Mycobacterium elephantis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Mycobacterium elephantis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Mycobacteriales
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacterium
Species:
M. elephantis
Binomial name
Mycobacterium elephantis
Shojaei et al. 2000, DSM 44368

Mycobacterium elephantis, a bacterium of the family Mycobacteriaceae, was discovered and isolated from a deceased elephant near India and may be linked to respiratory dysfunction.[1][2] Organisms in the genus Mycobacterium are known to be aerobic and non-motile.[3] Organisms within Mycobacterium belong to either the rapid growing group (Organismal growth under seven days) or the slow growing group.[4][5] M. elephantis is classified as a rapid grower and relates most closely to Mycobacterium confluentis and Mycobacterium phlei. [1][4]

Origin

Shojaei et al. discovered this bacterial species from a lung of a deceased elephant due to chronic respiratory disease in Sri Lanka, an island off the south end of India in the year 2000.[1] A strain of the organism, 484t, was isolated on Lõwenstein-Jensen medium by these researchers.[1] L-J medium, Columbia blood, MacConkey agar, Middlebrook 7H10 agar, and 5% sodium chloride agar served as cultures for M. elephantis at varying temperatures for 3 to 10 days.[1] No growth occurred on the 5% NaCl agar.[1] This organism was found to be positive in a nitrate reduction test and negative in the aryl sulfatase test that were performed on this strain.[1]

Biology and biochemistry

Ecology

M. elephantis growth has been studied to find its preferred environmental factors. It is known to grow in the bronchial area of mammals, which rests at a pH of 5.5.[6][7] The organism is host associated with mammals, suggested by the first isolation in the lung abscess of an elephant diagnosed with chronic respiratory disease in Sri Lanka.[1] Most strains of this organism are found in sputum from the respiratory tract with strains found rarely in the lymph nodes.[8]

Morphology

Through

acid-fast organism when cultured in 12B broth and Löwenstein-Jensen solid medium.[4] Yellow pigment and smooth dome shaped was the morphology of this species on L-J medium.[4] On Middlebrooke 7H10 agar, strain DSM 44368 of Mycobacterium elephantis shows this previously stated morphology as well as another described as cream colored.[4] With the onset of age, the yellow pigmentation ensues for DSM 44368.[4] M. elephantis is also a non-motile species, as is a characteristic of the genus Mycobacterium.[1][3]

Metabolism and physiology

Scarce results have been recorded to show the

acid alcohol fast.[1] The 484t strain was found to be negative for tellurite reduction as well as activity with aryl sulphatase.[1] The optimal growth temperature for this species is about 42° Celsius with its first strains showing at the third day of growth at this temperature.[4] Growth at lower temperatures around 30 °C occurs, but growth is minimal over 45 °C.[1][4] Growth of this organism does not occur at temperatures above 52 °C.[8] Although this organism is slower than average rapid growing Mycobacterium, growth under 7 days classifies this species as a rapid grower.[4][8] Stunted growth is shown in the presence of isoniazid, rifampicin, and few other drugs.[1]

Genome

Mycobacterium elephantis has been researched and studied to provide some insights on the genomic nature of this organism. A strain of M. elephantis, Lipa, contains a G-C content of 67.8%, and a genome size of 5.19 Mb.[8] 250 pseudogenes are also found in this strain.[8] The 484t strain's (same as DSM 44368) 16S rRNA gene sequence as compared to other rapid growing mycobacterium showed a mean 96.7+ 0.5% similarity.[1] It also showed a 96.2+ 0.4% similarity to slow growing mycobacteria.[1] The closest neighbors that show the most similarity to M. elephantis are M. confluentis at 97.8% and M. phlei at 97.7%.[1] Although closely related, strain 484t shows 29 and 30 nucleotide differences in the familiar species.[1]

Significance

Mycobacterium elephantis has the potential to impact

acid-fast microbes.[6] After further testing, the isolate organism showed high similarity of up to 100% to Mycobacterium elephantis.[6] This demonstrates the difficulty of diagnosing humans with tuberculosis in different geographic areas. Misdiagnosis can be a huge factor in patient care and rehabilitation
, and further research on this organism can diminish this problem. Mycobacterium elephantis should not be ruled out in future diagnostics of chronic respiratory diseases.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Shojaei, H., M. Goodfellow, J. G. Magee, N. U. Horadagoda, M. Yates, and R. Freeman. "Mycobacterium Elephantis Sp. Nov., a Rapidly Growing Non-chromogenic Mycobacterium Isolated from an Elephant." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50.5 (2000): 1817-820. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
  2. ^ Bergey, D. H., P. H. A. Sneath, and John G. Holt. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Second ed. Vol. 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1986. N. pag. Print.
  3. ^ a b Pfyffer,G. E. (2007). Mycobacterium: General Characteristics, Laboratory Detection, and Staining Procedures. In P. R. Murray (Ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th ed., pp. 543-572). Washington D.C.: ASM Press.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Turenne, C. "Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium Elephantis from Human Specimens." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40.4 (2002): 1231-236. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
  5. ^ Brown-Elliot, B. A., & Wallace, R. J. (2007). Mycobacterium:Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria. In P. R. Murray (Ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology (9th ed., pp. 589-600). Washington, D.C.: ASM Press.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Heidarieh, P., H. Shojaei, A. Hashemi, M. M. Feizabadi, A. Daei-Naser, and B. Ataei. "First Report of Isolation of Mycobacterium Elephantis from Bronchial Lavage of a Patient in Asia." JRSM Short Reports 2.4 (2011): 26. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.
  7. ^ Pingleton, Susan, Garth Harrison, Daniel Stechschulte, Lewis Wesselius, Gerald Kerby, and William Ruth. "Effect of Location, PH, and Temperature of Instillate in Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Normal Volunteers." ATSJournals (1983): n. pag. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.
  8. ^
    Greninger, Alexander L.
    , Gail Cunningham, Joanna M. Yu, Elaine D. Hsu, Charles Y. Chiu, and Steve Miller. "Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium Elephantis Strain Lipa." Genome Announcements Genome Announc. 3.3 (2015): n. pag. Web. 7 Mar. 2016.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_elephantis&oldid=1166665644"