Lamniformes

Lamniformes Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Late Jurassic record
Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Clade:	Neoselachii
Subdivision:	Selachimorpha
Superorder:	Galeomorphii
Order:	Lamniformes L. S. Berg , 1958
Families
See text

The Lamniformes (/ˈlæmnɪfɔːrmiːz/, from Greek lamna "fish of prey") are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks (which may also refer specifically to the family Lamnidae). It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white,^[1] as well as more unusual representatives, such as the goblin shark and megamouth shark.

Members of the order are distinguished by possessing two

• Family
  Bonaparte
  , 1838 (thresher sharks)
  • Genus
    Rafinesque
    , 1810
    • Alopias pelagicus Nakamura, 1935 (pelagic thresher) [1]
    • Alopias superciliosus R. T. Lowe, 1841 (bigeye thresher) [2]
    • Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (common thresher) [3]
• Family †Anacoracidae Capetta, 1987 (extinct, Cretaceous period)
  • Genus †Squalicorax (crow sharks)
  • Genus †Scindocorax
  • Genus †Nanocorax
  • Genus †Ptychocorax
• Family †
  Aquilolamnidae Vullo et al., 2021? (eagle sharks) (extinct, Late Cretaceous
  period)
  • Genus †Aquilolamna Vullo et al., 2021
    • †
      Aquilolamna milarcae
      Vullo et al., 2021
• Family Cetorhinidae Gill, 1862
  • Genus Cetorhinus Blainville, 1816
    • Gunnerus, 1765) (basking shark) [4]
    • †Cetorhinus huddlestoni (Welton, 2014)
    • †Cetorhinus piersoni (Welton, 2015)
  • Genus †Keasius (Welton, 2013)
• Family Eoptolamnidae^[11] (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
  • Genus †Eoptolamna^[11]
    • †Eoptolamna eccentrolopha
  • Genus †Leptostyrax^[12][13]
    • †Leptostyrax macrorhiza
  • Genus †Protolamna^[11]
    • †Protolamna sokolovi
    • †Protolamna borodini
    • †Protolamna carteri
    • †Protolamna compressidens
    • †Protolamna gigantea
    • †Protolamna roanokeensis
• Superfamily Lamnoidea Bonaparte, 1835^{[14][15][16][17]}
  • Family Lamnidae J. P. Müller and Henle, 1838 (mackerel sharks or white sharks)
    • Genus Carcharodon A. Smith, 1838
      • Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) (great white shark) [5]
      • †Carcharodon hubbelli Ehret, Macfadden, Jones, Devries, Foster & Salas-Gismondi, 2012 (Hubbell's white shark)
      • †
        Carcharodon caifassii
        Lawley, 1876
    • Genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810
      • Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 (shortfin mako) [6]
      • Isurus paucus Guitart-Manday, 1966 (longfin mako) [7]
    • Genus Lamna Cuvier, 1816
      • Lamna ditropis Hubbs & Follett, 1947 (salmon shark) [8]
      • Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (porbeagle) [9]
  • Family †Otodontidae Gluckman, 1964 (extinct, Late Cretaceous to Pliocene) (megatoothed sharks)
    • Genus †Cretalamna Gluckman, 1958
    • Genus †Otodus (=Carcharocles) (Agassiz, 1843)
      • †
        Otodus obliquus
        (Agassiz, 1838)
      • †Otodus angustidens (Agassiz, 1843)
      • †Otodus chubutensis (Agassiz, 1843)
      • †
        Otodus megalodon
        (Agassiz, 1843) (megalodon)
      • †Otodus auriculatus (Jordan, 1923)
      • †Otodus sokolovi (Zhelezko and Kozlov, 1999)
    • Genus †Megalolamna Shimada et al., 2016
    • Genus †Palaeocarcharodon Casieer, 1960
    • Genus †Kenolamna Siversson, 2017
• Family
  Compagno & Struhsaker
  , 1983
  • Genus Megachasma Taylor, Compagno & Struhsaker, 1983
    • Megachasma pelagios Taylor, Compagno & Struhsaker, 1983 (megamouth shark) [10]
• Family Mitsukurinidae D. S. Jordan, 1898
  • Genus Mitsukurina D. S. Jordan, 1898
    • Mitsukurina owstoni D. S. Jordan, 1898 (goblin shark) [11]
• Family Odontaspididae Müller & Henle, 1839
  • Genus Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810
    • Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 (sand tiger shark) [12]
  • Genus Odontaspis Agassiz, 1838
    • Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) (smalltooth sand tiger) [13]
    • Odontaspis noronhai (Maul, 1955) (bigeye sand tiger) [14]
• Family Pseudocarchariidae Compagno, 1973
  • Genus Pseudocarcharias Cadenat, 1963
    • Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara, 1936) (crocodile shark) [15]
• Family †Cardabiodontidae (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
  • Genus †Cardabiodon Siverson, 1999
    • †Cardabiodon ricki Siverson, 1999
    • †Cardabiodon venator Siverson and Lindgren, 2005
  • Genus †Dwardius Siverson, 1999
  • Genus †Parotodus? Cappetta, 1980
• Family †
  Cretoxyrhinidae
  (extinct, Late Cretaceous period)
  • Genus †Cretoxyrhina Agassiz, 1843
    • †Cretoxyrhina vraconensis Zhelezko, 2000
    • †Cretoxyrhina denticulata Glückman, 1957
    • †Cretoxyrhina agassizensis Underwood and Cumbaa, 2010
    • †Cretoxyrhina mantelli Agassiz, 1843 (ginsu shark)
• Family †Serratolamnidae
  • Genus †Serratolamna
• Family †
  Ptychodontidae
  (extinct, Cretaceous period)
  • Genus †Ptychodus (16+ species)

Family	Image	Common name	Genera	Species	Description
Alopiidae		Thresher sharks	1	3[18]	caudal fin which can be as long as the body of the shark itself.
Cetorhinidae		Basking sharks	1	1	The basking shark is the second largest living fish, after the whale shark, and the second of three plankton-eating sharks, the other two being the whale shark and megamouth shark. It is a cosmopolitan migratory species, found in all the world's temperate oceans. It is generally a harmless filter feeder with a greatly enlarged mouth, which cruises leisurely over huge distances covering three miles every hour. During each of those hours, it strains about 1.5 million L of water through more than 5,000 gill rakers for plankton.[19] Basking sharks have long been a commercially important fish, as a source of food, shark fin, animal feed, and shark liver oil. Overexploitation has reduced its populations to the point where some have disappeared and others need protection.
Lamnidae		Mackerel sharks	3	5	caudal peduncle has a few or less distinct keels. The teeth are gigantic. The fifth gill opening is in front of the pectoral fin and spiracles are sometimes absent. They are heavily built sharks, sometimes weighing nearly twice as much as sharks of comparable length from other families. Many in the family are among the fastest-swimming fish.
Megachasmidae		Megamouth sharks	1	1	The megamouth shark is an extremely rare species of deepwater shark, and the smallest of the three filter-feeding sharks. Since its discovery in 1976, only a few megamouth sharks have been seen, with 55 specimens known to have been caught or sighted as of 2012, including three recordings on film. Like the basking shark and whale shark, it is a filter feeder, and swims with its enormous mouth wide open, filtering water for plankton and jellyfish. It is distinctive for its large head with rubbery lips. It is so unlike any other type of shark that it is classified in its own family, though it may belong in the family Cetorhinidae of which the basking shark is currently the sole member.
Mitsukurinidae		Goblin sharks	1	1	Mitsukurina owstoni .
Odontaspididae		Sand sharks	2	3	Pacific.[23] Sand sharks have a large second dorsal fin. They grow up to 10 feet in adult length.[24] The body tends to be brown in color with dark markings in the upper half. These markings disappear as they mature. Their needle-like teeth are highly adapted for impaling fish, their main prey. Their teeth are long, narrow, and very sharp with smooth edges, with one and on occasion two smaller cusplets on either side.[25]
Pseudocarchariidae		Crocodile sharks	1	1	Only one species is in the near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature .
†Anacoracidae		Anacoracidae	4	39	Contains 4 genera of shark from the mid-Late Cretaceous, most notably Squalicorax, found worldwide.
† Ptychodontidae		Ptychodontidae	1	16	Only a single genus, Ptychodus, which contains at least 16 species of large (up to 10 metres (33 ft) in length) sharks with a specialised crushing dentition, known from the late Early to Late Cretaceous found worldwide.
† Archaeolamnidae		Archaeolamnidae	1	3	Contains a single Late Cretaceous genus, Archaeolamna, with 3 species.
†Aquilolamnidae (?)		Aquilolamnidae	1	1	Tentatively assigned to Lamniformes; an extremely unusual, likely planktivorous shark with incredibly long, winglike pectoral fins, giving it a superficial resemblance to a manta ray, which it likely had a similar ecological niche to.
†Cardabiodontidae		Cardabiodontidae	2	5	Extinct, the Cardabiodontidae include Cardabiodon and Dwardius, both genera from the Cretaceous which have existed in Australia, Canada, and Europe.[26]
†Cretoxyrhinidae		Cretoxyrhinidae	1	4	Extinct, the Cretoxyrhinidae includes the sole member Cretoxyrhina (pictured), a genus from the mid-Late Cretaceous.[27]
†Eoptolamnidae		Eoptolamnidae	3	8	An extinct family of Late Cretaceous lamniforms.
†Haimirichiidae		Haimirichiidae	1	1	Represented only by the Cretaceous Haimirichia from Morocco.
†Otodontidae		Megatoothed sharks	9	27	Extinct, the Otodontidae lived from the early-mid Cretaceous to the Pliocene, and reached huge sizes. The species megalodon (pictured), the largest shark ever, belongs to this group.[28]
†Palaeocarchariidae (?)		Palaeocarchariidae	1	1	A Late Jurassic shark considered one of the closest relatives to the Lamniformes, alternately placed in its own order.
†Pseudocoracidae		Pseudocoracidae	2	7	5 species in two genera from the Late Cretaceous, previously classified in Anacoracidae.
†Pseudoscapanorhynchidae		Pseudoscapanorhynchidae	6	18	Known throughout the Cretaceous, possible Paleogene occurrence.
†Serratolamnidae		Serratolamnidae	1	7	7 species worldwide, known from the Late Cretaceous.
†Truyolsodontidae		Truyolsodontidae	1	1	Represented only by the Cretaceous Truyolsodontos from Spain.

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram showing relationships within Lamniformes. The topology of extant families is based on Vella & Vella (2020) and the placements of Cretoxyrhinidae and Otodontidae are based on Ferrón (2017), Cooper (2020), and Greenfield (2022).^{[14][15][16][17]}

Lamniformes	Mitsukurinidae Alopiidae Odontaspididae Pseudocarchariidae Megachasmidae Carchariidae Cetorhinidae †Cretoxyrhinidae? Lamnoidea †Otodontidae Lamnidae

Sustainable consumption

In 2010,

Greenpeace International added the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) to its seafood red list.^[29]

References

1. S2CID 59224442
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2. S2CID 1100494
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3. ^
   S2CID 224935604
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4. PMID 31273249
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5. doi:10.1127/0375-0442/2018/0000/0085
   .
6. ^
   PMC 7611798
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7. S2CID 86232401
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8. PMID 22957091
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9. PMID 34614390
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10. PMID 31548392
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11. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00410.x
    .
12. PMID 26039066
    .
13. ^ "20-Foot Monster Shark Once Trolled Mesozoic Seas". livescience.com. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
14. ^
    PMID 28938002
    .
15. ^
    S2CID 242895754
    .
16. ^ ^{a b} Greenfield, T. (2022). "List of skeletal material from megatooth sharks (Lamniformes, Otodontidae)" (PDF). Paleoichthys. 4: 1–9.
17. ^
    PMID 33458146
    .
18. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). "Alopiidae" in FishBase. October 2013 version.
19. ^ Basking shark BBC Nature, 13 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
20. ISBN 0-12-547665-5
    .
21. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2005). "Mitsukurina owstoni" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
22. ^ "Mitsukurinidae". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
23. ^ National Geographic (10 September 2010). "Sand Tiger Sharks". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
24. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Odontaspididae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
25. ^ Bigelow, Henry B.; Schroeder, William C. (1953). Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
26. S2CID 133123002
    .
27. S2CID 131195702
    .
28. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9
    .
29. ^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list Archived 2010-04-10 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

• Compagno, Leonard (2002) Sharks of the World: Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks Volume 2, FAO Species Catalogue, Rome.
  ISBN 92-5-104543-7
  .
• Joseph S. Nelson (2006). "Order Lamniformes".
  ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9
  .

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Lamniformes.

• elasmo-research