Paleobiota of the Yixian Formation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Machurochelys_liaoxiensis_and_Psittacosaurus.jpg/220px-Machurochelys_liaoxiensis_and_Psittacosaurus.jpg)
Part of a series on |
Paleontology |
---|
![]() |
Paleontology Portal Category |
The
The Yixian Formation is divided into the following subunits: (ages from Zhong et al., 2021[1] unless otherwise noted)
- Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma) ("Jingangshan Bed") ("Dawangzhangzi Bed")
- Upper Lava Unit
- Jianshangou Unit (125.46 Ma)
- Lower Lava Unit
- Lujiatun Unit (125.76–125.68 Ma)
Sauropods
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D. dongi |
Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed |
Partial postcrania[2] |
A basal titanosauriform
|
![]() | |
cf. Euhelopus |
cf. E. sp. |
Lujiatun Bed |
A basal titanosauriform | |||
L. sinensis |
nearly complete skeleton[5] |
A basal titanosauriform | ||||
Ruixinia | R. zhangi | Beipiao | A partial articulated skeleton[6] | A somphospondylan titanosauriform
| ||
Sauropoda spp. |
Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds |
One or more species of sauropods, possibly titanosaurs, have been recovered from the Yixian Formation, though most remain undescribed[3] |
Ornithischians
The dinosaurs listed below were compiled in a survey by Xu and Norell in 2006, unless otherwise noted.[7]
Ankylosaurs
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. paradoxus |
Yixian |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
"Partial skull [and] skeleton."[8] |
A small ankylosaur | ![]() |
Ceratopsians
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. yanzigouensis |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
"[Two] nearly complete skulls, juvenile to adult."[9] |
A ceratopsian
|
![]() ![]() | |
|
Beipiao |
Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds |
Thousands of specimens in the Lujiatun Bed, somewhat less common in the Jianshangou Bed |
A ceratopsian |
Ornithopods
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. yixianensis |
Jianshangou Bed |
A nearly complete skeleton. |
An ornithopod
|
![]() ![]() | ||
Changmiania[10] | C. liaoningensis | Lujiatun Bed | Two nearly complete skeletons | A basal ornithopod that may have dug burrows | ||
J. shangyuanensis |
Lujiatun Bed |
"Skull with associated vertebrae and hindlimb, skull with cervical vertebrae."[11] |
An ornithopod | |||
J. yangi |
Yixian |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
"Nearly complete skull and skeleton."[12] |
An ornithopod |
Theropods
The dinosaurs listed below were compiled in a survey by Xu and Norell in 2006, unless otherwise noted.[7]
Avialans
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abitusavis[13] | A. lii | Ningcheng | "Nearly complete skeleton."[13] | Confuciusornis sanctus ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | ||
A. spathula |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
An early, advanced short-tailed bird (ornithuran)[14] | ||||
C. hengdaoziensis[15] |
Jianshangou Bed |
"Nearly complete skeleton."[15] |
||||
C. chuonzhous |
Junior synonym of Confuciusornis sanctus[16] | |||||
C. dui[17] |
Jianshangou Bed |
"[Two] skeletons."[17] |
||||
C. feducciai[18] |
Jianshangou Bed |
|||||
C. sanctus[17] |
Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds |
"Hundreds of complete skeletons."[17] |
A primitive short-tailed bird (pygostylian), also present in the Jiufotang Formation | |||
C. suniae |
Junior synonym of Confuciusornis sanctus[16] | |||||
D. liweii |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
An Enantiornithine[19]
| ||||
E. buhleri |
Jianshangou Bed |
"Nearly complete skeleton."[20] |
||||
E. edentulata |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
"nearly complete skeleton with skull"[21] |
An ornithuromorph | |||
I. huchzermeyeri |
An ornithuromorph | |||||
|
J. yixianensis |
Jianshangou Bed |
A pygostylian, a junior synonym of Confuciusornis sanctus[22]
| |||
J. zhangjiyingia |
Jianshangou Bed |
Junior synonym of C. sanctus | ||||
J. orientalis |
Jianshangou Bed |
A basal avialan, also present in the Jiufotang Formation[23] | ||||
H. longicresta |
Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds[24] |
4 specimens[24] |
An ornithuromorph[25] | |||
J. luahera |
Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.[26] | |||||
L. longidigitris |
Lujiatun Bed |
"Partial skeleton."[27] |
An enantiornithine.[28] | |||
L. delicatus |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Considered a nomen dubium because the name is based on remains of a hatchling entantiornithine and cannot be confidently matched with the adult form.[29] | ||||
|
L. parvus |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Junior objective synonym of Liaoxiornis delicatus, a nomen dubium.[29] | |||
L. houi |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
An ornithuromorph[25] | ||||
L. hani |
bed unknown |
An enantiornithine | ||||
P. fengningensis |
Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.[26] | |||||
M. parvus |
Partial skeleton.[30] |
An immature female enantiornithine preserved with medullary bone tissue.[30] | ||||
S. cooperorum |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
An enantiornithine.[31] | ||||
V. hebeiensis |
Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.[26] | |||||
Yixianosaurus | Y. longimanus | Dawangzhangzi Bed | An anchiornithid | |||
Z. haoae |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A primitive avialan with a short but non-pygostylian tail[32] |
Compsognathids
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H. orientalis |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
A compsognathid
|
![]() Sinosauropteryx prima | ||
S. gigas |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
A large compsognathid | |||
S. prima |
Beipiao & Lingyuan |
Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds |
A compsognathid. The first non-avian dinosaur found with feather impressions. | |||
S.? sp. |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
One specimen (GMV 2124) with partial skull, postcrania, and preserved feathers |
An unnamed coelurosaur originally described as a specimen of Sinosauropteryx, later found to be a new genus and species.[35]
|
Dromaeosaurs
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. yangi |
Jianchang |
A complete articulated specimen with extensive feathering.[36] |
![]() ![]() Sinornithosaurus millenii ![]() ![]() ![]() | |||
G. lujiatunensis |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
An incomplete specimen. |
A dromaeosaurid | ||
S. haoiana |
Yixian |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Might be a junior synonym of Sinornithosaurus millenii. | |||
S. millenii |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
Three specimens with skulls and postcrania, two with preserved feathers.[37] Feathered integument is also preserved.[37][38] |
A dromaeosaurid, the first ever found with feather impressions. | ||
T. ostromi |
Lingyuan |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A dromaeosaurid | |||
Z. suni |
Jianchang |
One nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers, including long tail feathers and large wing feathers. |
A dromaeosaurid | |||
Z. yangi |
Lingyuan |
A partial skeleton includes an arm, legs, vertebrae, ribs, and most of the tail.[40] |
A microraptorian dromaeosaurid with very long legs.[40] | |||
Unnamed dromaeosaurid |
Specimen NGMC 91
|
Lingyuan |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Complete specimen with feather imprints |
A juvenile dromaeosaurid that may be a specimen of Sinornithosaurus millenii.[41][42] Informally nicknamed "Dave". |
Ornithomimosaurs
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H. qingyi |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun |
A primitive ornithomimosaur[43]
|
![]() | ||
S. orientalis |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
"Articulated skull and incomplete skeleton."[44] |
A primitive ornithomimosaur
|
Oviraptorosaurs
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. dongi |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
"[One] partial postcranium with feather imprints."[45] |
Oviraptorosaurs
|
Caudipteryx zoui ![]() ![]() | |
C. zoui |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
Common, only over a small region | |||
C. sp.[46] |
||||||
I. gauthieri |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
"[One] skull [and a] partial cervical."[45] |
An oviraptorosaur | ||
N. wangi |
Complete skeleton with feather impressions.[47] |
An oviraptorosaur | ||||
P. robusta |
Beipiao |
Jianshangou Bed |
"Nearly complete skull and skeleton, at least [two] individuals."[48] |
A possible relative of Incisivosaurus | ||
S. yixianensis |
Two specimens |
An oviraptorosaur, also present in the Jiufotang Formation[49] | ||||
X. ganqi |
Liaoning |
Dakangpu Bed |
One nearly complete specimen (IVPP V13390), minus the head |
Therizinosaurs
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. inexpectus |
Jianshangou Bed |
"Incomplete skeleton with integument."[51] |
A therizinosaur
|
![]() ![]() | ||
Jianchangosaurus | J. yixianensis | Jianchang | A nearly complete juvenile specimen with feather impressions.[52] | A therizinosaur |
Troodontids
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daliansaurus | D. liaoningensis | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | A very complete specimen.[53] | A troodontid | ![]() ![]() ![]() Mei ![]() ![]() |
J. tengi |
Beipiao |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A very complete specimen with feather impressions.[54] |
A troodontid | ||
Liaoningvenator | L. curriei | Beipiao | A very complete specimen. | A troodontid | ||
|
M. long |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A small troodontid fossilized in a sleeping position | ||
S. changii |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
Three specimens with partial skulls and postcrania.[55][56] Hundreds of additional specimens known but undescribed. |
A troodontid | ||
S. magnodens |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A troodontid | |||
Undescribed deinonychosaur/possible troodontid |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
One specimen with feather imprints |
A possible troodontid.[57] | |||
Undescribed troodontid |
Specimen CAGS-IG01-004 |
Lujiatun Bed |
Skull and partial skeleton |
A troodontid similar to Mei.[58] |
Tyrannosaurs and other theropods
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D. paradoxus |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun & Jianshangou Bed |
Rare |
A tyrannosauroid
|
![]() | |
lower Jianshangou Bed |
Footprints belonging to the Grallator form taxon, belonging to a small theropod. Of known Yixian theropods, the footprints most closely match Caudipteryx.[59] | |||||
R. kriegsteini |
A tyrannosaurid, probably from higher Mongolian strata. | |||||
S. heilmanni |
Initially reported from the Dawangzhangzi Bed, probably from the Daohugou Beds instead.[60]
| |||||
Y. huali |
Unknown |
Three nearly complete skeletons of various ages |
A large tyrannosauroid[61]
| |||
Unnamed theropod |
Not yet described |
Lujiatun Bed |
Partial post-cranial skeleton[62] |
A possible carnosaur[63]
|
Pterosaurs
The pterosaurs listed below were compiled in a survey by Wang and Zhou in 2006, unless otherwise noted.[64]
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B. chenianus |
Jianshangou Bed |
A ctenochasmatid |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() | |||
B. cuiae |
Jianshangou Bed |
A boreopterid | ||||
C. grabaui |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A ctenochasmatid | ||||
E. prolatus |
Jianshangou Bed[66] |
A ctenochasmatid | ||||
Eopteranodon | E. lii[67] | Beipiao | A tapejarid | |||
E. yixianensis[68] | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | A tapejarid | |||
E. yangi |
Jianshangou Bed |
A ctenochasmatid | ||||
G. changae[66] |
Jianshangou Bed[66] |
A ctenochasmatid | ||||
G. jingangshanensis |
Jianshangou Bed |
A ctenochasmatid | ||||
Haopterus |
H. gracilis |
Jianshangou Bed |
An ornithocheirid | |||
Luchibang[70] | L. xingzhe | One nearly complete articulated skeleton (ELDM 1000) | An istiodactylid, the most complete known | |||
M. zhuiana |
Lujiatun bed? |
A ctenochasmatid | ||||
N. liuae |
Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed |
A pterodactyloid[71] | ||||
Nurhachius | N. sp. | Jingangshan Member[72] | An incomplete specimen[72] | An istiodactylid | ||
P. qiui |
Jianshangou Bed |
A ctenochasmatid[66] | ||||
Yixianopterus | Y. jingangshanensis | An istiodactyliform
| ||||
Z. longirostris |
Jianshangou Bed |
A boreopterid.[73] May be adult form of Boreopterus.[74] |
Misc. reptiles
Choristoderans
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H. lingyuanensis |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis ![]() | ||||
H. baitaigouensis |
Jingangshan Bed |
Thousands of specimens |
||||
M. splendens |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
|||||
|
S. lingyuanensis |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Junior synonym of Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis |
Lizards
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D. longidigitus |
Jianshangou Bed |
A lizard related to shinisaurs
|
![]() ![]() | |||
L. acanthocaudata[75] |
Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed |
A lizard related to geckos and skinks | ||||
X. zhaoi |
Jianshangou Bed |
A gliding lizard related to chameleons and dragon lizards | ||||
Y. tenuis |
Dawangzhangzi & Jingangshan Beds |
A lizard related to geckos and skinks |
Turtles
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M. liaoxiensis[76] |
Jianshangou Bed |
Reclassified as Ordosemys liaoxiensis[77] |
| |||
M. manchoukuoensis[16] |
Jingangshan Bed |
|||||
O. liaoxiensis[77] |
Jianshangou Bed |
Mammals
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
The mammals listed below were compiled in a survey by Meng and colleagues in 2006, unless otherwise noted.[78]
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. yanensis[79] |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A eutherian |
![]() Gobiconodon zofiae ![]() Repenomamus robustus ![]() | ||
A. cifellii |
Lingyuan |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A symmetrodont "
| |||
Ambolestes[80] | A. zhoui | Nincheng | Jianshangou Bed | A eutherian | ||
C. lii |
Lingyuan |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A eutriconodont | |||
E. scansoria |
Lingyuan |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A stem-therian
| |||
G. zofiae |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A gobiconodont
| |||
G. luoianus[82] |
Lujiatun Bed |
A gobiconodont; junior synonym of G. zofiae | ||||
J. jenkinsi |
Chaoyang |
Jianshangou Bed |
A eutriconodont | |||
J. liaoningensis |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
An amphidontid | |||
J. cheni |
A eutriconodont | |||||
M. sinensis |
Chaoyang |
Jianshangou Bed |
A zhangeotheriid "symmetrodont" | |||
M. asiaticus[85] |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A zhangeotheriid "symmetrodont" | |||
M. lujiatunensis |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A gobiconodont | |||
Origolestes | O. lii | A zhangeotheriid "symmetrodont" | ||||
R. giganticus |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A gobiconodont | |||
R. robustus |
Beipiao |
Lujiatun Bed |
A large gobiconodont, which ate small dinosaurs | |||
S. lingyuanensis |
Lingyuan |
Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds |
A multituberculate | |||
S. szalayi |
Lingyuan |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
A therian, initially interpreted as a metatherian and later reinterpreted as a eutherian | |||
Y. allini[86] |
Fengning[86] |
A eutricondodont | ||||
Z. quinquecuspidens |
Chaoyang |
Jianshangou Bed |
A zhangeotheriid "symmetrodont" |
Amphibians
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. sanyanensis |
Sihetun |
Jianshangou Bed |
Junior synonym of Liaobatrachus |
![]() | ||
L. subsolanus |
Paozhanggou |
Fengshan Bed |
A urodelan
| |||
L. grabaui |
Sihetun |
Jianshangou Bed |
A spadefoot toad
| |||
L. zhaoi |
Beipiao & Heitizigou |
Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed |
A spadefoot toad
| |||
Mesophryne |
M. beipiaoensis |
Beipiao & Heitizigou |
Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed |
Junior synonym of Liaobatrachus | ||
S. fengshanensis |
Paozhanggou |
Fengshan Bed |
A urodelan
|
Fish
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hybodontoidea indet.
|
Family, genus and species indeterminate |
An elasmobranch known from a single dorsal fin spine[87] |
![]() ![]() | |||
L. davidi |
Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds |
Also present in the Jiufotang Formation & Huajiying Formation |
||||
L. muroii |
Jingangshan Bed |
|||||
L. sinensis |
Jianshangou Bed |
|||||
M. mengae |
A lamprey | |||||
P. pani |
Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Also present in the Jiufotang Formation |
A peipiaosteid fish related to sturgeons | |||
P. liui |
Dawangzhangzi Bed |
Also present in the Jiufotang & Huajiying Formations |
||||
S. liaoningensis |
Jianshangou Bed |
A bowfin | ||||
Y. longidorsalis |
Also present in the Huajiying Formation |
A peipiaosteid |
Invertebrate fauna of the Yixian Formation
The invertebrate species listed below follow a survey by Chen and colleagues published in 2005, unless otherwise noted.[76]
Arachnids
The arachnid species listed below follow a catalogue compiled by Dunlop, Penney and Jekel in 2010, unless otherwise noted.[88]
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A.? aethus |
||||||
A.? beipiaoensis |
||||||
A.? liaoxiensis |
||||||
A.? reheensis |
||||||
C. liaoningensis |
A nephiline spider
| |||||
G.? liaoningensis |
||||||
T.? atalus |
A tangle web spider
|
Beetles (Coleoptera)
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. complanus |
||||||
A. antennatus |
Desmatin click beetles[89] | |||||
A. clavatus |
||||||
A. dolini |
||||||
C. longipoda |
A beetle[90] | |||||
D. cognatus |
A desmatin click beetle[89] | |||||
F. pervalimand |
An eodromeine trachypachid beetle[91] | |||||
G. orthochilus |
A laresid scarab beetle[92]
| |||||
H. gracilis |
Hydrophiloid water scavenger beetles[93] | |||||
H. hydraenoides |
||||||
H. shatrovskiyi |
||||||
Lasiosyne | L. integera | Huangbanjigou Village, Liaoning Province, northeastern China.[94] | A lasiosynid beetle.[94] | |||
L. parva | Huangbanjigou Village, Liaoning Province, northeastern China.[94] | A lasiosynid beetle.[94] | ||||
L. hongi |
||||||
M. gracilicruralis |
A mordellid beetle[96] | |||||
O. yixianus |
||||||
P. dilatatus |
A desmati click beetle[89] | |||||
P. incanus |
||||||
S. validus |
A beetle[90] | |||||
S. silinae |
A hydrophiloid water scavenger beetle[93] | |||||
S. breviventer |
||||||
S. euglypheus |
||||||
S. longisetosus |
Crustaceans
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chenops[100] | C. oblongus | Notostracans
|
![]() | |||
C. yixianensis | ||||||
Cricoidoscelosus
|
C. aethus | Junior synonym of Palaeocambarus[101] | ||||
Cypridea | C. (Cypridea) liaoningensis | Jianshangou Bed | Ostracods | |||
C. (C.) sihetunensis | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
C. (C.) veridica arguta | Jingangshan Bed | |||||
C. (C.) sp. | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
C. (Ulwellia) beipiaoensis | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | ||||
Damonella | D. formosa | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
Darwinula | D. leguminella | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
Diestheria | D. jeholensis | Jianshangou Bed | Clam shrimps | |||
D. yixianensis | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |||||
D.? sp. | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
Eosestheria | E. jingangshanensis | Jingangshan Bed | Clam shrimps | |||
E. lingyuanensis | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |||||
E. aff. middendorfii | Jingangshan Bed | |||||
E. ovata | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
E. sihetunensis | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
Eosestheriopsis | E. gujialingensis | Jianshangou Bed | A clam shrimp | |||
Jeholops[100] | J. hongi | A notostracan | ![]() | |||
Liaoningogriphus | L. quadripartitus | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi beds | A shrimp | |||
Lycopterocypris | L. infantilis | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
Mantelliana | M. sp. | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
" Mongolarachne "
|
"M." chaoyangensis | Dawangzhangzi Beds | Junior synonym of Palaeocambarus[102] | |||
Mongolianella | M. cf. palmosa | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
Palaeocambarus | P. licenti | A crayfish[103] | ![]() | |||
Rhinocyrpis | R. jurassica | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
Timiriasevia | T. jianshangouensis | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod | |||
?Yanjiestheria | Y.? beipiaoensis | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | A clam shrimp | ||
Yanshania | Y. dabeigouensis | Jianshangou Bed | An ostracod |
Dragonflies (Odonata)
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
The dragonfly species listed below follow a review compiled by Zhang, Ren and Panf in 2008, unless otherwise noted.[104]
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrohemeroscopus | A. mengi | A dragonfly | ![]() | |||
Aeschnidium | A. heishankowense | Reclassified as Sinaeschnidia heishankowense[105] | ||||
A. sp. | ||||||
Archaeogomphus | A. labius | Nymphs[105] | Reclassified as Yixiangomphus labius,[106] which is a junior synonym of Sinaeschnidia cancellosa[105] | |||
Bellabrunetia | B. catherinae | A dragonfly | ||||
Chrysogomphus | C. beipiaoensis | A dragonfly | ||||
Dissurus | D. liaoyuanensis[106] | Poorly preserved nymph[105] | Reclassified as Sinaeschnidia cf. cancellosa[105] | |||
Dracontaeschnidium | D. orientale | A dragonfly | ||||
Hebeiaeschnidia | H. fengningensis | A dragonfly | ||||
Huaxiagomphus | H. taushanensis | A dragonfly[106] | ||||
Liogomphus | L. yixianensis | A dragonfly | ||||
Mesocordulia |
M. boreala |
A corduliid dragonfly[95] | ||||
Palaeogomphus | P. labius | A dragonfly, reclassified as of Yixiangomphus labius,[106] which is a junior synonym of Sinaeschnidia cancellosa[105] | ||||
Parapetala | P. liaoningensis | A dragonfly | ||||
P. yixianensis | Jianshangou Unit[107] | |||||
Protoliupanshania | P. wangi | Jianshangou Unit[107] | A liupanshaniid dragonfly | |||
Pseudocymatophlebia | P. bisecta | Ningcheng County[108] | A well-preserved specimen.[108] | An aktassiid dragonfly | ||
Pseudoliupanshania | P. magnanicellula | Jianshangou Unit[107] | ||||
Pseudosamarura | P. largina[90] | One specimen, nymph[105] | Reclassified as Sinaeschnidia cf. cancellosa[105] | |||
Rudiaeschna | R. limnobia | An aeshnid dragonfly[95] | ||||
Sinaeschnidia | S. heishankowense | Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds | Adults and nymphs[105] | |||
S. cancellosa[105] | Junior synonym of S. heishankowense[109] | |||||
S. sp. | Indeterminate nymph specimens[105] | Some nymph specimens have been given their own genera and species though probably belong so S. heishankowense but too poorly preserved to be certain[105] | ||||
Sinogomphus | S. taoshanensis | A dragonfly | ||||
Sinojagoria | S. imperfecta | A dragonfly | ||||
Sopholibellula | S. amoena | Dragonflies | ||||
S. eleganti | ||||||
Stylaeschnidium | S. rarum | A dragonfly | ||||
Telmaeshna | T. paradoxica | Beipiao | A dragonfly | |||
Turanophlebia
|
T. liaoningensis | Beipiao[110] | Jianshangou Unit[110] | A tarsophlebiid dragonfly. | ||
Yixiangomphus | Y. labius | Nymphs[105] | Junior synonym of Sinaeschnidia cancellosa[105] |
Flies (Diptera)
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alleremonomus | A. xingi | Jianshangou Bed | A brachyceran fly | |||
Atalosciophila | A. yanensis | A mycetophilid gnat[111] | ||||
Chironomaptera | C. gregaria | A phantom midge | ||||
Gigantoberis | G. liaoningensis | A soldier fly[112]
| ||||
Lichnoplecia | L. kovalevi | A protopleciid fly[113] | ||||
Palaepangonius | P. eupterus | A horse-fly[95]
| ||||
Protapiocera | P. megista | An asiloid fly[95] | ||||
Protempis | P. minuta | A brachyceran fly[95] | ||||
Protonemestrius | P. jurassicus | A tangle-veined fly[95] |
Wasps (Hymenoptera)
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abropelecinus | A. annulatus | Beipiao | An iscopinine pelecinid[114] | |||
Angaridyela | A. robusta | Jianshangou Bed | A sawfly | |||
Azygopelecinus | A. clavatus | Beipiao |
An iscopinine pelecinid[114] | |||
Chengdeserphus | C. petidatus | A proctotrupid wasp[95] | ||||
Cretevania | C. exquisita | Beipiao | Hatchet wasps[115]
| |||
C. pristine | Jianshangou bed | |||||
C. vesca | ||||||
Hoplitolyda | H. duolunica | The largest known sawfly ever[116] | ||||
Liaotoma | L. linearis | A xyelotomid woodwasp[95] | ||||
Manlaya | M. flexuosus | An aulacid woodwasp[95] | ||||
Procretevania
|
P. exquisita |
Reclassified as Cretevania spp.[117] | ||||
P. pristine | ||||||
P. vesca | ||||||
Rudisiricius | R. belli |
Praesiricid sawflies[118]
| ||||
R. celsus | ||||||
R. crassinodus | ||||||
Scolichneumon | S. rectivenius | An ichneumonoid wasp[95] | ||||
Sinopelecinus | S. viriosus | A pelecinid[114] | ||||
Tanychora | T. exquisita | Jianshangou Bed | An ichneumon wasp |
Other insects
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrigramma | A. calophleba | A kalligrammatid lacewing[119]
|
![]() | |||
Alloraphidia | A. bliquivenatica[90] | Snakeflies | ||||
A. longistigmasa | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
Archeraphidia | A. shangyuanensis | A snakefly[90] | ||||
Baissopterus | B. liaoningensis | A snakefly[90] | ||||
Caenoephemera | C. shangyuanensis | Jianshangou Bed | A mayfly[90] | |||
Caloraphidia | C. glossophylla | A snakefly[95] | ||||
Choromyrmeleon | C. othneius | An antlion[95] | ||||
Circulaboilus | C. aureus | A grig[120]
| ||||
Cretophasmomima | C. melanogramma | A stick insect[121] | ![]() | |||
?Ephemeropsis | ?E. trisetalis | Jianshangou and Jingangshan beds | A mayfly. Chinese specimens probably represent species of Epicharmeropsis[122] | |||
Epicharmeropsis | E. hexavenulosus[122] | Pingquan
|
Mayflies | |||
E. quadrivenulosus[122] | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | ![]() | |||
Hagiphasma | H. paradoxa | Jianshangou Bed | A stick insect | |||
Ilerdocossus | I. beipiaoensis | Palaeontinid hemipterans[123][124] | ||||
I. exiguus | ||||||
I. exquisitus | ||||||
I. fengningensis | ||||||
I. hui | ||||||
I. pingquanensis | ||||||
Ithigramma | I. multinervia | Kalligrammatid lacewings[119] | ![]() | |||
Kalligramma | K. liaoningensis | Jianshangou Bed | ||||
Karatavoblatta | K. formosa | A cockroach[90] | ||||
Liaoaphidia | L. fornicata | A snakefly[90] | ||||
Liaonemobius | L. tanae | A sword-tail cricket[95]
|
||||
Longicellochrysa | L. yixiana | A mesochrysopid lacewing[125] | ||||
Mesascalaphus | M. yangi | An owlfly[95] | ||||
Mesolygaeus | M. laiyangensis | A water bug[90] | ||||
Metabittacus | M. colosseus | Jianshangou Bed | A scorpionfly[126]
|
|||
Miracossus | M. gongi | Palaeontinid hemipterans[123] | ||||
M. ingentius | ||||||
Nipponoblatta | N. acerba | Jianshangou Bed | A cockroach | |||
Oloberotha | O. sinica | A beaded lacewing[95] | ||||
Oregramma | O. aureolosa | Kalligrammatid lacewings[119] | ![]() | |||
O. illecebrosa | ![]() | |||||
Pseudopulex | P. magnus | Stem-fleas[127][128] | ||||
P. tanlan | ![]() | |||||
Renphasma | R. sinica | A stick insect[129] | ![]() | |||
Saurophthirus | S. exquisitus | Stem-fleas[130] | ||||
S. laevigatus | ![]() | |||||
Sinochresmoda | S. magnicornia | A chresmodid water-skiing insect[131] | ||||
Sinosharaperla | S. zhaoi | Beipiao | A stonefly[132]
|
|||
Sinoviparosiphum | S. lini | An aphid[95] | ||||
Sophogramma | S. lii | Jianshangou Bed | Kalligrammatid lacewings[133][119] | ![]() | ||
S. pingquanica | ||||||
Tetraphelerus | T. laetus | A moth[90] | ||||
Tyrannopsylla | T. beipiaoensis | A stem-flea[134] | ||||
Varicapitatus | V. sinuolatus | "Huangbanjigou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City."[135] | A hemipteran | |||
Unnamed Vitimotauliidae | Unnamed | A caddisfly pupa, likely belonging to the Vitimotauliidae[136] |
Molluscs
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amplovalvata | A. sp. | Jianshangou Bed | A gastropod
|
|||
Arguniella | A. lingyuanensis | Jianshangou Bed | A bivalve, also present in the Jiufotang and Fuxin Formations
| |||
A. yanshanensis | Jianshangou Bed | A bivalve, also present in the Jiufotang Formation | ||||
Bithynia | B. haizhouensis | Jingangshan Bed | A gastropod | |||
Corbicula | C. anderssoni | Jianshangou Bed | Reclassified as Sphaerium anderssoni | |||
C. jeholense | Reclassified as Sphaerium jeholense | |||||
Gyraulus | G. sp. | Jianshangou Bed | A ramshorn snail | |||
Probaicalia | P. vitimensis | Jianshangou Bed | A gastropod | |||
Ptychastylus | P. harpaeformis | Jianshangou Bed | Gastropods | |||
P. cf. phillipi | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
Sphaerium | S. anderssoni | Jianshangou Bed | A fingernail clam, also present in the Jiufotang Formation | |||
S. jeholense | Junior synonym of S. anderssoni | |||||
S. selenginense | Junior synonym of S. anderssoni | |||||
?Viviparus | V.? cf. matsumotoi | Jingangshan Bed | A snail |
Flora of the Yixian Formation
Conifers
The coniferous trees and shrubs listed below were compiled in a survey by Wang and colleagues in 2006, unless otherwise noted.[137]
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brachyphyllum | A cypress-like conifer | |||||
Cephalotaxopsis | A yew | |||||
Cunninghamia | A cypress | |||||
Elatides | A cypress | |||||
Elatocladus | E. leptophyllus | Conifers of uncertain classification | ||||
E. manchurica[16] | ||||||
Liaoningocladus | L. boii | Jingangshan Bed | A conifer of uncertain classification | |||
Pagiophyllum | A cypress-like conifer | |||||
Pityocladus | A pine | |||||
Pityolepis | P. sp.[16] | A pine | ||||
Pityophyllum | P. cf. lindstroemi[16] | A pine | ||||
Pityostrobus | A pine | |||||
Podozamites | P. lanceolatus[16] | A conifer of uncertain classification | ||||
Schizolepis | S. jeholensis[16] | |||||
?Sequoia | S.? jeholensis[16] | |||||
Taxus | A yew | |||||
Torreya | A yew | |||||
Y. sinensis[16] |
Ferns
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cladophlebis | C. spp.[16] | |||||
Coniopteris | C. sp.[16] | |||||
Onychiopsis | O. elongata[16] | Junior synonym of O. psilotoides | ||||
O. psilotoides[16] | ||||||
?Ruffordia | R.? sp.[16] |
Flowering plants
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archaefructus | A. eoflora | Jianshangou Bed | A primitive, aquatic angiosperm
|
![]() | ||
A. liaoningensis | Jianshangou Bed | |||||
A. sinensisis | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |||||
Callianthus | C. dilae[138] | Liaoning | A plant with true flowers | |||
?Davallia | D.? niehhutzuensis[16] | |||||
Erenia | E. stenoptera[138] | Liaoning | Actually a specimen of Callianthus | |||
Leefructus | L. mirus[139] | A eudicot
| ||||
Liaoxia | L. chenii[16] | |||||
?Potamogeton | P.? jeholensis[16] | |||||
Ranunculus | R. jeholensis[16] | Junior synonym of Potamogeton jeholensis | ||||
Sinocarpus | S. decussatus | A primitive eudicot
|
Ginkgos
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baiera | B. cf. gracilis[16] | |||||
B. orientalis[16] | ||||||
Czekanowskia | C. rigida[16] | |||||
Ginkgo | G. apodes[140] | |||||
Ginkgoites | G. sibiricus[16] | |||||
Leptostrobus | L. sp.[16] | |||||
?Nageiopsis | N.? sp.[16] | |||||
Phoenicopsis | P. cf. augustifolia[16] | |||||
Solenites | S. sp.[16] | |||||
Sphenobaiera | S. longifola[16] |
Other plants
Genus | Species | County | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chaoyangia | C. liangii[141] | A gnetale gymnosperm
|
||||
Chaoyangicarpus | C. liangii[16] | Junior synonym of Chaoyangia liangii | ||||
Ephedra
|
E. sp. | A gymnosperm | ||||
Equisetum | E. sp. | A horsetail
| ||||
Eragrosites | E. changii[141] | A grass-like gnetale gymnosperm | ||||
Siphonospermum | S. simplex[142] | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | A gnetale gymnosperm | ||
Tyrmia | T. sp.[16] | A bennettite |
References
- PMID 34691675.
- S2CID 128812879.
- ^ .
- ^ ISSN 1000-9515.
- .
- S2CID 254524890.
- ^ S2CID 32369205.
- ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 367.
- ^ "Table 22.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 480.
- PMID 33194351.
- ^ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 395.
- ^ "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 416.
- ^ S2CID 229320421.
- S2CID 85222311.
- ^ a b c "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 211.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Smith, J.B., Harris, J.D., Omar, G.I., Dodson, P. and You, H. (2001). "Biostratigraphy and avian origins
in northeastern China. Appendix: Biota of the Yixian Formation and the endemicity of its taxa." In Gauthier, J. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. ISBN 0-912532-57-2.
- ^ a b c d "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 212.
- S2CID 21418230.
- S2CID 129069702.
- ^ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 213.
- PMID 29386367.
- ^ Hou, L.H., Zhou, Z.H., Zhang, F.C., et al. (2002). "Mesozoic Birds from Western Liaoning." In China Shenyang, China: Liaoning Science and Technology Publishing House
- ^ Ji; Ji, Ji; Zhang, You; Zhang, Wang; Yuan (2002). "A new avialian bird - Jixiangornis orientalis gen. et sp. nov. - from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, NE China". Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences). 38 (6): 723–736.
- ^ PMID 24482756.
- ^ S2CID 53489175.
- ^ S2CID 133507763.
- ^ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 214.
- ^ O'Connor, J.K. (2012). "A revised look at Liaoningornis longidigitris (Aves)". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 50 (1): 25–37.
- ^ S2CID 85871695.
- ^ PMID 34692126.
- S2CID 196607241.
- S2CID 85431224.
- ^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.
- S2CID 205219587.
- S2CID 131019046.
- ^ S2CID 205327789.
- ^ a b "Table 10.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 198.
- ^ Azuma, (2005). The Flying Dinosaurs: Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. 118 pp.
- PMID 26181289.
- ^ a b c Xu, Xing; Qin, Zi-Chuan (2017). "A new tiny dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning and niche differentiation among the Jehol dromaeosaurids" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-13.
- S2CID 41172539.
- S2CID 83572446.
- ^ Jin Liyong, Chen Jun and Pascal Godefroit (2012). "A New Basal Ornithomimosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, Northeast China". In Godefroit, P. (ed.). Bernissart Dinosaurs and Early Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. Indiana University Press. pp. 467–487.
- ^ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 138.
- ^ a b "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 166.
- ^ Zhou, Wang; Zhang; Xu (2000). "Important features of Caudipteryx - evidence from two nearly complete new specimens" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in Chinese). 38 (4): 241–254.
- ^ Ji Qiang; Lü Jun-Chang; Wei Xue-Fang; Wang Xu-Ri (2012). "A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China". Regional Geology of China (12): 2102–2107.
- ^ "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 216.
- S2CID 205220207.
- PMID 31024012.
- ^ "Table 7.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 152.
- PMID 23734177.
- S2CID 129939153.
- PMID 28463233.
- ^ "Table 9.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 185.
- S2CID 85276956.
- S2CID 32369205.
- ^ Hwang; Norell; Ji; Gao (2004). "A new troodontid from the lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (3): 73A–74A.
- ^ Xing, L.D.; Harris, J.D.; Feng, X.Y.; Zhang, Z.J. (2009). "Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers". Geological Bulletin of China. 28 (6): 705–712.
- S2CID 198142479.
- S2CID 29689629. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-04-17.
- .
- S2CID 220405736.
- S2CID 131602205.
- .
- ^ PMID 22146956.
- ^ Lü, J.C.; B.K. Zhang (2005). "New pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning". Geological Review. 51 (4): 458–462.
- S2CID 258531568.
- ^ Wang X., 2008, "Order Pterosauria" In: Li J., Wu X., Zhnag F. eds. Chinese Fossil Reptiles and their Kin 2nd edition, Science Press, Beijing p. 215–234
- S2CID 243055980.
- S2CID 85074573.
- ^ S2CID 259677697.
- S2CID 140600398.
- OCLC 842919760.
- S2CID 56046960.
- ^ S2CID 130825449.
- ^ S2CID 55873696.
- S2CID 84397126.
- PMID 19419990.
- S2CID 49183466.
- S2CID 129366743.
- S2CID 129667303.
- PMID 19726475.
- S2CID 233183060.
- ^
Martin, Thomas; Ruf, Irina (2009). "On the mammalian ear". Science. 326 (5950): 243–244. S2CID 26545052.
- ^ S2CID 4329583.
- .
- ^ Dunlop, J.A., Penney, D. and Jekel, D. (2010). "A summary list of fossil spiders." In Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html
- ^ S2CID 55827291.
- ^ S2CID 85742721.
- ^ Jia, T., Liang, H., Chang, H. and Ren, D. (2011). "A new genus and species of fossil Eodromeinae from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Trachypachidae)." Zootaxa, 2736: 63–68. pdf link Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
- S2CID 140694460.
- ^ S2CID 51491869.
- ^ S2CID 251558114.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ren, D. (2002). "Progress in the study of Mesozoic fossil insects during the last decade in China". Acta Entomologica Sinica. 45: 234–240.
- S2CID 4494968.
- S2CID 83787190.
- S2CID 83650978.
- .
- ^ S2CID 85023596.
- ^ "Crayfishes from the Jehol biota". Geodiversitas. 45 (24): 689–719. 2023.
- S2CID 208124459.
- ^ Shen, Y., Schram, F.R. and Taylor, R.S. (2001). "Morphological variation in fossil crayfish of the Jehol biota, Liaoning Province, China and its texonomic discrimination." Chinese Science Bulletin, 46(1 ): 26–33.
- .
- ^ S2CID 85282862.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 251558031.
- ^ S2CID 259601344.
- ^ Fleck, G.; Nel, A. (2003). "Revision of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae (Odonata: Anisoptera)". Zoologica. 153: 1–170.
- ^ S2CID 253875737.
- .
- .
- .
- ^ S2CID 84767798.
- .
- PMID 23671596.
- S2CID 83716591.
- S2CID 88390334.
- ^ PMID 24912379.
- ^ Li, L.-M.; Ren, D.; Wang, Z.-H. (2007). "New Prophalangopsids from Late Mesozoic of China (Orthoptera, Prophalangopsidae, Aboilinae)". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 32 (2): 412–422.
- PMID 24646906.
- ^ S2CID 85843454.
- ^ .
- S2CID 134455637.
- S2CID 73522770.
- ^ Chen, Peiji; Wang, Qifei; Zhang, Haichun; Cao, Meizhen; Li, Wenben; Wu, Shunqing; Shen, Yanbin. "论义县组尖山沟层(Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China)" (in Chinese).
- PMID 25158612.
- S2CID 15965145.
- S2CID 84240218.
- S2CID 213622677.
- S2CID 83282286.
- .
- S2CID 84821055.
- S2CID 53578959.
- PMID 36005314.
- .
- ^ Wang, Y., Zheng, S., Yang, X., Zhang, W., and Ni, Q. (2006). "The biodiversity and palaeoclimate of conifer floras from the Early Cretaceous deposits in western Liaoning, northeast China." International Symposium on Cretaceous Major Geological Events and Earth System, 56A.
- ^ PMID 19686377.
- S2CID 205224036.
- .
- ^ PMID 9831557.
- PMID 20565755.