Metriorhynchidae

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Metriorhynchids
Temporal range:
Ma
Fossil of Cricosaurus, Museum Eichstaett
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Pseudosuchia
Clade: Crocodylomorpha
Clade: Crocodyliformes
Suborder: †Thalattosuchia
Clade: †Euthalattosuchia
Family: †Metriorhynchidae
Fitzinger, 1843
Subfamilies
Synonyms

Metriorhynchidae is an

zoologist Leopold Fitzinger in 1843.[3] The group contains two subfamilies, the Metriorhynchinae and the Geosaurinae.[4][5]
They represent the most marine adapted of all archosaurs.

Description

Metriorhynchids are fully aquatic

plesiosaurs, metriorhynchids developed smooth, scaleless skin.[7]

Metriorhynchids were the only group of

pleurosaurids or mosasauroids, as well as mammalian cetaceans or sirenians).[12] The family has a wide geographic distribution, with material found in Argentina, Chile, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Czech Republic.[8][5][13]

Classification

Phylogenetic analyses published during the 2000s cast doubt on the idea that many traditional metriorhynchid genera formed natural groups (i.e., include all descendants of a common ancestor). The traditional species of Geosaurus,[14][15][16] Dakosaurus[14] and Cricosaurus[14] were found to represent unnatural groups, and the species traditionally classified in these genera were reshuffled in a study published in November 2009 by Mark T. Young and Marco Brandalise de Andrade.[4] The monophyly of Metriorhynchus[14][15][17] and Teleidosaurus[14][16] is also unsupported, and the species of these genera are pending reclassification.[4]

The classification presented by Young and Andrade in 2009 was approved in later studies of the Metriorhynchidae.

Geosaurus giganteus.[4] The cladogram below follows the topology from the 2020 analyses by Young et al. and reduced to genera only.[12][20]

 Metriorhynchidae 

List of genera

The type genus of the family Metriorhynchidae is Metriorhynchus from the Middle to Late Jurassic.[20] Other genera included within this family are Cricosaurus, Geosaurus, and Dakosaurus. Though once considered a metriorhynchid, Teleidosaurus has since been found to be slightly more distantly related to these animals within the superfamily Metriorhynchoidea.[21]

Within this family, the genus Neustosaurus and Enaliosuchus are considered nomen dubium ("doubtful name").[22]

The genus Capelliniosuchus was once thought to be a metriorhynchid similar to Dakosaurus.[23] However, it was later found to be a mosasaur.[24]

Genus Status Author Age Location Description Synonyms Images
Ambayrac, 1913 late Oxfordian

France.

Sometimes considered to be a nomen dubium.
Cricosaurus suevicus
Dakosaurus andiniensis
Thalattosuchus superciliosus
Neptunidraco ammoniticus
'Metriorhynchus' casamiquelai
Suchodus durobrivensis
Valid Wagner, 1858 middle Oxfordian to upper Valanginian

Argentina, Chile, Cuba, England, France, Germany, Mexico, Russia and Switzerland.

Valid von Quenstedt, 1856 upper Kimmeridgian to lower Berriasian

Argentina, England, France, Germany, Mexico, Poland, Switzerland and possibly Russia.

  • Dacosaurus (
    lapsus calami
    )
nomen dubium[27] Koken, 1883 Valanginian

Germany.

Valid Cuvier, 1824 upper Kimmeridgian to upper Valanginian

France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland.

  • Brachytaenius
  • Halilimnosaurus
Valid Young et al., 2010 middle Callovian to lower Kimmeridgian

England and France.

Valid Parrilla-Bel et al., 2013 middle Callovian to Kimmeridgian

Spain and Mexico.

Valid von Meyer, 1832 lower Kimmeridgian.

France.

  • Metiorychus (
    lapsus calami
    )
Valid Cau & Fanti, 2011 earliest Bathonian

Italy.

nomen dubium Valanginian — potential
senior synonym of Enaliosuchus
Valid Owen, 1884 late Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian

England and possibly Spain.

Valid Rusconi, 1948 upper Tithonian

Argentina and Chile.

Valid von Meyer, 1831 lower Tithonian

Germany.

Valid Lydekker, 1890 middle Callovian to lower Oxfordian

England and France.

Valid Young et al., 2020 lower Callovian to lower Oxfordian

England and France.

Valid Andrade et al., 2010 Kimmeridgian to Tithonian

England.

Valid Young et al., 2013 Callovian

England.

See also

References

  1. ^ Andrews CW. 1913. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part Two. London: British Museum (Natural History), 206 pp.
  2. hdl:2318/1537833
    .
  3. ^ Fitzinger LJFJ. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Wien: Braumüller et Seidel, 106 pp.
  4. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00536.x
    .
  5. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00571.x
    .
  6. ^ Fraas E (1902). "Die Meer-Krocodilier (Thalattosuchia) des oberen Jura unter specieller Berücksichtigung von Dacosaurus und Geosaurus". Palaeontographica. 49: 1–72.
  7. ISSN 1094-8074
    .
  8. ^ a b Steel R. 1973. Crocodylia. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie, Teil 16. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag,116 pp.
  9. doi:10.1017/S1755691016000165
    .
  10. ISBN 978-3-946705-07-9. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-17.
  11. ISBN 978-3-946705-07-9. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-17.
  12. ^
    hdl:11336/137182
    .
  13. doi:10.4202/app.00801.2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ^
    doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458
    .
  15. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00818.x
    .
  16. ^ a b Mueller-Töwe IJ (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Thalattosuchia". Zitteliana. A45: 211–213.
  17. S2CID 10312971
    .
  18. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.07.007
    .
  19. PMID 21543396
    .
  20. ^
    doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa092.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  21. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2020.102423
    .
  22. ^ Buffetaut E (1982). "Radiation évolutive, paléoécologie et biogéographie des Crocodiliens mésosuchienes". Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. 142: 1–88.
  23. ^ Simonelli V (1896). "Intoro agli avanzi di coccodrilliano scoperti a San Valentino (provincial di Reggio Emilia) nel 1886". Atli della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Series Qunita Rendiconti. 5 (2): 11–18.
  24. ISSN 0195-6671
    .
  25. ^ Quenstedt FA. 1856. Sonst und Jetzt: Populäre Vortäge über Geologie. Tübingen: Laupp, 131.
  26. ^ Koken E (1883). "Die reptilian der norddeutschen unteren Kreide". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 35: 735–827.
  27. S2CID 218996914.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  28. ^ Cuvier G. 1824. Sur les ossements fossiles de crocodiles, 5. In: Dufour & D'Occagne, eds. Recherches sur les ossements fossiles, 2nd édition. Paris: 143-160
  29. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00571.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  30. S2CID 83985855
    .

External links
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