Louis Freeh
Louis Freeh | |
---|---|
5th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation | |
In office September 1, 1993 – June 25, 2001 | |
President | Bill Clinton George W. Bush |
Deputy | David G. Binney Larry A. Potts Weldon L. Kennedy William Esposito Thomas J. Pickard |
Preceded by | William S. Sessions |
Succeeded by | Robert Mueller |
Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York | |
In office May 30, 1991 – August 31, 1993 | |
Appointed by | George H. W. Bush |
Preceded by | Richard J. Daronco |
Succeeded by | Shira Scheindlin |
Personal details | |
Born | Louis Joseph Freeh January 6, 1950 Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. |
Political party | Republican |
Spouse |
Marilyn Coyle (m. 1983) |
Children | 6 |
Education | |
Louis Joseph Freeh (born January 6, 1950) is an American attorney and former judge who served as the fifth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from September 1993 to June 2001.
Graduated from Rutgers University and New York University School of Law, Freeh began his career as a special agent in the FBI, and was later an Assistant United States Attorney and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. A Republican, he was later appointed as FBI director by President Bill Clinton.[1][2] He is now a lawyer and consultant in the private sector.
Early life and career
Freeh was born January 6, 1950, in
As a youth, Freeh became an
"Pizza Connection" case
A notable case Freeh was associated with was the "
Walter Moody trial
Another notable case Freeh was associated with was the murder trial of Walter Moody, accused of the pipe bomb assassination of federal judge Robert Smith Vance in Birmingham, Alabama and attorney Robert E. Robinson in Savannah, Georgia. Freeh was appointed Special Prosecutor in the case alongside Howard Shapiro.
Vance was assassinated on December 16, 1989, at his home in Mountain Brook, Alabama, when he opened a package containing a mail bomb sent by serial bomber Walter Moody. Vance was killed instantly; his wife Helen was seriously injured.[13] Moody had mistakenly thought Judge Vance had denied his appeal of another case.
The Department of Justice charged Moody with the murders of Judge Vance and of Robinson, a black civil-rights attorney who had been killed in a separate explosion at his office. "Roy" Moody was also charged with mailing bombs that were defused at the Eleventh Circuit's headquarters in Atlanta and at the Jacksonville office of the
In 1991, Moody was sentenced to seven federal life terms, plus 400 years. He was subsequently tried by the state in 1996 for the murders and was executed by the state of Alabama in 2018 when he was 83 years old.[14]
Federal judicial service
Freeh was nominated by President George H. W. Bush on April 9, 1991, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Richard J. Daronco. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 24, 1991, and received commission on May 30, 1991. His service terminated on August 31, 1993, when he resigned to direct the FBI.[9]
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1993–2001)
Shortly before and during Freeh's tenure, the FBI was involved in a number of high-profile incidents and internal investigations. Writing about Freeh in 2011, Reuters wrote that Freeh "faced widespread criticism for a series of high-profile blunders" during his tenure as FBI Director.[15]
Civil liberties
Among other Justice Department officials (including Attorney General Reno), Freeh was named a co-defendant in Zieper v. Metzinger, a 1999 federal court case. The American Civil Liberties Union assisted the plaintiffs who sued due to the FBI's conduct in investigating "Military Takeover of New York City", a short (fictional) film made in October 1999 that discussed riots and a military takeover of Times Square on New Year's Eve, 1999.[16]
In May 2000, he reached an agreement with Rep.
In testimony to the
Ruby Ridge
An investigation of the August 1992 incident at
Freeh was not censured for alleged managerial failures in the investigation of the incident, although a Justice Department inquiry had made such a recommendation.[23][24]
Waco
An investigation of the events of April 19, 1993, when Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) special agents served a warrant on the
Khobar Towers bombing
Shortly before 10 a.m. on June 25, 1996, members of a terrorist group detonated a truck bomb outside building 131 (also known as Khobar Towers) of the
Inside the building were almost exclusively members of the
In the attack, 19 US military personnel and a Saudi local were killed and 372 wounded, making it the deadliest terrorist attack on Americans abroad since the
Louis Freeh said in his book My FBI that he felt the deepest about the Khobar Towers investigation. It was not until his last day in office, June 21, 2001, that a federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia returned a 46-count indictment against 14 defendants charged with the Khobar Towers attack.[27] The indictments came just before some of the counts would have expired due to a five-year statute of limitations.
In his book, Freeh maintains that he was obstructed by the Clinton Administration for political reasons in investigating the bombing and bringing the terrorists to justice.[citation needed]
TWA Flight 800
On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 230 persons on board. The following day, the FBI commenced a parallel investigation in spite of the
Subsequently, FBI agents blocked attempts by the NTSB to interview witnesses, according to a copy of a safety board report obtained by
Nevertheless, on November 18, 1997, the FBI closed its investigation by announcing that "no evidence has been found which would indicate that a criminal act was the cause of the tragedy of TWA flight 800."
Almost three years later, in August 2000, the
Centennial Olympic Park bombing
The
Montana Freemen
In March 1996, Freeh and the FBI were praised for the handling of the 81-day standoff between law enforcement agents and the Montana Freemen, a fringe political group. Director Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League, which had issued reports critical of the Freemen and encouraged their prosecution, commended the "peaceful conclusion" to the standoff.[31]
Unabomber
Robert Hanssen
Robert Hanssen, a 25-year veteran of the FBI, was arrested in 2001 and charged with spying for the Soviet Union and Russia, beginning in 1985. Hanssen had attended Mass at the same church as Freeh.[34] Freeh called the security breach "exceptionally grave" and appointed a panel, led by former FBI and Central Intelligence Agency head William Webster, to review the damage done by Hanssen's espionage.[35]
Wen Ho Lee
In 1999, Los Alamos National Laboratory scientist Wen Ho Lee was fired from his job, arrested, and held in solitary confinement without trial for 278 days while his handling of sensitive nuclear information was investigated. Freeh accused him of downloading a "portable, personal trove" of US nuclear secrets.
According to Lee's book, the FBI quickly figured out that the information which had improperly been passed on had not been available to Lee, as the design data the PRC had obtained could not have come from the Los Alamos Lab, since it related to information that would only have been available to someone like a so-called "downstream" contractor, meaning one involved in the final warhead production process, and this information was only created after the weapon design left the Los Alamos lab where Lee had been employed.[36]
Ultimately, Lee pled guilty to one of the fifty-nine counts brought against him, after which he was freed from prison.[37]
At Lee's sentencing hearing, District Judge James A. Parker scolded the US government for its treatment of Lee, saying that the top decision makers in the case "have embarrassed this entire nation and each of us who is a citizen of it" and that they had been "led astray" by US government officials.
Parker apologized to Lee, saying, "Dr. Lee, you were terribly wronged by being held in pretrial custody in demeaning and unnecessarily punitive conditions. I am truly sorry."[38]
A Justice Department report of the investigation of Lee said that Director Freeh was not fully informed about the investigation until over a year after it began, and that the FBI as a whole "bungled" the case.[39]
Chinese political and campaign fundraising controversies
In February 1997, the media announced that Freeh personally blocked the sharing of intelligence information regarding
The following month, Freeh testified before Congress that his investigation into campaign finance irregularities of the 1996 U.S. presidential and Congressional campaigns was not focusing on individual criminal acts, but on a possible conspiracy involving China.[42]
Later that year, Freeh wrote a memorandum to Attorney General
Other cases
Other cases handled by the FBI during Freeh's tenure included the death of White House counsel Vince Foster (in 1993), allegations of incompetence at the FBI crime laboratory, investigation of the Oklahoma City bombing (1995) and the capture and prosecution of Timothy McVeigh.
Criticism
In 2000, the editorial staff of
Freeh was accused of malpractice several times during his time at the
In 1997 FBI agent Frederic Whitehurst was suspended by Freeh not long after making allegations that FBI lab techniques resulted in contaminated evidence. Just days after Whitehurst was put on administrative leave, a report was delivered to the FBI that supported Whitehurst's claims that evidence in cases may have been contaminated.[47][48] On March 5, Freeh was called before Congress, he said that he suspended Whitehurst on recommendations from Inspector general Michael Bromwich. But Bromwich said that he never made such a recommendation. Freeh admitted that his testimony was incomplete, but denied he deliberately misled congress.[48] Whitehurst would later accuse Freeh of covering up mistakes made by forensic analysts.[49]
Attorney general Janet Reno testified that information that could have prevented the September 11 attacks was mishandled by the FBI at the time Freeh was the director of the FBI.[50]
Resignation
In June 2001, he resigned amid criticism that the FBI needed stronger leadership, particularly after allegations of spying by Robert Hanssen. Upon his resignation, he was praised by Attorney General John Ashcroft, who called him "a model law enforcement officer".[51] He was replaced by Thomas J. Pickard, who served as acting FBI Director for 71 days until being replaced by Robert Mueller.
Post-FBI career
Freeh approached acting New Jersey Governor Donald DiFrancesco, and offered to serve, without salary, as the state's anti-terrorism "czar". Di Francesco approached both major-party candidates for governor to secure their approval; Bret Schundler, the Republican candidate, agreed "in principle". However, Democrat Jim McGreevey, who won the gubernatorial election, turned down Freeh in favor of Golan Cipel. It was later discovered that McGreevey and Cipel had been involved in a sexual relationship.[52][53] McGreevey was heavily criticized for giving the post to Cipel rather than Freeh or another experienced individual.[54]
In September 2001, Freeh was appointed to the
Freeh is also a member of the board of consultants of the Gavel Consulting Group, formed by current and former federal judges and high-ranking government officials to provide advice and counseling to the private sector.[56][57]
Beginning in 2004 Freeh began teaching as an adjunct law professor for
In 2007, Freeh formed
Nasser Kazeminy
Freeh was hired by
In 2009, Louis Freeh was hired by Saudi Arabian
In late May 2011, Freeh was retained as an independent investigator by the
Jerry Sandusky
In November 2011, Pennsylvania State University announced that Freeh would lead an internal investigation into the Penn State child sex abuse scandal involving Jerry Sandusky and several high-ranking university officials.[67] He announced that the team assisting him in his investigation would include former FBI agents and federal prosecutors.[68] As the Sandusky trial proceeded toward conviction in June 2012, the university said Freeh would report in the summer and the report would "be released to the trustees and the public simultaneously without being reviewed by the school's general counsel's office".[69] The report was released on July 12, 2012.[70] The 267-page report from Freeh's law firm was characterized as deeply critical of the administration of former university president Graham Spanier, athletic director Tim Curley, late coach Joe Paterno and former university vice president Gary Schultz. A commentary at Sports Illustrated's website characterized the report's accusations against Paterno as "damning and sweeping" and the findings about Spanier, including a 2001 e-mail in the wake of the 2001 shower incident purportedly witnessed by graduate assistant Mike McQueary, as "most damning".[71] A number of sources [72] have questioned if not outright disputed the accuracy of Freeh's findings, pointing to the lack of hard evidence to support his "reasonable conclusions". A year after the report's issuance, the chairman of the Penn State Board of Trustees, which had originally commissioned the report, said that Freeh's conclusions amounted to "speculation".[73] In a January 2015 interview with the Associated Press, Penn State President Eric Barron said, "I have to say, I'm not a fan of the report. There's no doubt in my mind, Freeh steered everything as if he were a prosecutor trying to convince a court to take the case."[74]
On February 10, 2013, a report authored by former United States Attorney General and former Governor of Pennsylvania Dick Thornburgh, whom the Paterno family retained to conduct its own investigation, concluded that the Freeh report was "seriously flawed, both with respect to the process of [its] investigation and its findings related to Mr. Paterno".[75] As of 2015[update] Graham Spanier is suing Freeh for defamation and tortious interference and Penn State University for breach of contract.[76]
The Freeh Report had far-reaching outcomes for Penn State. The
An investigation led by former U.S. Attorney General
Lobbying
In August 2018, Freeh hired attorney Rudy Giuliani to lobby the Romanian government calling for amnesty for Freeh's clients in a corruption probe.[85]
In 2019 Freeh and his friend
Other
In November 2011, Freeh was named trustee for the
On February 5, 2013, Freeh was named Chair of the law firm
Book and editorials
An editorial by Louis Freeh critical of the 9/11 Commission appeared in the November 17, 2005, edition of the The Wall Street Journal.[96]
In 2005, Freeh (with Howard Means) published a book about his career in the FBI entitled My FBI: Bringing Down the Mafia, Investigating Bill Clinton, and Fighting the War on Terror.
Personal life
In 1980, Freeh began dating Marilyn Coyle, then a paralegal in the FBI's civil rights division. They married in 1983 and had six children.
Freeh acquired Italian citizenship on October 23, 2009.[105]
SUV crash and hospitalization
Shortly after noon on August 25, 2014, Freeh was headed south on Vermont 12, in his 2010
See also
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Ex-FBI Chief Named Trustee In MF Global Bankruptcy" Archived November 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, AP via NPR, November 25, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ^ "MF Global Collapses Amidst Discovery of Missing Money". November 1, 2011. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ Highpoint Solutions, LLC Copyright 2008. "Louis Freeh Named Chair of Pepper Hamilton". Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Blumenthal, Jeff (October 2, 2014). "Freeh succeeded as Pepper Hamilton chairman". Philadelphia Business Journal. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
- OpinionJournal. November 17, 2005. Archived from the originalon April 20, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
- ISBN 978-0312321895
- The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Comedy Central. October 19, 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
Louis Freeh tells Jon he didn't want to investigate Bill Clinton or write the book.
- ^ "FootnoteTV: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart : October 2005 : October 19, 2005 (Guest: Louis Freeh)". Footnote TV. Archived from the original on May 11, 2006. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
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- ^ Walsh, Elsa (May 6, 2001). "Louis Freeh's Last Case". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 15, 2002. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
- ^ Baumann, Paul (October–November 2005). "Let There Be Light: A look inside the hidden world of Opus Dei". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
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- ^ "Excerpt frcom The Bureau and the Mole". The Bureau and the Mole. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2006.
- ^ "Louis Freeh acquires Italian citizenship". Embassy of Italy, Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009.
- ^ Donoghue, Mike. "Officials: Ex-FBI chief Freeh nearly died in Vt. crash". USA TODAY. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
External links
- Louis J. Freeh at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- Official FBI bio – Louis J. Freeh at the Wayback Machine (archived September 23, 2010). Archived from the original.
- Freeh Group International, official web site.
- Freeh Sporkin & Sullivan, LLP, official web site.
- Appearances on C-SPAN