New Zealand Army
New Zealand Army | |
---|---|
King of New Zealand | |
Chief of Defence Force | Air Marshal Kevin Short |
Chief of Army | Major General John Boswell |
Insignia | |
Logo | |
Wartime flag |
The New Zealand Army (Māori: Ngāti Tūmatauenga, "Tribe of the God of War"[2]) is the principal land warfare force of New Zealand, a component of the New Zealand Defence Force alongside the Royal New Zealand Navy and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Formed in 1845, as the New Zealand Military Forces, the Army traces its history from settler militia raised in that same year.[3] The current name was adopted by the New Zealand Army Act 1950.[4]
During its history, the New Zealand Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the
Since the 1970s, deployments have tended to be assistance to multilateral peacekeeping efforts. Considering the small size of the force, operational commitments have remained high since the start of the
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
Colonial conflicts
War had been an integral part of the life and culture of the Māori, even prior to European contact. The Musket Wars continued this trend and dominated the first years of European trade and settlement.
The first European settlers in the Bay of Islands formed a volunteer militia from which some New Zealand Army units trace their origins. British forces and Māori fought in various New Zealand Wars starting in 1843, and culminating in the Invasion of the Waikato in the mid-1860s, during which colonial forces were used with great effect. From the 1870s, the numbers of Imperial (British) troops was reduced, leaving settler units to continue the campaign.
The first permanent military force was the Colonial Defence Force, which was active in 1862. This was replaced in 1867 by the Armed Constabulary, which performed both military and policing roles. After being renamed the New Zealand Constabulary Force, it was divided into separate military and police forces in 1886. The military force was called the Permanent Militia and later renamed the Permanent Force.
Second Boer War
Major
The Defence Act 1909, which displaced the old volunteer system, remodelled the defences of the dominion on a territorial basis, embodying the principles of universal service between certain ages. It provided for a territorial force, or fighting strength, fully equipped for modern requirements, of thirty thousand men. These troops, with the territorial reserve, formed the first line; and the second line comprised rifle clubs and training sections. Under the terms of the Act, every male, unless physically unfit, was required to take his share of the defence of the dominion. The Act provided for the gradual military training of every male from the age of 14 to 25, after which he was required to serve in the reserve up to the age of thirty. From the age of 12 to 14, every boy at school performed a certain amount of military training, and, on leaving, was transferred to the senior cadets, with whom he remained, undergoing training, until 18 years of age, when he joined the territorials. After serving in the territorials until 25 (or less if earlier reliefs were recommended), and in the reserve until 30, a discharge was granted; but the man remained liable under the Militia Act to be called up, until he reached the age of 55. As a result of Lord Kitchener's visit to New Zealand in 1910, slight alterations were made—chiefly affecting the general and administrative staffs, and which included the establishment of the New Zealand Staff Corps—and the scheme was set in motion in January, 1911. Major-General Sir Alexander Godley, of the Imperial General Staff, was engaged as commandant.
First World War
Following the outbreak of the
The NZEF would be sent to Egypt and would participate in the
The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914–1918, excluding those in British and other dominion forces, was 100,000, from a population of just over a million. Forty-two percent of men of military age served in the NZEF. 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war—a 58 percent casualty rate. Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war's end, as a result of injuries sustained, and 507 died whilst training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918. New Zealand had one of the highest casualty—and death—rates per capita of any country involved in the war.
Second World War
During the
The forces stationed in New Zealand were considerably reduced as the threat of invasion passed. During early 1943, each of the three home defence divisions were cut from 22,358 to 11,530 men. The non-divisional units suffered even greater reductions.[11] The New Zealand government ordered a general stand-down of the defensive forces in the country on 28 June, which led to further reductions in the strength of units and a lower state of readiness.[12] By the end of the year, almost all of the Territorial Force personnel had been demobilised (though they retained their uniforms and equipment), and only 44 soldiers were posted to the three divisional and seven brigade headquarters.[13] The war situation continued to improve, and the 4th Division, along with the other two divisions and almost all the remaining Territorial Force units, was disbanded on 1 April 1944.[13][14]
The 6th New Zealand Division was also briefly formed as a deception formation by renaming the NZ camp at
Cold War
Post-War
The New Zealand Army was formally formed from the New Zealand Military Forces following the Second World War. Attention focused on preparing a third Expeditionary Force potentially for service against the Soviets.
Korean War
The Army's first combat after the Second World War was in the
The majority of Kayforce had returned to New Zealand by 1955, though it was not until 1957 that the last New Zealand soldiers had left Korea. In all, about 4700 men served with Kayforce.[17]
In 1957, the 9th Coast Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery, was reduced to a cadre along with the other coastal artillery regiments (10th and 11th).[18][19] Personnel were gradually run down until there was only a single supervisory District Gunner. All three were disbanded in 1967.
Irregular Warfare
Through the 1950s, New Zealand Army forces were deployed to the
The 1957 national government defence review directed the discontinuation of coastal defence training, and the approximately 1000 personnel of the 9th, 10th, and 11th coastal regiments
Vietnam War
New Zealand sent troops to the Vietnam War in 1964 because of Cold War concerns and alliance considerations.
Initial contributions were a New Zealand team of non-combat army engineers in 1964 followed by a battery from the Royal New Zealand Artillery in 1965 which served initially with the Americans until the formation of the 1st Australian Task Force in 1966. Thereafter, the battery served with the task force until 1971.
Two Companies of New Zealand infantry, Whisky Company and Victor Company, served with the 1st Australian Task Force from 1967 until 1971. Some also served with the Australian and New Zealand Army Training teams until 1972.
NZ SAS arrived in 1968 and served with the Australian SAS until the Australian and New Zealand troop withdrawal in 1971.
Members from various branches of the NZ Army also served with U.S and Australian air and cavalry detachments as well as in intelligence, medical, and engineering.[22] In all, 3850 military personnel from all military branches of service served in Vietnam. New Zealand infantry accounted for approximately 1600 and the New Zealand artillery battery accounted for approximately 750.
Peacekeeping operations
The New Zealand Division was disbanded in 1961, as succeeding governments reduced the force, first to two brigades, and then a single one.
After the 1983 Defence Review, the Army's command structure was adjusted to distinguish more clearly the separate roles of operations and base support training. There was an internal reorganisation within the Army General Staff, and New Zealand Land Forces Command in Takapuna was split into a Land Force Command and a Support Command.
The Army was prepared to field a Ready Reaction Force which was a battalion group based on 2/1 RNZIR; the Integrated Expansion Force (17 units) brigade sized, which would be able to follow up 90 days after mobilization; and a Force Maintenance Group of 19 units to provide logistical support to both forces.[25]
The battalion in South East Asia, designated 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment by that time, was brought home in 1989.
In the late 1980s, Exercise Golden Fleece was held in the North Island. It was the largest exercise for a long period.[26]
During the later part of the 20th century, New Zealand personnel served in a large number of UN and other peacekeeping deployments including:
- United Nations Truce Supervision Organization for over 50 years in the Middle East[27]
- Operation Agila in Rhodesia[28]
- Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai
- Cambodia where members of the Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals (RNZSigs) were attached to the Australian Force Communications Unit (FCU) of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia.[29]
- The New Zealand Supply Contingent Somalia of the larger United Nations Operation in Somalia I and United Nations Operation in Somalia II until March 1994.[30]
- United Nations Accelerated Demining Programme (ADP) in Mozambique[31]
- United Nations Angola Verification Mission II in Angola[32]
- United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia[33]
- The Endeavour Peace Accord, Bougainville[34]
In 1994, the Army was granted a status of iwidom as "Ngāti Tūmatauenga" with the blessings of the Māori Queen Te Atairangikaahu and surrounding tribes of the base in Waiouru: Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Maniapoto and Ngāti Tuhoe.[2]
Recent history (1999–present)
In the 21st century, New Zealanders have served in
NZDF forces have also been involved in international Peacekeeping actions such as
In 2003, the New Zealand government decided to replace its existing fleet of
On 4 September 2010, in the aftermath of the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, the New Zealand Defence Force deployed to the worst affected areas of Christchurch to aid in relief efforts and assist NZ police in enforcing a night time curfew at the request of Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker and Prime Minister John Key.[40][41]
On the 21st of March, 2022, New Zealand announced that it would provide NZ$5 million for the purpose of non-lethal military equipment through
At no point were New Zealand forces deployed within Ukraine itself.
Structure
The New Zealand Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (Chief of the General Staff until 2002), who is a major general or two-star appointment. As of 10 September 2018[update], the current Chief of Army is Major General John Boswell. The Chief of Army has responsibility for raising, training and sustaining those forces necessary to meet agreed government outputs. For operations, the Army's combat units fall under the command of the Land Component Commander, who is on the staff of the COMJFNZ at Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand at Trentham in Upper Hutt. Forces under the Land Component Commander include the 1st Brigade, Training and Doctrine Command,[45] and the Joint Support Group (including health, military police).
No. 3 Squadron RNZAF provides tactical air transport.
Land Training and Doctrine Group
- Land Operations Training Centre Waiouru encompasses the main army trade schools:
- Combat School
- School of Artillery
- Logistics Operations School
- School of Tactics
- Royal New Zealand School of Signals
- School of Military Intelligence and Security
- Trade Training School (Trentham)
- School of Military Engineering, 2 Engineer Regiment (Linton)
Regiments and corps of the New Zealand Army
The following is a list of the Corps of the New Zealand Army, ordered according to the traditional seniority of all the Corps.[47]
- New Zealand Corps of Officer Cadets
- Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery
- Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps
- The Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers
- Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals
- Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment
- New Zealand Special Air Service
- New Zealand Intelligence Corps
- Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment
- Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps
- Royal New Zealand Dental Corps
- Royal New Zealand Chaplains Department
- New Zealand Army Legal Service
- Royal New Zealand Military Police
- Royal New Zealand Army Education Corps
- New Zealand Army Physical Training Corps
- Royal New Zealand Nursing Corps
Army Reserve
The Territorial Force (TF), the long established reserve component of the New Zealand Army, has as of 2009–2010 been renamed the Army Reserve, in line with other Commonwealth countries, though the term "Territorial Force" remains the official nomenclature in the Defence Act 1990.[48] It provides individual augmentees and formed bodies for operational deployments. There are Reserve units throughout New Zealand, and they have a long history. The modern Army Reserve is divided into three regionally-based battalion groups. Each of these is made up of smaller units of different specialities. The terms 'regiment' and 'battalion group' seem to be interchangeably used, which can cause confusion. However, it can be argued that both are accurate in slightly different senses. In a tactical sense, given that the Reserve units are groupings of all arms, the term 'battalion group' is accurate, though usually used for a much more single-arm heavy grouping, three infantry companies plus one armoured squadron, for example. NZ reserve battalion groups are composed of a large number of small units of different types.
The term 'regiment' can be accurately applied in the British regimental systems sense, as all the subunits collectively have been given the heritage of the former NZ infantry regiments (1900–1964). TF regiments prepare and provide trained individuals in order to top-up and sustain operational and non-operational units to meet directed outputs. TF regiments perform the function of a training unit, preparing individuals to meet prescribed outputs. The six regiments command all Territorial Force personnel within their region except those posted to formation or command headquarters, Military Police (MP) Company, Force Intelligence Group (FIG) or 1 New Zealand Special Air Services (NZSAS) Regiment. At a minimum, each regiment consists of a headquarters, a recruit induction training (RIT) company, at least one rifle company, and a number of combat support or combat service support companies or platoons.
3/1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment, previously existed on paper as a
The New Zealand Cadet Corps also exists as an army-affiliated youth training and development organisation, part of the New Zealand Cadet Forces.
A rationalisation plan to amalgamate the then existing six Reserve Regiments to three, and to abolish one third of Reserve personnel posts, had been mooted for some years. This was finally agreed by the New Zealand government in August 2011, and was implemented in 2012.[50][51]
The New Zealand Scottish Regiment, a Territorial Force regiment first established in January 1939, and perpetuating the battle honors of the Divisional Cavalry of the 2nd New Zealand Division, was finally disbanded in April 2016.[52] After a final parade on April 16, 2016, its Regimental Colours were laid up in the
The Territorial Forces Employer Support Council is an organisation that provides support to Reserve personnel of all three services and their civilian employers. It is a national organisation appointed by the minister of defence to work with employers and assist in making Reserve personnel available for operational deployments.[54]
Personnel
Strength
The Army comprises around 4,659 Regular Force personnel and 2,122 Reserve Force personnel.
Uniforms
Like all Commonwealth countries
After initially serving with the U.S Army, New Zealand forces in Vietnam were amalgamated into the 1st Australian Task Force in 1966 and adopted Australian Jungle Greens ("JGs") from 1967. Uniforms were initially supplied from 1ATF stocks but were eventually made in New Zealand. In the early part of the war New Zealanders wore a black cravat embroidered with a small white Kiwi bird, a practice which began in Borneo in 1966. At first this was worn as part of the formal dress (although never official) but as the JGs worn by New Zealanders were almost identical to their Australian counterparts, the cravat was then sometimes worn on operations to distinguish them from Australians.[55][56] Some local acquisition of U.S uniforms and equipment also occurred. The American uniforms were said to be popular with platoon leaders, mortar crew, and artillery men due to ease of carrying maps and documents.[57][58]
The Australian JGs underwent some modifications to resemble U.S fatigues in 1968 and these new uniforms, nicknamed "pixie suits" (for the slant of the shirt pockets) were worn by New Zealand and Australian troops until the end of the war.
The
Jungle Greens continued to be used as field wear by the New Zealand Army throughout the 1970s until the introduction of
The high crowned Campaign hat, nicknamed the "lemon squeezer" in New Zealand, was for decades the most visible national distinction. This was adopted by the Taranaki Regiment about 1911 and became general issue for all New Zealand units during the latter stages of World War I. The different branches of service were distinguished by coloured puggaree or wide bands around the base of the crown (blue and red for artillery, green for mounted rifles, khaki and red for infantry etc.). The "lemon squeezer" was worn to a certain extent during World War II, although often replaced by more convenient forage caps or berets, or helmets. After being in abeyance since the 1950s, the Campaign hat was reintroduced for ceremonial wear in 1977 for Officer cadets and the New Zealand Army Band.[61]
The
In the 1990s a universal pattern
The wide-brimmed khaki slouch hat known as the Mounted Rifles Hat (MRH) with green puggaree replaced the khaki "No 2" British Army peaked cap as service dress headdress for all branches in 1998.
From 2002 under a "one beret" policy, berets of all branches of service are now universally rifle-green, with the exceptions only of the
In 2003 a desert DPM pattern, also based on the British pattern was in use with New Zealand peacekeeping forces in Iraq, Afghanistan and Africa.
In 2008 the field uniform was updated to the modern ACU style and made in ripstop material.[64]
In 2012 the MRH became the standard Army ceremonial headdress with the "lemon squeezer" being retained only for colour parties and other limited categories.[65]
NZDPM and NZDDPM were replaced in 2013 by a single camouflage pattern and a new uniform called the New Zealand Multi Terrain Camouflage Uniform (MCU.)
Uniform accessories such as plate carriers, webbing, belts and wet weather clothing will be purchased in MultiCam pattern to source using the current market and reduce costs.
Rank structure and insignia
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand Army[74] |
Various | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Field marshal | Lieutenant-general
|
Major-general
|
Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel
|
Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant
|
Officer cadet |
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Zealand Army[74] |
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warrant officer class 1 | Warrant officer class 2 | Staff sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Lance corporal | Private (or equivalent) |
Equipment
Infantry
The New Zealand Army's primary service weapon is the
Supporting fire is provided by FN Minimi, MAG 58[79] and M2 Browning machine guns, while the Barrett MRAD[80] and Barrett M107A1[81] sniper rifles are used in a sniper rifle and anti-materiel rifle role. The Benelli M3 shotgun and 40mm Grenade Machine Gun (GMG) are additionally available in a supporting role.
A variety of anti-armour equipment is used, including the
Mortars and artillery
The Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery is equipped with several light mortar and artillery systems. Indirect fire is provided through the use of 60 and 81mm mortar systems with the Hirtenberger M6, Hirtenberger M8 and L16A2.[82] The British L119 light gun[83] is operated in the artillery role.
Armour
The New Zealand Army makes use of the NZLAV wheeled infantry fighting vehicle, a variant of the Canadian LAV III. An armoured variant of the Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer[84] is also used, although this is to be replaced by the Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle.
Transport and utility vehicles
A variety of transport and utility vehicles are used, principally including the Mercedes-Benz Unimog and its replacement, the Rheinmetall MAN RMMV HX[85][86] series of military trucks. Other vehicles include the Polaris MRZR[87] light vehicle, and the JCB High Mobility Engineer Excavator.[88]
Deployments
The New Zealand Army currently has personnel deployed overseas on active service in:
- Iraq – Over 100 in a non-combat training mission to build the capacity of the Iraqi security forces working alongside the Australian Army based at Taji since 2015 as part of Operation Okra.[36]
- Israel/occupied territories – 2 serving in the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization.[89]
- South Sudan – At least 1 serving in the United Nations Mission in South Sudan.[89]
- United Nations Command, Military Armistice Commission, Korea.[89]
Former
- Afghanistan – Mentoring at the Afghan National Army Officer Training Academy.[90][89] The NZ Provincial Reconstruction Team (New Zealand) (NZ PRT), ended in April 2013.[90]
Commemorations
New Zealand Army Day is celebrated on 25 March, the date in 1845 when the New Zealand Legislative Council passed the first Militia Act.[91]
Remembrance Day, commemorating the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, is marked by official activities with a military contribution normally with parades and church services on the closest Sunday. However, ANZAC Day has a much greater profile and involves a much higher proportion of military personnel.
New Zealand Wars Day is commemorated on 28 October, this is the national day marking the 19th-century New Zealand Wars.[92]
The various regiments of the New Zealand Army mark their own Corps Days, many of which are derived from those of the corresponding British regiments. Examples are Cambrai Day on 20 November for the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps, St Barbara's Day on 4 December for the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery.
See also
- Military history of New Zealand
- New Zealand Defence Force
- New Zealand Cadet Corps
- List of individual weapons of the New Zealand Defence Force
- List of equipment of the New Zealand Army
- List of former equipment of the New Zealand Army
- New Zealand Defence College
- New Zealand military ranks
- Tanks of New Zealand
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New Zealand Army Day is celebrated on 25 March, the anniversary of the day in 1845 when the Legislative Council passed the first Militia Act constituting the New Zealand Army.
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- Major G.J. Clayton, The New Zealand Army, A History from the 1840s to the 1990s, New Zealand Army, Wellington, 1990
- Damien Marc Fenton, A False Sense of Security?, Centre for Strategic Studies New Zealand
- Malcolm Thomas and Cliff Lord, New Zealand Army Distinguishing Patches 1911–1991, ISBN 0-473-03288-0
Further reading
- J.T. Burrows, "Pathway Among Men," Whitcombe and Tombes, Christchurch, 1974. ISBN 0 7233 0378 9. Burrows was Commanding Officer 20 Battalion in 2 NZDF, Commander NZ forces in Korea and Japan, and Southern Military District.
- Ball, Desmond (ed.) (1985). The ANZAC Connection. George Allen & Unwin, (esp annex 'The New Zealand order of battle')
- Currie, A.E (1948). Notes on the Constitutional History of the NZ Army from the Beginning to the Army Board Act, 1937, Crown Solicitors, referenced in Peter Cooke, 'Defending New Zealand,' Part II.
- Wilson, Marcus James (2007). A history of New Zealand's military horse: The Experience of the Horse in the Anglo-Boer War and World War One (PDF) (MA). Christchurch: University of Canterbury.