Phellodon

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Phellodon
Phellodon niger
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Bankeraceae
Genus: Phellodon
P.Karst.
(1881)
Type species
Phellodon niger
(Fr.) P.Karst. (as 'nigrum') (1881)
Species
about 20

Phellodon is a

tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid
in shape, with spiny surfaces.

The genus, with about 20 described species, has a distribution that includes to Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. About half of the species are found in the southeastern United States, including three species added to the genus in 2013–14. Several Phellodon species were placed on a preliminary Red List of threatened British fungi because of a general decline of the genus in Europe. Species grow in a symbiotic mycorrhizal association with trees from the families Fagaceae (beeches and oaks) and Pinaceae (pines). Accurate DNA-based methods have been developed to determine the presence of Phellodon species in the soil, even in the extended absence of visible fruitbodies. Although Phellodon fruitbodies are considered inedible due to their fibrous flesh, the type species, P. niger, is used in mushroom dyeing.

Taxonomy

Phellodon was

Elias Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum.[2] Some early authors did not consider Phellodon distinct enough to be a separate genus, and folded species assigned to this genus into Hydnellum.[3][4]

Hydnellum is

molecular phylogenetic analysis places Phellodon in the thelephoroid clade (roughly equivalent to the order Thelephorales) along with the related genera Bankera, Hydnellum, and Sarcodon. Although the status of the Bankeraceae has not been fully clarified with molecular genetic techniques,[9] Phellodon is classified in this family by authorities on fungal taxonomy.[10][11][12]

The generic name is derived from Greek phell-, meaning 'cork', and -don, meaning 'tooth'. In North America, Phellodon species are commonly known as "cork hydnums".[13] The British Mycological Society, in their recommended list of common names for fungi in the United Kingdom, name Phellodon species in the form "descriptor word" plus tooth: fused tooth (P. confluens), grey tooth (P. melaleucus), black tooth (P. niger), and woolly tooth (P. tomentosus).[14]

Description

The caps of some Phellodon species (P. tomentosus pictured) can fuse during growth.

The

concentrical zones of color or texture. The color can vary considerably, from cream to yellowish, brownish, greenish, greyish or black.[15] Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, forming intertwined caps and partially fused stipes.[16] Alexander H. Smith wrote of P. tomentosus, "It often occurs in large mats of fused caps almost producing a ceiling over large areas of the moss under conifers."[17] Phellodon fruitbodies can envelop nearby grass or twigs. The stipe is thickly tomentose or smooth, typically the same color as the cap or darker.[18] In P. niger, the outer covering of the stipe is a thick felty layer of mycelium that absorbs water like a sponge.[19] The hymenophore (the fertile, spore-bearing surface) is on the underside of the cap. The spines become grey at maturity.[18] In conditions of high humidity, P. niger can form striking drops of black liquid on the actively growing caps.[19]

Spines of Phellodon tomentosus

The fibrous flesh is single to double-layered; duplex layering results from differences in compactness or in the alignment of the constituent hyphae.[15] Tough and leathery when fresh, the flesh develops a corklike texture when dry. In the dried state it often has an odor of fenugreek or curry powder.[16] Phellodon species are often free of insect damage, suggesting that they may have defensive chemicals that deter predation.[20] Fruitbodies are not considered edible due to their fibrous flesh.[17]

The hyphal system is monomitic, containing only generative hyphae. These hyphae are not less than 6 

inamyloid.[18]

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies grow on the ground. Phellodon species, like all members of the order Thelephorales, are thought to be

saprotrophic fungi, indicating that it may be able to obtain carbon from sources other than a tree host.[23][24]

Many Phellodon species are known from the southeastern United States, where they have been extensively researched. According to Baird and colleagues, there are nine distinct Phellodon species from Great Smoky Mountains and the surrounding southern Appalachian Mountains. Three additional species from this area, P. mississippiensis, P. brunneo-olivaceus, and P. fuligineoalbus were added to the genus in 2013–14.[21][25]

Conservation

Phellodon melaleucus

Phellodon species, like other members of the family Bankeraceae, are sensitive to

soil pollution, and are in general decline in western Europe.[15] In a preliminary assessment for a red list of threatened British Fungi, P. confluens, P. tomentosus, and P. melaleucus are considered vulnerable, and P. niger is rare.[26]

cryptic species.[29][30] PCR analysis can be used to determine the presence of a Phellodon species up to four years after the appearance of fruitbodies, allowing a more accurate determination of their possible decline and threat of extinction.[31]

Chemistry

Phellodon species contain

diterpenoids, nigernin A and B; a nitrogenous terphenyl derivative, phellodonin; 2',3'-diacetoxy-3,4,5',6',4''-pentahydroxy-p-terphenyl; grifolin; and 4-O-methylgrifolic acid.[34] P. niger has also been used for mushroom dyeing, in which it produces gray-blue and green colors.[35]

Species

Phellodon was originally circumscribed with three species. Joost Stalpers included 13 Phellodon species in his 1993 monograph on the Thelephorales.[15] The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) indicated 16 species in the genus.[11] As of September 2015, Index Fungorum lists 18 species of Phellodon,[36] not including the three eastern United States species added in 2013–14.[21][25]

Image Scientific name Distribution
Phellodon atratus K.A.Harrison (1964) California, United States[37]
Phellodon brunneo-olivaceus R.E.Baird (2013) United States[25]
Phellodon confluens (Pers.) Pouzar (1956) China,[38] eastern United States,[39] Europe[40]
Phellodon excentrimexicanus R.E.Baird (1985) Mexico[41]
Phellodon fibulatus K.A.Harrison (1972) North Carolina, United States[6]
Phellodon fuligineoalbus (J.C.Schmidt) Baird (2013) United States[25]
Phellodon implicatus R.E.Baird & S.R.Khan (1986) Florida, United States[42]
Phellodon indicus Khara (1978) Himachal Pradesh, India[43]
Phellodon maliensis (Lloyd) Maas Geest. (1966) Australia, New Zealand[44]
Phellodon melaleucus (Sw. ex Fr.) P.Karst. (1881) Europe, North America[16]
Phellodon mississippiensis R.Baird (2014) Mississippi, United States[21]
Phellodon niger (Fr.) P.Karst. (1881) Europe, North America[16]
Phellodon nothofagi McNabb (1971) New Zealand[45]
Phellodon plicatus (Lloyd) Maas Geest. (1966) Australia[46]
Phellodon putidus (G.F.Atk.) Banker (1906) North America[47]
Phellodon radicatus R.E.Baird (1985) North America[41]
Phellodon rufipes Maas Geest. (1971) Japan[44]
Phellodon secretus Niemelä & Kinnunen (2003) –Finland[48]
G.Cunn.
(1958)		 New Zealand[49]
Phellodon tenuis R.E.Baird (1988) Brazil[50]
Phellodon tomentosus (L.) Banker (1906) Europe,[16] North America[47]

References

  1. ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue mycologique, Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19.
  2. ^ Fries EM. (1815). Observationes mycologicae (in Latin). Vol. 1. Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier. p. 134.
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  7. ^ Maas Geesteranus RA. (1974). "Notes on hydnums. IX". Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeling Natuurkunde, Series C. 77: 215–222.
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  12. ^ "Phellodon P. Karst". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
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  14. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d e Stalpers JA. (1993). "The Aphyllophoraceous fungi I. Keys to the species of the Thelephorales". Studies in Mycology. 35: 1–168 (see pp. 18, 44–48). Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
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  19. ^ a b Harrison KA. (1961). The Stipitate Hydnums of Nova Scotia. Publications of the Department of Agriculture Canada (Report). Vol. 1099. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture. pp. 1–60 (see p. 15). Open access icon
  20. ^ Marren P. (2000). Stipitate hydnoid fungi in Britain. English Nature Research Report No. 420 (PDF) (Report). Peterborough, UK: English Nature.
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  40. ^ Pouzar Z. (1956). "Príspevek k poznání nasich kloboukatých losáku". Ceská Mykologie (in Czech). 10 (2): 65–76.
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  44. ^ a b Maas Geesteranus RA. (1971). "Hydnaceous fungi of the eastern old world". Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeling Natuurkunde. 60 (3): 1–176 (see pp. 91–106).
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  49. ^ Cunningham GH. (1957–58). "Hydnaceae of New Zealand. Part I. The pileate genera Beenakia, Dentinum, Hericium, Hydnum, Phellodon and Steccerinum". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 85 (4): 585–601.
  50. ^ Baird RE. (1988). "Notes on the stipitate hydnums I. A new species of Phellodon". Nova Hedwigia. 47 (3–4): 429–431.

External links

  • Media related to Phellodon at Wikimedia Commons

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