Fenugreek

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Fenugreek
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Trigonella
Species:
T. foenum-graecum
Binomial name
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Fenugreek greens

Fenugreek (/ˈfɛnjʊɡriːk/; Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual plant in the family Fabaceae, with leaves consisting of three small obovate to oblong leaflets. It is cultivated worldwide as a semiarid crop. Its leaves and seeds are common ingredients in dishes from the Indian subcontinent, and have been used as a culinary ingredient since ancient times.[2] Its use as a food ingredient in small quantities is safe.[3][4]

Although a common

allergic reactions.[4][5]

History

Fenugreek is believed to have been brought into cultivation in the

vetch as crops grown to feed cattle.[7]

In one first-century AD recipe, the Romans flavoured wine with fenugreek.[8] In the 1st century AD, in Galilee, it was grown as a staple food, as Josephus mentions in his book, the Wars of the Jews.[9] The plant is mentioned in the second-century compendium of Jewish Oral Law (Mishnah) under its Hebrew name tiltan.[10]

Etymology

The English name derives via Middle French fenugrec from Latin faenugraecum, faenum Graecum meaning "Greek hay".[11]

Production

India is a major producer of fenugreek, and over 80% of India's output is from the state of Rajasthan.[12]

Uses

Fenugreek seeds

Fenugreek is used as a

maple-syrup smell of fenugreek.[13][4]

Maillard browning).[14]

Cooking

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on

Fresh fenugreek leaves are an ingredient in some curries, such as with potatoes in Indian cuisines to make aloo methi (potato fenugreek) curry.[15]

In

basturma.[16]

In Iranian cuisine, fenugreek leaves are called shambalileh. They are one of several greens incorporated into the herb stew ghormeh sabzi, the herb frittata kuku sabzi, and a soup known as eshkeneh.

In Georgian cuisine, a related species—Trigonella caerulea called "blue fenugreek"—is used.[17]

In

aish merahrah
, a staple of their diet. Basterma, a cured, dried beef, gets its distinctive flavour from the fenugreek used as a coating.

In the same way in Turkish cuisine, fenugreek seed powder, called çemen, is used to make a paste with paprika powder and garlic to cover dried and cured beef in making pastirma/basturma. (Its name comes from the Turkish verb bastırmak, meaning "to press").

In Palestinian cuisine, fenugreek is used as an ingredient in a cake called fenugreek cake or Hilbeh.[18]

In Moroccan cuisine, fenugreek is used in rfissa, a dish associated with the countryside.[19]

Fenugreek is used in

Amharic is abesh (or abish), and the seed is used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes.[20]

Rosh Hashana.[21]

In Yemen, a small amount of oud al hilba (عود الحلبة), which appears to be the same as ashwagandha, is traditionally added to ground fenugreek seeds before they are mixed with water to prepare the hulbah paste. This is believed to aid in digestion and more importantly to prevent or lessen the maple-syrup smell that usually occurs when consuming fenugreek.

Nutritional profile

Fenugreek seed
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,352 kJ (323 kcal)
58 g
Dietary fiber25 g
6.4 g
23 g
Vitamins and minerals
Niacin (B3)
10%
1.64 mg
Vitamin B6
35%
0.6 mg
Folate (B9)
14%
57 μg
Vitamin C
3%
3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
14%
176 mg
Iron
189%
34 mg
Magnesium
45%
191 mg
Manganese
53%
1.23 mg
Phosphorus
24%
296 mg
Potassium
26%
770 mg
Sodium
3%
67 mg
Zinc
23%
2.5 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water8.8 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[22] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[23]

In a 100-gram reference amount, fenugreek seeds provide 1,350 kilojoules (323 kcal) of

Daily Value (DV, table).[citation needed] Fenugreek seeds (per 100 grams) are a rich source of protein (46% DV), dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals, particularly manganese (59% DV) and iron
(262% DV) (table).

Dietary supplement

Fenugreek dietary supplements are manufactured from powdered seeds into capsules, loose powders, teas, and liquid extracts in many countries.[4][5] No high-quality evidence supports that these products have any clinical effectiveness.[4][5]

Animal feed

Fenugreek is sometimes used as animal feed. It provides a green fodder palatable to ruminants. The seeds are also used to feed fish and domestic rabbits.[24]

Food additive

Fenugreek seeds and leaves contain

sotolone, which imparts the aroma of fenugreek and curry in high concentrations, and maple syrup or caramel in lower concentrations.[4][13] Fenugreek is used as a flavoring agent in imitation maple syrup or tea, and as a dietary supplement.[5]

Research

Constituents of fenugreek seeds include

biomarkers in people with diabetes and with prediabetic conditions is of limited quality.[25]

As of 2023, no high-quality evidence has been found for whether fenugreek is safe and effective in relieving

experimental design and quality, including small numbers of subjects, failure to describe methods, inconsistency and duration of dosing, and not recording adverse effects.[4][5][26][27]

Because research on the potential biological effects of consuming fenugreek has provided no high-quality evidence for health or antidisease effect, fenugreek is not approved or recommended for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[4][5]

Traditional medicine

Although once a folk remedy for an insufficient milk supply when nursing, no good evidence indicates that fenugreek is effective or safe for this use,[4][5][27] nor is it useful in traditional practices for treating dysmenorrhea, inflammation, diabetes, or any human disorder.[4][5][26]

Adverse effects and allergies

The use of fenugreek has the potential for serious adverse effects, as it may be unsafe for women with hormone-sensitive cancers.[4][5] Fenugreek is not safe for use during pregnancy, as it has possible abortifacient effects and may induce preterm uterine contractions.[3][4]

Some people are

antiplatelet drugs.[3][4]

Fenugreek sprouts, cultivated from a single specific batch of seeds imported from Egypt into Germany in 2009, were implicated as the source of the 2011 outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Germany and France.[28] Identification of a common producer and a single batch of fenugreek seeds was evidence for the origin of the outbreaks.[29]

References

  1. ^ "Trigonella foenum-graecum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  2. ISBN 9781604691344. Archived
    from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  3. ^
    PMID 27498339
    .
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Fenugreek". Drugs.com. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Fenugreek". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Library of Medicine. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  6. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122.
  7. De Agri Cultura
    . p. 27.
  8. ^ Curry A (February 2010). "A 9,000-Year Love Affair". National Geographic. 231 (2): 46.
  9. ^ Josephus, De Bello Judaico, book 3, chapter 7, vs. 29. The prepared relish made from ground fenugreek seeds is very slimy and slippery, and was therefore poured over ladders as a stratagem to prevent the enemy's ascent.
  10. Ovadiah di Bertinoro on Mishnah Kil'ayim 2:5; Terumot 10:5; Orlah 3:6; ibid. 10:6; Ma'aserot 1:3, ibid. 4:6; Ma'aser Sheni 2:2–3; Niddah
    2:6.
  11. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  12. ^ V. A. Parthasarathy, K. Kandinnan and V. Srinivasan (ed.). "Fenugreek". Organic Spices. New India Publishing Agencies. p. 694.
  13. ^ a b "3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one; CID=62835". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 3 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  14. ^ "BBC - Food - Fenugreek recipes". Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  15. PMID 30000838. Archived
    from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  16. ISSN 1658-077X
    .
  17. ^ "Trigonella caerulea Sweet Trefoil, Blue fenugreek PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  18. ^ El-Haddad, Laila. "Fenugreek Olive Oil Cake (Saniyit Hulba)". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  19. ^ Idrissi, Abdelbaar Mounadi (2018-12-18). "Anny Gaul: "The Cuisine of the City of Tetouan"". Tangier American Legation Museum. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  20. ^ a b Gall, Alevtina; Zerihun Shenkute (November 3, 2009). "Ethiopian Traditional and Herbal Medications and their Interactions with Conventional Drugs". EthnoMed. University of Washington. Archived from the original on March 19, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  21. Abudirham
    interprets רוביא as black-eyed peas.
  22. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  23. NCBI NBK545428
    .
  24. ^ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2018. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/242 Archived 2018-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
  25. PMID 27496582
    .
  26. ^
    PMID 27000311
    .
  27. ^
    PMID 32421208
    .
  28. ^ McKenna, Maryn (2011-07-07). "E. coli: A Risk for 3 More Years From Who Knows Where". Wired.
  29. PMID 22460976
    .
  • The dictionary definition of fenugreek at Wiktionary
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