Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis | |
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Antibiotics (generally penicillin ) |
Neurosyphilis is the infection of the
To diagnose neurosyphilis, patients undergo a lumbar puncture to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. The CSF is tested for antibodies for specific Treponema pallidum antigens. The preferred test is the VDRL test, which is sometimes supplemented by fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS).[1][2][3]
Historically, the disease was studied under the
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis vary with the disease stage of syphilis. The stages of syphilis are categorized as primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. It is important to note that neurosyphilis may occur at any stage of infection.[citation needed]
Nearly any part of the eye may be involved. The most common form of ocular syphilis is uveitis. Other forms include episcleritis, vitritis, retinitis, papillitis, retinal detachment, and interstitial keratitis.[2][6]
Parenchymal syphilis occurs years to decades after initial infection. It presents with the constellation of symptoms known as
Neuropsychiatric
Although neurosyphilis is a neurological disease, neuropsychiatric symptoms might appear due to overall damage to the brain. These symptoms can make the diagnosis more difficult and can include symptoms of dementia,[8][9] mania, psychosis, depression,[10] and delirium:[11]
These symptoms are not always present, and when they are, they usually appear in more advanced stages of the disease.[12]
Complications
The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is an immune-mediated response to syphilis therapy occurring within 2–24 hours. The exact mechanisms of reaction are unclear, however most likely caused by proinflammatory treponemal lipoproteins that are released from dead and dying organisms following antibiotic treatment. It is typically characterized by fever, headache, myalgia and possibly intensification of skin rash. It most often occurs in early-stage syphilis (up to 50%–75% of patients with primary and secondary syphilis). It is usually self-limiting and managed with antipyretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications.
Risk factors
There are several risk factors: high-risk sexual behavior from unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners.[
Pathophysiology
The pathogenesis is not fully known, in part due to fact that the organism is not easily cultured. Within days to weeks after initial infection, Treponema pallidum disseminates via blood and lymphatics. The organism may accumulate in perivascular spaces of nearly any organ, including the central nervous system (CNS). It is unclear why some patients develop CNS infection and others do not. Rarely, organisms may invade any structures of the eye (such as cornea, anterior chamber, vitreous and choroid, and optic nerve) and cause local inflammation and edema. In primary or secondary syphilis, invasion of the meninges may result in lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration of perivascular spaces (Virchow–Robin spaces). The extension of cellular immune response to the brainstem and spinal cord causes inflammation and necrosis of small meningeal vessels.[citation needed]
In tertiary syphilis, reactivation of chronic latent infection may result in meningovascular syphilis, arising from
Concurrent infection of T. pallidum with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been found to affect the course of syphilis. Syphilis can lie dormant for 10 to 20 years before progressing to neurosyphilis, but HIV may accelerate the rate of the progress. Also, infection with HIV has been found to cause penicillin therapy to fail more often. Therefore, neurosyphilis has once again been prevalent in societies with high HIV rates[2] and limited access to penicillin.[13]
Diagnosis
To diagnose neurosyphilis,
Treatment
Penicillin is used to treat neurosyphilis.[2] Two examples of penicillin therapies include:[1]
- Aqueous penicillin G3–4 million units every four hours for 10 to 14 days.
- One daily intramuscular injection and oral probenecid four times daily, both for 10 to 14 days.
Follow-up blood tests are generally performed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months to make sure the infection is gone.[1] Lumbar punctures for CSF fluid analysis are generally performed every 6 months until cell counts normalize. All patients with syphilis should be tested for HIV infection.[15] All cases of syphilis should be reported to public health authorities and public health departments can aid in partner notification, testing, and determining need for treatment.[16]
The treatment success is measured with a fourfold drop in the nontreponemal antibody test. In early-stage syphilis drop should occur in 6–12 months; in late syphilis drop can take 12–24 months. Titers may decline more slowly in persons who have previously had syphilis.[citation needed]
In people who cannot take penicillin it is uncertain if other antibiotic therapy is effective for treating neurosyphilis.[17]
References
- ^ a b c d "Neurosyphilis". A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia on PubMed Health. Reviewed by David C. Dugdale, Jatin M. Vyas, David Zieve. 6 October 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ PMID 22994551.
- ^ "Syphilis CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
- ^ Radolf JD, Tramont EC, Salazar JC. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum).
- ^ Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. New York, NY: Saunders; 2015: 2684–2709.e4
- ^ Kennard, Christine (10 September 2014). "Neurosyphilis". About.com. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
- PMID 35321268.
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- ^ "Neurosyphilis". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-10-27 – via medlineplus.gov.
- PMID 37814742.
- ^ "Neurosyphilis: Overview of Syphilis of the CNS, Pathophysiology of Syphilis, Epidemiology of Syphilis". 19 July 2021.
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- ISBN 9789997625892.
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