Robert Hanssen

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the serial killer, see Robert Hansen. For other people with similar names, see Robert Hanson.

Robert Hanssen
FBI agent (1976–2001)
Criminal charge(s)18 U.S.C. § 794(a) and 794(c)[1] (Espionage Act)
Criminal penalty15 consecutive life sentences without parole
Spouse
Bernadette "Bonnie" Wauck
​
​
(m. 1968)​
Children6
Espionage activity
CountryUnited States
Allegiance
  • FBI
Service years
  • 1979–2001
Codename
  • Ramon Garcia
  • Jim Baker
  • G. Robertson
  • Graysuit
  • "B"

Robert Philip Hanssen (April 18, 1944 – June 5, 2023) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent who spied for Soviet and Russian intelligence services against the United States from 1979 to 2001. His espionage was described by the Department of Justice as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".[2]

In 1979, three years after joining the FBI, Hanssen approached the Soviet

collapse of the Soviet Union
, fearing he would be exposed. Hanssen restarted communications the next year and continued until his arrest. Throughout his spying, he remained anonymous to the Russians.

Hanssen sold about six thousand classified documents to the

nuclear war, developments in military weapons technologies, and aspects of the U.S. counterintelligence program.[3] He was spying at the same time as Aldrich Ames in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both Ames and Hanssen compromised the names of KGB agents working secretly for the U.S., some of whom were executed for their betrayal. Hanssen also revealed a multimillion-dollar eavesdropping tunnel built by the FBI under the Soviet Embassy. After Ames's arrest in 1994, some of these intelligence breaches remained unsolved, and the search for another spy continued. The FBI paid $7 million to a KGB agent to obtain a file on an anonymous mole
, whom the FBI later identified as Hanssen through fingerprint and voice analysis.

Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at

conspiracy to commit espionage.[7][8] He was sentenced to fifteen life terms without the possibility of parole, and was incarcerated at ADX Florence until his death in 2023.[9]

Early life

Hanssen was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a

emotionally abusive to Hanssen during his childhood.[3][12] Hanssen graduated from William Howard Taft High School in 1962 and attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, where he earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1966.[13]

Hanssen applied for a

information systems in 1971 and took a job with an accounting firm. He quit after one year and joined the Chicago Police Department as an internal affairs investigator, specializing in forensic accounting. In January 1976, Hanssen left the Chicago police to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[3]

Hanssen met Bernadette "Bonnie" Wauck, a staunch

Roman Catholic, while attending dental school at Northwestern. The couple married in 1968, and Hanssen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism.[16]

Career and espionage

FBI career and first espionage activities (1976–1981)

Upon becoming a special agent on January 12, 1976, Hanssen was transferred to the FBI's field office in Gary, Indiana. In 1978, he and his growing family of three (eventually six) children relocated to New York City when the bureau transferred him to its field office there.[17] The next year, Hanssen was transferred to counterintelligence and given the task of compiling a database of Soviet intelligence for the FBI.[9]

In 1979, Hanssen approached the Soviet

Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) and offered his services. He never indicated any political or ideological motive for his actions, telling the FBI after he was caught that his only motivation was financial.[18] During his first espionage cycle, Hanssen provided a significant amount of information to the GRU, including details of the FBI's bugging activities and lists of suspected Soviet intelligence agents. His most important leak was the betrayal of Dmitri Polyakov, a CIA informant who passed enormous amounts of information to U.S. intelligence while rising to the rank of general in the Soviet Army. Following a second betrayal by CIA mole Aldrich Ames in 1985, Polyakov was arrested in 1986 and executed in 1988. Ames was officially blamed for giving Polyakov's name to the Soviets, while Hanssen's attempt was not revealed until after his 2001 capture.[19]

FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985–1991)

"Ellis" dead drop site in Foxstone Park used by Hanssen, including on the day of his arrest.

In 1981, Hanssen was transferred to

electronic surveillance, which were Hanssen's responsibility. He became known in the FBI as an expert on computers.[20]

Three years later, Hanssen transferred to the FBI's Soviet analytical unit, responsible for studying, identifying, and capturing Soviet spies and intelligence operatives in the United States. Hanssen's section evaluated Soviet agents who volunteered to give intelligence to determine whether they were genuine or

re-doubled agents.[21] In 1985, Hanssen was again transferred to the FBI's field office in New York City, where he continued to work in counterintelligence against the Soviets.[22] After the transfer, while on a business visit back to Washington, he resumed his espionage career.[23]

On October 1, 1985, Hanssen sent an anonymous letter to the KGB offering his services and asking for $100,000 in cash, equivalent to $280,000 in 2023.[24] In the letter, he gave the names of three KGB agents secretly working for the FBI: Boris Yuzhin, Valery Martynov, and Sergei Motorin. Although Hanssen was unaware of it, Ames had already exposed all three agents earlier that year.[25] Yuzhin had returned to Moscow in 1982 and had been subject to an intensive investigation by the KGB due to having lost a concealed camera in the Soviet consulate in San Francisco, but he was not arrested until being exposed by Ames and Hanssen.[26] Martynov and Motorin were recalled to Moscow, where they were arrested, charged, tried, and convicted of espionage against the Soviet government. Martynov and Motorin were executed via gunshot to the back of the head; Yuzhin was imprisoned for six years before he was released by a general amnesty to political prisoners and subsequently immigrated to the U.S.[27] Because the FBI blamed Ames for the leak, Hanssen was neither suspected nor investigated. The October 1 letter began a long, active espionage period for Hanssen.[28]

Hanssen was recalled yet again to Washington, D.C., in 1987. He was tasked with studying all known and rumored penetrations of the FBI to find the man who had betrayed Martynov and Motorin; this meant, in effect, that he was charged with searching for himself. Hanssen ensured that he did not reveal himself with his study, but in addition, he gave the entire study—including the list of all Soviets who had contacted the FBI about FBI moles—to the KGB in 1988.

defector during a debriefing. The agents working for him reported this breach to a supervisor, but no action was taken.[3]

In 1989, Hanssen compromised the FBI investigation of Felix Bloch, a Department of State official who was suspected of espionage. Hanssen warned the KGB that Bloch was being investigated, causing the KGB to end contact with him abruptly. The FBI could not produce any good evidence, and as a result, Bloch was never charged with a crime, although the State Department later terminated his employment and denied his pension. The failure of the Bloch investigation and the FBI's investigation of how the KGB learned that they were investigating Bloch caused the mole hunt that eventually resulted in the arrest of Hanssen.[30]

Later that year, Hanssen gave extensive information about U.S. planning for

new embassy during 1977, the FBI dug a tunnel beneath their decoding room. The FBI planned to use it for eavesdropping but never did for fear of being caught. Hanssen disclosed this information to the Soviets in September 1989 and received a $55,000 payment the next month, equivalent to $140,000 in 2023.[24][33] On two occasions, Hanssen gave the Soviets a complete list of American double agents.[34]

In 1990, Hanssen's brother-in-law, Mark Wauck, who was also an FBI employee, recommended to the FBI that Hanssen be investigated for espionage because his sister, Hanssen's wife, told him that her sister, Jeanne Beglis, had found a pile of cash on a dresser in the Hanssens' house. Bonnie had previously told her brother that Hanssen once talked about retiring in Poland, then part of the Eastern Bloc. Wauck also knew that the FBI was hunting for a mole and spoke with his supervisor, who took no action.[3][35]

Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992–2001)

When the

U.S State Department, believing Hanssen to be a triple agent. Despite having shown his face, disclosing his code name, and revealing his FBI affiliation, Hanssen escaped arrest when the FBI's investigation into the incident did not advance.[37]

Hanssen continued to take risks in 1993 when he hacked into the computer of a fellow FBI agent, Ray Mislock, printed out a classified document from Mislock's computer and took the document to Mislock, saying, "You didn't believe me that the system was insecure." Hanssen's superiors were not amused and began an investigation. In the end, officials believed his claim that he was merely demonstrating flaws in the FBI's security system. Mislock has since theorized that Hanssen probably went onto his computer to see if his superiors were investigating him for espionage and invented the document story to cover his tracks.[38]

In 1994, Hanssen expressed interest in a transfer to the new

lie detector test to join, Hanssen changed his mind.[39] Three years later, convicted FBI mole Earl Edwin Pitts told the FBI that he suspected Hanssen due to the Mislock incident. Pitts was the second FBI agent to mention Hanssen by name as a possible mole, but superiors were still unconvinced, and no action was taken.[40]

IT personnel from the National Security Division's IIS Unit were sent to investigate Hanssen's desktop computer after a reported failure. NSD chief Johnnie Sullivan ordered the computer impounded after it seemed to have been tampered with. A digital investigation found that an attempted hacking had occurred using a password cracking program installed by Hanssen, which caused a security alert and lockup. After confirmation by the FBI CART Unit, Sullivan filed a report with the Office of Professional Responsibility requesting the further investigation of Hanssen's attempted hack. Hanssen claimed he was trying to connect a color printer to his computer but needed the password cracker to bypass the administrative password. The FBI believed his story, and Hanssen was merely given a warning.[41]

During the same period, Hanssen searched the FBI's internal computer case record to see if he was being investigated. He was indiscreet enough to type his name into FBI search engines. Finding nothing, Hanssen decided to resume his spy career after eight years without contact with the Russians. He established contact with the SVR (the successor to the Soviet-era KGB) during the autumn of 1999. He continued to perform incriminating searches of FBI files for his name and address.[42]

Investigation and arrest

The existence of two Russian moles working in the U.S. security and intelligence establishment simultaneously—Ames at the CIA and Hanssen at the FBI—complicated counterintelligence efforts during the 1990s. Ames was arrested in 1994. His exposure explained many of the asset losses U.S. intelligence suffered during the 1980s, including the arrest and execution of Martynov and Motorin. However, two cases—the Bloch investigation and the embassy tunnel—remained unsolved. Ames had been stationed in Rome at the time of the Bloch investigation and could not have known about that case or the tunnel under the embassy, as he did not work for the FBI.[43][44]

The FBI and CIA formed a joint mole-hunting team in 1994 to find the suspected second intelligence leak. They created a list of all agents known to have access to cases that were compromised. The FBI's codename for the suspected spy was "Graysuit". Some promising suspects were cleared, and the mole hunt found other penetrations, such as CIA officer Harold James Nicholson, who was arrested in 1996. However, Hanssen escaped notice, likely because these efforts concentrated on CIA agents rather than FBI agents.[45]

By 1998, using FBI

falsely accused until after Hanssen was arrested.[3][46]

FBI investigators later made progress during an operation where they paid disaffected Russian intelligence officers to deliver information on moles. They paid $7 million to KGB agent Alexandr Shcherbakov[47] who had access to a file on "B". While it did not contain Hanssen's name, among the information was an audiotape of a July 21, 1986, conversation between "B" and KGB agent Aleksander Fefelov.[48] FBI agent Michael Waguespack thought the voice was familiar, but could not remember who it was. Rifling through the rest of the files, they found notes of the mole using a quote from George S. Patton's speech to the Third Army about "the purple-pissing Japanese".[49] FBI analyst Bob King remembered Hanssen using that same quote. Waguespack listened to the tape again and recognized the voice as belonging to Hanssen. With the mole finally identified, locations, dates, and cases were matched with Hanssen's activities during the period. Two fingerprints collected from a trash bag in the file were analyzed and proved to be Hanssen's.[50][51][52]

Mug shot, taken on the day of his arrest

The FBI surveilled Hanssen and soon discovered he was again in contact with the Russians. To bring him back to FBI headquarters, where he could be closely monitored and kept away from sensitive data, they promoted him in December 2000. They gave him a new job supervising FBI computer security. In January 2001, Hanssen was given an office and an assistant, Eric O'Neill, who, in reality, was a young FBI surveillance specialist who had been assigned to watch Hanssen. O'Neill ascertained that Hanssen was using a Palm III PDA to store his information. When the moment arrived that O'Neill was able to briefly obtain Hanssen's PDA and have agents download and decode its encrypted contents, the FBI then had obtained their decisive evidence.[53][54][55]

During his final days with the FBI, Hanssen began to suspect something was wrong. In early February 2001, he asked his friend at a computer technology company for a job. He also believed he heard noises on his car radio that indicated it was bugged, although the FBI was later unable to reproduce the noises Hanssen claimed to have heard. In the last letter he wrote to the Russians, which was found by the FBI when he was arrested, Hanssen said that he had been promoted to a "do-nothing job ... outside of regular access to information," and that, "Something has aroused the sleeping tiger".[56]

However, Hanssen's suspicions did not stop him from making one more

United States Justice Department announced the arrest on February 20.[58]

Guilty plea and imprisonment

United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX
, where he was incarcerated

Represented by Washington, D.C., lawyer

U.S. District Judge Claude Hilton. "I have opened the door for calumny against my totally innocent wife and children. I have hurt so many deeply."[59]

In his cell at ADX Florence

Hanssen was Federal Bureau of Prisons prisoner #48551-083. From July 17, 2002, until his death, he served his sentence at the ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado, in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.[60][61][62]

Modus operandi

Hanssen never told the KGB or GRU his identity and refused to meet them personally, except for the abortive 1993 contact in the Russian embassy parking garage. The FBI believes that the Russians never knew the name of their source.[63] Going by the alias "Ramon" or "Ramon Garcia",[64] Hanssen exchanged intelligence and payments through an old-fashioned dead drop system in which he and his KGB handlers left packages in public, unobtrusive places.[65] He refused to use the dead drop sites that his handler, Victor Cherkashin, suggested and instead chose his own. He also designated a code to be used when dates were exchanged. Six was to be added to the month, day, and time of a designated drop, so that, for example, a drop scheduled for January 6 at 1:00 p.m. would be written as July 12 at 7:00 p.m.[66]

Despite these efforts at caution and security, Hanssen could sometimes be reckless. He once said in a letter to the KGB that it should emulate the management style of Mayor of Chicago Richard J. Daley—a comment that easily could have led an investigator to look at people from Chicago.[67] Hanssen took the risk of recommending to his handlers that they try to recruit his closest friend, a colonel in the United States Army.[68]

Personal life

According to USA Today, those who knew the Hanssens described them as a close family. They attended Mass weekly and were very active in Opus Dei. Hanssen's three sons attended The Heights School in Potomac, Maryland, an all-boys preparatory school.[69] His three daughters attended Oakcrest School for Girls in Vienna, Virginia, an independent Roman Catholic school. Both schools are associated with Opus Dei. Hanssen's wife, Bonnie, retired from teaching theology at Oakcrest in 2020.[70]

A priest at Oakcrest said Hanssen had regularly attended a 6:30 a.m. daily Mass for over a decade.[71] Opus Dei member C. John McCloskey said he also occasionally attended the daily noontime Mass at the Catholic Information Center in downtown Washington, D.C.. After being imprisoned, Hanssen claimed he periodically admitted his espionage to priests in confession. He urged fellow Catholics in the FBI to attend Mass more often and denounced the Russians as "godless", even though he had been spying for them.[72]

At Hanssen's suggestion, and without his wife's knowledge, a friend named Jack Hoschouer, a retired Army officer, would sometimes watch the Hanssens having sex through a bedroom window. Hanssen then began to videotape his sexual encounters secretly and shared the videotapes with Hoschouer. Later, he hid a video camera in the bedroom connected via a closed-circuit television line so that Hoschouer could observe the Hanssens from his guest bedroom.[73] He also explicitly described the sexual details of his marriage on Internet chat rooms, giving information sufficient for those who knew them to recognize the couple.[74]

Hanssen frequently visited D.C. strip clubs and spent a great deal of time with a Washington stripper named Priscilla Sue Galey. She went with Hanssen on visits to Hong Kong and the FBI training facility in Quantico, Virginia.[75] Hanssen gave her money, jewels, and a used Mercedes-Benz but ended contact with her before his arrest when she began abusing drugs and engaging in prostitution. Galey claims that although she offered to have sex with him, Hanssen declined, saying he was trying to convert her to Catholicism.[76]

Death

On June 5, 2023, Hanssen was found unresponsive in his prison cell and was pronounced dead after unsuccessful efforts to revive him. His autopsy listed the cause of death as colon cancer.[77]

In the media

The Hanssen spy case was told in

Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy, published by Penguin Random House in the spring of 2019.[78]

Hanssen was the subject of a 2002 made-for-television movie,

Superspy: The Man Who Betrayed the West describes the hunt to trap Hanssen.[81]

Hanssen was mentioned in chapter 5 of

The History Channel series America's Book of Secrets,[86] as well as in the fifth episode of Netflix series Spycraft[87] and was the subject of the 2021 documentary A Spy in the FBI.[88] He was also the subject of the CBS News podcast detailing his life and espionage, Agent of Betrayal: The Double Life of Robert Hanssen.[89]

Citations

  1. ^ "USA v. Robert Philip Hanssen: Affidavit in Support of Criminal Complaint, Arrest Warrant and Search Warrant". fas.org. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  2. ^ "A Review of FBI Security Programs (Webster Report)". Commission for Review of FBI Security Programs. United States Department of Justice. March 2002. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f U.S. Department of Justice "A Review of the FBI's Performance in Deterring, Detecting, and Investigating the Espionage Activities of Robert Philip Hanssen" Archived February 8, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, (Archive) August 14, 2003
  4. ^ Havill, Adrian. "His fate is sealed". crimelibrary.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
  5. ^ Wise 2003, p. 8
  6. ^ "Secret Passage". Chicago Tribune. April 21, 2002. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c "Transcript of Hanssen Guilty Plea". July 6, 2001. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  8. ^ a b Thompson Statement Regarding Hanssen Guilty Plea. United States Department of Justice (Report). July 6, 2001. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2007.
  9. ^ a b "Robert Hanssen, former FBI agent convicted of spying for Russia, dead at 79". CBS News. June 5, 2023. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  10. ^ Havill, Adrian. "The Spawning of A Spy Archived April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." Robert Philip Hanssen: The Spy who Stayed out in the Cold. Crime Library. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  11. Herald-Tribune. The Ledger
    . March 9, 2001. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  12. ^ Wise 2003, p. 10
  13. ^ Baker, Peter (June 5, 2023). "Robert Hanssen, F.B.I. Agent Exposed as Spy for Moscow, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  14. ^ Adrian Havill, Court TV, Robert Philip Hanssen: The Spy who Stayed out in The Cold Archived February 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  15. ^ Dolores Flaherty, Chicago Sunday-Times Hanssen, the spy with two faces 2003 November 23. Retrieved February 6, 2007
  16. ^ Risen, James (May 16, 2002). "Spy's Wife Speaks, After Taking a Lie Test". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
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  22. ^ "Robert Hanssen Business Cards, Chalk, and Thumbtacks". Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  23. ^ McGahan, Jason (March 1, 2001). "New Stop on Washington's Spy Tour". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  24. ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  25. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 50–51
  26. ^ Lynch, Christopher, The C.I. Desk: FBI and CIA Counterintelligence As Seen From My Cubicle Dog Ear Publishing 2010
  27. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 56–57
  28. ^ "USA v. Robert Philip Hanssen: Indictment". Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  29. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 3–4, 67–68, 82–83
  30. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 111–119
  31. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 246
  32. ^ Wise 2003, p. 95
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  36. ^ Wise 2003, p. 141
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  42. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 190–192
  43. ^ "A Not-So-Secret Tunnel". CBS News. March 5, 2001. Archived from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
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  46. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 205–213
  47. ^ Stein, Jeff (November 1, 2018). "Riddle Resolved: Who Dimed Out American Traitor and Super-Spy, Robert Hanssen?". Newsweek.com. Newsweek. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
  48. ^ "Robert Hanssen: A Brief History". NPR. February 4, 2007. Archived from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  49. ^ Wise 2003, p. 140
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  52. ^ Schiller 260
  53. ^ "Eric O'Neill and Billy Ray Discuss 'Breach'". Fresh Air. NPR. January 31, 2007. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
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  55. ^ "Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees: Uproar Over CIA Operative; Iraq Weapons Hunt: Congress to be Briefed". CNN. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
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  58. ^ Wise 2003, pp. 246–247
  59. FoxNews.com. May 10, 2002. Archived
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  60. National Public Radio Timeline: Solitary Confinement in US Prisons Archived July 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
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  61. ^ "Robert Philip Hanssen Archived June 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
  62. ^ "Robert Hanssen, one of America's most notorious spies, dies in prison". WLS-TV. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
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  66. ^ Cherkashin & Feifer 2005, p. 230
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  69. ^ CI Centre "Quotes about the Robert Hanssen Case". Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.. Retrieved February 20, 2007
  70. ^ "Faculty and Staff Directory for Oakcrest School for Girls". Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
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  74. ^ CNN, American Morning with Paula Zahn Look at FBI Spy Robert Hannsen Archived August 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine January 8, 2002. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
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  88. ^ "A Spy in the FBI". Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  89. ^ "Agent of Betrayal Podcast – The Double Life of Robert Hanssen". CBS News. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

References and further reading

External links

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