Violaceae
| Violaceae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Viola banksii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Violaceae Batsch |
| Type genus | |
| Viola | |
| Subfamilies | |
|
See text. | |
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the
temperate
regions. Many genera have a very restricted distribution.
Description
Though the best-known genus, Viola, is
leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent. The flower are solitary in panicles. Some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before the production of typical flowers with petals. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. Melicytus), actinomorphic but typically zygomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corollae have five mostly unequal petals, and the anterior petal is larger and often spurred. Plants have five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule. Styles are simple, with the ovary superior and containing many ovules. The fruits are capsules split by way of three seams. Seeds have endosperm.[3][4][5]
Taxonomy
That Viola, previously included by
de Candolle in 1805,[14] and later by Gingins (1823)[15] and Saint-Hilaire (1824).[16] With the establishment of higher suprafamiliar orders, which he called "Alliances", Lindley (1853) placed his Violaceae within the Violales.[17]
Phylogeny
Historically, Violaceae has been placed within a number of
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Subdivision
History
The Violaceae are a medium-sized family with about 22–28
oligotypic, but the three genera Viola (about 600 species), Rinorea (about 250 species), and Hybanthus include 98% of the species with about half the species in Viola, and more than three-quarters of the remainder in the other two genera.[3][24][21][4]
Many attempts have been made at an intrafamilial classification, but these have largely been artificial, based on floral characteristics. Subdivisions were recognized almost immediately. Early classifications identified two major divisions, that were followed by most taxonomists;[15][17]
- Alsodeieae. (Alsodineae, Rinoreeae). Radially symmetrical flowers (actinomorphic)
- Violeae. Bilaterally symmetrical flowers (zygomorphic)
These also had
biogeographical correlation, with the latter being almost exclusively South American and African, and the former being distributed in Europe in addition to the Americas.[17]
In contrast, Bentham and Hooker (and some others) divided Alsodeieae, giving three tribes;
- Violeae. Strictly zygomorphic
- Paypayroleae. Actinomorphic wth some zygomorphic features
- Alsodeieae. Strictly actinomorphic
Melchior utilized a more complex classification with two subfamilies, tribes and subtribes to recognize the place of Leonia within the Violaceae;.[4]
- Subfamily Violoideae
- Tribe Rinoreeae
- Subtribe Rinoreinae (Rinorea, Allexis, Gloeospermum)
- Subtribe Hymenantherina (Hymenanthera)
- Subtribe Isodendriinae (Isodendrion)
- Subtribe Paypayrolinae (Amphirrhox, Paypayrola)
- Tribe Violeae
- Subtribe Hybanthinae (Hybanthus, Agatea)
- Subtribe Violinae (Corynostylis, Schweiggeria, Noisettia, Viola)
- Tribe Rinoreeae
- Subfamily Leonioideae (Leonia)
The historical subdivisions shown here are those of the system of Hekking (1988), based largely on floral symmetry, petal aestivation and petal morphology. In this system, most genera occur in the Rinoreae and Violeae tribes.[25] Three subfamilies have been recognized: the Violoideae, Leonioideae, and Fusispermoideae.[26][3]
Subfamily Fusispermoideae
- Cuatrec.
Subfamily Leonioideae
- Pav.
Subfamily Violoideae
Tribe Rinoreeae
Subtribe Hymenantherinae
- R.Br.
- Melicytus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Subtribe Isodendriinae
Subtribe Paypayrolinae
- Spreng.
- Paypayrola Aubl. (including Hekkingia J. K. Munzinger & H.E.Ballard)
Subtribe Rinoreinae
- Allexis Pierre
- A.Chev. (including Gymnorinorea Keay)
- Planch.
- Rinorea Aubl. (including Alsodeia Thouars, Phyllanoa Croizat, Scyphellandra Thwaites)
- Rinoreocarpus Ducke
Tribe Violeae
About 600 species, in the following genera, but mainly in Viola and Hybanthus and including all four of the lianescent genera in the family (Agatea, Anchietea, Calyptrion and Hybanthopsis;[27]
- Anchietea A.St.-Hil.
- Brongn.and a synonym of Calyptrion)
- Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza
- Hybanthus DC.)
- Mayanaea Lundell
- Noisettia Kunth
- Steyerm.
- Spreng.
- Viola L. (including Erpetion Sweet, Mnemion Spach)
Molecular systems
monophyletic, partly due to homoplasy. These studies demonstrate four major clades within the family.[3]
The molecularly defined subdivisions are;[3]
- Clade 1: Viola, Schweiggeria, Noisettia, Allexis
- Clade 2: Paypayrola, Hekkingia
- Clade 3: Leonia, Gloeospermum, Amphirrhox, Orthion, Mayanaea, Hybanthus concolor, the Hybanthus havanensis Group, and the Hybanthus caledonicusGroup
- Clade 4: largely unresolved
In Clade 1, Schweiggeria and Noisettia are monotypic and form a sister group to Viola. In addition to the major clades, there were a number of unplaced segregates.[3]
Etymology
The family derives its name from the nominative genus, Viola.
Distribution and habitat
The Violaceae have an overall cosmopolitan distribution,[3] but are essentially tropical and subtropical, with the exception of the numerous Northern Hemisphere temperate species of Viola, the largest genus, which is also occurs at higher altitudes in its tropical and subtropical regions, where the shrub, tree and lianescent species are concentrated. In those regions, most representative genera are the mainly woody Rinorea and Hybanthus.[25] While Viola, Hybanthus, and Rinorea are widely distributed in both hemispheres, the remaining genera are relatively restricted in their distribution. Some are restricted to a single continent while others have a limited area involving just a single archipelago.[4] About 70 species are found in Brazil.[25][27]
- Allexis, tropical West Africa
- Leonia, Noisettia, Paypayrola, tropical South America
- Corynostylis, Schweiggeria, tropical Central and South America
- Melicytus, New Zealand and nearby islands
- Hymenanthera, Australia and New Zealand
- Agatea, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and the Fiji Islands
- Isodendrion, Sandwich Islands and Hawaii[4]
References
- ISSN 0895-9811.
- ISSN 0195-6671.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wahlert et al 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Taylor 1972.
- ^ Ballard et al 2013.
- ^ Jussieu 1789.
- ^ Ventenat 1799.
- ^ Ventenat 1803–1804.
- ^ Batsch 1802.
- ^ IPNI 2020.
- ^ Don 1831.
- ^ Bentham & Hooker 1862.
- ^ Reiche & Taubert 1887–1915.
- ^ de Lamarck & de Candolle 1815.
- ^ a b Gingins 1823.
- ^ Saint-Hilaire 1824.
- ^ a b c Lindley 1853.
- ^ Sharma 2009.
- ^ Singh & Jain 2006.
- ^ Melchior 1925.
- ^ a b APG IV 2016.
- ^ a b Xi et al 2012.
- ^ Endress et al 2013.
- ^ WFO 2019.
- ^ a b c de Paula-Souza & Souza 2003.
- ^ Hekking 1988.
- ^ a b Souza 2009.
- ISSN 1179-3163.
- S2CID 236758841.
Bibliography
Books and theses
- Ballard, Harvey E; Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Wahlert, Gregory A (2013). "Violaceae". In ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1.(Also preview at Springer)
- ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5.
- ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
- Sharma, O. P. (2009) [1993]. "Violales". Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 43, 172, 249. ISBN 978-1-259-08137-8.
- Singh, V; Jain, D K (2006) [1981]. "Violaceae". Taxonomy of Angiosperms (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Rastogi Publications. pp. 189–193. ISBN 978-81-7133-849-8.
- Paula-Souza, Juliana de; Pirani, José Rubens (2014). "A biogeographical overview of the "lianescent clade" of Violaceae in the Neotropical region". In Greer, Francis Eliott (ed.). Dry Forests: Ecology, Species Diversity and Sustainable Management. Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology. ISBN 978-1-63321-291-6.
- Souza, Juliana de Paula (2009). Estudos filogenéticos em Violaceae com ênfase na tribo Violeae e revisão taxonômica dos gêneros Lianescentes de Violaceae na região [Neotropical Phylogenetic studies on tribe Violeae and taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Lianescent genera of Violaceae] (PhD thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo.
- Historical sources
- Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl (1802). "Violariae". Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis, quam delineavit, et nunc ulterius adumbratam (in Latin). Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir. pp. 57–59.
- Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862). "Violarieae". Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). Vol. 1. London: L Reeve & Co. pp. 114–121.
- de Candolle, A. P. (1824–1873). "Violarieae". Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta 17 vols. Vol. 1. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. pp. 287–316.(This chapter largely the work of Gingins, see footnote p. 287)
- Don, George (1831). "Violarieae". A general history of the dichlamydeous plants: comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system IV vols. Vol. 1. London: J.G. and F. Rivington. pp. 315–343.
- OCLC 5161409.
- de Candolle, AP (1815) [1805]. "Violaceae". Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique(in French). Vol. IV(2) (3rd ed.). Paris: Desray. pp. 801−810. (Latin Index page 931)
- Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. "Violaceae". The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. ed.). London: Bradbury & Evans. pp. 338−339.
- (in German). Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 329–377.
- Reiche, P; Taubert, K (1887–1915). "Violaceae". In (in German). Vol. 33 parts (Abteilungen) in 23 volumes (1st ed.). Leipzig: W. Engelmann. pp. 322–336.
- Ventenat, Étienne-Pierre (1799). "Viola". Tableau du règne végétal, selon la méthode de Jussieu(in French). Vol. 3. Paris: J. Drisonnier. pp. 222–223.
- Ventenat, É. P (1803–1804). "Ionidium". Jardin de la Malmaison 2 vols(in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Crapelet. pp. 27–28.
Articles
- .
- Endress, Peter K.; Davis, Charles C.; Matthews, Merran L. (May 2013). "Advances in the floral structural characterization of the major subclades of Malpighiales, one of the largest orders of flowering plants". PMID 23486341.
- Gingins, F de (1823). "Mémoires sur la Famille des Violacees". Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. 2 (1): 1–27.
- Hekking, W. H. A. (1988). "Violaceae Part I–Rinorea and Rinoreocarpus". Flora Neotropica. 46: 1–207.
- de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Souza, Vinicius Castro (July 2003). "Hybanthopsis, a new genus of Violaceae from Eastern Brazil". S2CID 9681796.
- Saint-Hilaire, Augustin (1824). "Tableau monographique des plantes de la flore du Brésil méridional appartenant au groupe (classe Br.) qui comprend qui comprend les Droséracées, les Violacées, les Cistinées et les Frankenicées: Violacées". Annales du museum national d'histoire naturelle (in French). 72: 445–498.
- Taylor, Fred H. (1972). "The Secondary Xylem of the Violaceae: A Comparative Study". S2CID 84004940.
- Wahlert, Gregory A.; Marcussen, Thomas; de Paula-Souza, Juliana; Feng, Min; Ballard, Harvey E. (1 March 2014). "A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification". S2CID 86452033.
- Xi, Z.; Ruhfel, B. R.; Schaefer, H.; Amorim, A. M.; Sugumaran, M.; Wurdack, K. J.; Endress, P. K.; Matthews, M. L.; Stevens, P. F.; Mathews, S.; Davis, C. C. (2012). "Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales". PMID 23045684.
Websites
- WFO (2019). "Violaceae Batsch". World Flora Online. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
- IPNI. "Violaceae Batsch, Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 57 (1802)". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
