Nuclear medicine physician
Nuclear medicine physicians, also called
History
In 1896,
Some of the earliest applications of radioisotopes were therapy of hematologic malignancies and therapy of both benign and malignant thyroid disease. In the 1950s
In 1950, human imaging of both
Initial introduction of radioisotopes into medicine required individuals to acquire of a considerable background information which was foreign to their medical training. Often a particular application drove the introduction of radioisotopes into a health care facility. As other applications developed the physician or group that had developed knowledge of and experience with radioisotopes usually provided the new service. Consequently, the radioisotope service found homes in several established specialties – commonly in radiology due to an interest in imaging, in pathology (clinical pathology) due to an interest in radioimmunoassay, and in endocrinology due to the early application of 131I to thyroid disease.[12]
Nuclear medicine became widespread and there was a need to develop a new specialty. In the United States, the American Board of Nuclear Medicine was formed in 1972.[13] At that time, the specialty include all of the uses of radioisotopes in medicine – radioimmunoassay, diagnostic imaging, and therapy. As use of and experience with radioisotopes became more widespread in medicine, radioimmunoassay generally transferred from nuclear medicine to clinical pathology. Today, nuclear medicine is based on the use of the tracer principle applied to diagnostic imaging and therapy.
Practice
Procedures
This article is in prose. is available. (January 2011) |
- Examples of the most common clinical nuclear medicine procedures are
- glucose metabolic imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG) for cancer,
- myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease, and
- skeletal imaging for both benign and malignant bone disease.
- glucose metabolic imaging with 18F-
- Examples of common procedures are
- brain perfusion and glucose metabolic imaging for seizure and dementia,
- blood pool imaging for myocardial function and gastrointestinal bleeding,
- gastric emptying studies for gastroparesis,
- hepatobiliary imaging for acute cholecystitis and gallbladder dysfunction,
- lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel lymph node biopsy,
- parathyroid imaging for hyperparathyroidism,
- pulmonary perfusion and ventilation imaging for pulmonary embolism,
- renal function imaging for various renal disorders,
- thyroid imaging for hyperthyroidism,
- thyroid whole body imaging for thyroid cancer,
- urinary tract imaging for vesicoureteral reflux, and
- white blood cell studies for infection.
- Examples of uncommon but valuable procedures are
- octreotide (pentetreotide) or NETSPOT (gallium 68) imaging for somatostatin receptors found on the surface of many tumors,
- neuroendocrine tumors,
- heat-damaged red blood cell imaging for identifying ectopic splenic tissue, and
- gastric mucosa imaging for Meckel's diverticulum (especially in pediatrics).
- Examples of radionuclide therapeutic procedures are
- 131I treatment of hyperthyroidism,
- 131I treatment of thyroid cancer, and
- radioimmunotherapy with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) & 131I tositumomab (Bexxar) therapy of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- 188Re (squamous cell carcinoma)
Instrumentation
This article is in prose. is available. (January 2011) |
- Planar imaging
- Most radionuclides give off gamma-rays when they decay. A 2-dimensional image of the radionuclide distribution can be made with a gamma camera, often called an Anger scintillation camera after its inventor, Hal Anger.
- SPECT)
- Multiple planar images taken from different angles around a patient can be reconstructed to form a stack of cross-sectional, tomographic images.
- Some isotopes emit positrons (the anti-matter equivalent of an electron) when they decay. The positrons travel a short distance in tissue and then annihilate with an electron giving off two nearly back-to-back gamma rays. Positron emission tomography takes advantage of these back-to-back gamma rays to localize the distribution of the radioisotopes.
- Combined molecular and anatomic imaging: PET/MRI
- The advantage of nuclear medicine is that it provides molecular and physiologic information, but it is relatively poor at providing anatomic information and the resolution is relatively poor. In recent years, instruments have been developed which allow both radioisotope and anatomic imaging. Most widespread are PET/CT scanners combining PET and computed tomography. Increasingly common are SPECT/CT scanners. Instruments combining PET with magnetic resonance, PET/MRI, are starting to be used.
- Non-imaging instrumentation
- Non-imaging instruments are used for measuring radiation safety.
Training
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011) |
In the United States, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS) accredit nuclear medicine residency programs, and the American Board of Nuclear Medicine (ABNM) and the American Osteopathic Board of Nuclear Medicine (AOBNM) certify nuclear medicine physicians. After completing medical school, a post-graduate clinical year is followed by three years of nuclear medicine residency. A common alternate path for physicians who have completed a radiology residency is a one-year residency in nuclear medicine, leading to sub-specialty certification by the American Board of Radiology. A less common path for physicians who have completed another residency is a two-year residency in nuclear medicine.[15]
Other professionals
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011) |
Nuclear medicine procedures are performed by
Residency trained nuclear medicine physicians have the most extensive training and highest level of certification, including all aspects of diagnosis and radionuclide therapy. However, current U.S. regulations do not prohibit other physicians from interpreting nuclear medicine studies and perform radionuclide therapy.
See also
References
- ^ PET/CT with contrast
- ^ Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of. "Professions in Nuclear Medicine". Radiologyinfo.org. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
- ISBN 978-1-85233-972-2
- ^ National Atomic Museum
- PMID 10715020
- PMID 8829275
- PMID 12902429
- PMID 8829277.
- ^ A History of positron imaging
- PMID 8829279
- PMID 8829278
- PMID 8829276
- PMID 8829280.
- ^ PET center of excellence
- ^ ABNM brochure Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ nuclear medicine technologists
External links
- American Board of Nuclear Medicine
- American Osteopathic Board of Nuclear Medicine
- American Board of Medical Specialties
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Division of Human Health, Nuclear Medicine
- Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, formerly the Society of Nuclear Medicine (SNM)