuspidata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  43. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  44. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aptychotrema timorensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  45. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  46. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Atlantoraja castelnaui" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  47. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  48. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Atlantoraja cyclophora" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  49. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  50. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Atlantoraja platana" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  51. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  52. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Graytail griseocauda" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  53. . Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  54. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Benthobatis kreffti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  55. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  56. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dasyatis colarensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  57. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  58. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dasyatis fluviorum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  59. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  60. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dasyatis garouaensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  61. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  62. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dasyatis laosensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  63. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  64. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dasyatis margarita" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  65. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  66. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dasyatis ukpam" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  67. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  68. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Diplobatis colombiensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  69. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  70. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Diplobatis guamachensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  71. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  72. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Diplobatis ommata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  73. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  74. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Diplobatis pictus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  75. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
  76. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Dipturus australis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  77. . Retrieved 18 January 2020.
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  225. . Retrieved 22 January 2020.
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  227. . Retrieved 22 January 2020.
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Further reading

External links