Otodus

Otodus Temporal range: Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Reconstructed jaws of a Paleogene Otodus (O. obliquus)
Reconstructed jaws of a Neogene Otodus (O. megalodon)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:	Selachimorpha
Order:	Lamniformes
Family:	†Otodontidae
Genus:	†Otodus Agassiz, 1843
Type species
†Otodus obliquus Agassiz, 1838
Species[1][2]
†Otodus obliquus (type) †Otodus aksuaticus †Otodus auriculatus †Otodus sokolovi †Otodus angustidens †Otodus chubutensis † Otodus megalodon Species pending reassessment †Otodus debrayi †Otodus latidens †Otodus mediavus †Otodus minor †Otodus naidini †Otodus poseidoni †Otodus rondelettiformis
Synonyms[3]
Carcharocles? Hannibal & Jordan in Jordan, 1923

Otodus is an

Size estimation

The fossils of Otodus sharks indicate that they were very large macro-predatory sharks.^[7] The largest known teeth of O. obliquus measure about 104 millimetres (4.1 in) in height.^[8] The vertebral centrum of this species are over 12.7 cm (5 inch) wide.^[7] Scientists suggest that O. obliquus would have measured about 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) long.^[7][9] Other species were much larger, with O. auriculatus, O. angustidens and O. chubutensis being estimated to have reached maximum body lengths of 9.5 metres (31 ft), 11–12 metres (36–39 ft) and 13.5 metres (44 ft), respectively.^[9][10] The largest species, O. megalodon, was estimated to have reached a maximum body length of approximately 20.3 metres (67 ft).^[11]

Growth and reproduction

Comparative studies of the centrum radii and growth rings on the vertebrae of O. obliquus and the extant great white shark through X-rays have concluded that the sizes of the vertebrae at birth are similar, meaning that the offspring of both species would have the same size (between 1.1 and 1.6 m (3.6 and 5.2 ft) in length); they also revealed that they grew at the same rate until reaching 10 years of age, during which O. obliquus would have become sexually mature and attained a growth rate faster than that of the extant great white shark. A sexually mature individual of O. obliquus would have measured about 4 m (13 ft) long. Like the extant great white shark, it is likely that males could have reached sexual maturity earlier than females.^[12][13]

O. angustidens also had a faster growth rate than the extant great white shark, while O. auriculatus and the extant great white shark had a similar growth rate. O. megalodon had a much faster growth rate (nearly two times that of the extant great white), but likely had an extremely delayed sexual maturity based on the result of the study that the slowing or cessation of somatic growth in megalodon occurred around 25 years of age.^[12]

Like contemporaneous sharks, at least two species of Otodus (O. angustidens and O. megalodon) made use of nursery areas to birth their young in, specifically warm-water coastal environments with large amounts of food and protection from predators.^[14][10] A possible reproduction area of O. obliquus has been discovered in the Ganntour basin, Morocco.^[13]

Distribution

Otodus had a worldwide distribution, as fossils have been excavated from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Caribbean and Australia.^[6][15]

Diet

Otodus was likely the

There is also potential evidence that Otodus hunted raptorial sperm whales; a tooth belonging to an undetermined 4 m (13 ft) long physeteroid closely resembling those of Acrophyseter discovered in the Nutrien Aurora Phosphate Mine in North Carolina suggests that a megalodon or O. chubutensis may have aimed for the head of the sperm whale in order to inflict a fatal bite, the resulting attack leaving distinctive bite marks on the tooth. While scavenging behavior cannot be ruled out as a possibility, the placement of the bite marks is more consistent with predatory attacks than feeding by scavenging, as the jaw is not a particularly nutritious area for a shark to feed or focus on. The fact that the bite marks were found on the tooth's roots further suggest that the shark broke the whale's jaw during the bite, suggesting the bite was extremely powerful. The fossil is also notable as it stands as the first known instance of an antagonistic interaction between a sperm whale and an otodontid shark recorded in the fossil record.^[17]

Evolution

It is widely believed that the genus originates from a lineage of sharks belonging to the genus