Myxobacteria

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Slime mold.

Myxobacteria
Myxococcus xanthus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Myxococcota
Class: Myxococcia
Waite et al. 2020[1]
Order: Myxococcales
Tchan et al. 1948
Families & genera
Synonyms

"Myxococcidae" Cavalier-Smith 2020

The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil and feed on insoluble organic substances. The myxobacteria have very large genomes relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9–10 million nucleotides except for Anaeromyxobacter[2] and Vulgatibacter.[3] One species of myxobacteria, Minicystis rosea,[4] has the largest known bacterial genome with over 16 million nucleotides. The second largest is another myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum.[5][6]

Myxobacteria can move by

swarms (also known as wolf packs), containing many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. Individuals benefit from aggregation as it allows accumulation of the extracellular enzymes that are used to digest food; this in turn increases feeding efficiency. Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside the cell.[8]

Myxobacteria are used to study the polysaccharide production in gram-negative bacteria like the model Myxococcus xanthus which have four different mechanisms[9] of polysaccharide secretion and where a new Wzx/Wzy mechanism producing a new polysaccharide was identified in 2020.[9]

Myxobacteria are also good models to study the multicellularity in the bacterial world.[10]

Life cycle

When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into fruiting bodies (not to be confused with

amoebae, called cellular slime molds
.

At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus is regulated by Pxr sRNA.[13][14]

Myxobacteria such as

model organisms
for the study of development.

Various myxobacterial species as sketched by Roland Thaxter in 1892: Chondromyces crocatus (figs. 1–11), Stigmatella aurantiaca (figs. 12–19 and 25-28), Melittangium lichenicola (figs. 20–23), Archangium gephyra (fig. 24), Myxococcus coralloides (figs. 29-33), Polyangium vitellinum (figs. 34-36), and Myxococcus fulvus (figs. 37-41). Thaxter was the first taxonomist to recognize the bacterial nature of the myxobacteria. Previously, they had been misclassified as members of the fungi imperfecti.[15]

It has been suggested that the last common ancestor of myxobacteria was an aerobe and that their anaerobic predecessors lived syntrophically with early eukaryotes.[16]

Clinical use

metastatic breast cancer.[17]

Myxobacteria are also known to produce gephyronic acid, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis and a potential agent for cancer chemotherapy.[18]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[19] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[20]

16S rRNA based
LTP_08_2023[21][22][23]
 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[24][25][26]
Myxo-
Deferrisomatales

Deferrisomataceae

Bradymonadales

Bradymonadaceae

Myxococcales
Cystobacterineae
Nannocystineae

Kofleriaceae Reichenbach 2007

Nannocystaceae

Sorangiineae

Polyangiaceae
(incl. Sandaracinaceae)

-coccota
Myxo-
Bradymonadia
Bradymonadales

Microvenatoraceae Wang, Chen & Du 2022

Bradymonadaceae Wang et al. 2015

Polyangiia
Haliangiales

Haliangiaceae Waite et al. 2020 (incl. Kofleriaceae
)

Nannocystales

Nannocystaceae Reichenbach 2006

Polyangiales

Sandaracinaceae Mohr et al. 2012

Polyangiaceae
Jahn 1924

Myxococcia
Myxococcales

Anaeromyxobacteraceae Yamamoto et al. 2014

Vulgatibacteraceae
Yamamoto et al. 2014

Myxococcaceae Jahn 1924

-coccota

See also

References

  1. PMID 33151140
    .
  2. PMID 18461135
    .
  3. ^ "Vulgatibacter incomptus strain DSM 27710, complete genome". 2015-08-19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. PMID 34511070
    .
  5. PMID 17965706
    .
  6. PMID 25722247
    .
  7. PMID 20508248
    .
  8. S2CID 34964313
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 32516311
    .
  10. PMID 32516311
    .
  11. S2CID 18846289
    .
  12. PMID 16061806
    .
  13. PMID 20489016
    .
  14. S2CID 4371886
    .
  15. ISSN 0006-8071
    .
  16. PMID 34131078
    .
  17. ^ "FDA Approval for Ixabepilone". National Cancer Institute.
  18. PMID 7868385
    .
  19. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Deltaproteobacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  20. ^ Sayers; et al. "Deltaproteobacteria". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  21. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  22. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  23. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  24. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  25. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

External links

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