Pinus koraiensis
Pinus koraiensis | |
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Cultivated at Morton Arboretum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Pinophyta |
Class: | Pinopsida |
Order: | Pinales |
Family: | Pinaceae |
Genus: | Pinus |
Subgenus: | P. subg. Strobus
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Section: | P. sect. Quinquefoliae
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Subsection: | P. subsect. Strobus
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Species: | P. koraiensis
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Binomial name | |
Pinus koraiensis |
Pinus koraiensis is a species of
According to research, P. koraiensis can be divided into two natural types according to the thickness of the bark, namely Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. f. pachidermis Wang et Chi and Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. f. leptodermis Wang et Chi.[5]
Description
P. koraiensis is a member of the
Uses
P. koraiensis is a precious tree species with both economic and ecological value. Ecologically, it has the functions of water and soil conservation - its root has a large water storage capacity, which is a "small reservoir" in the eyes of ecologists - and the function of maintaining biodiversity. Economically, every part of the plant can be used. In China, it has a long history of being used in food, beverage, health preservation and medical treatment. The ancients called its fruit "長壽果/longevity fruit".[5] The traditional Chinese medicine "海松子/sea-pine nut" refers to the seeds of P. koraiensis, which is a nourishing and strengthening agent.[5] At present, the high-tech industry of P. koraiensis has outstanding achievements in the fields of food, health products, medicine, cosmetics and fine chemicals.
The nuts of this tree are edible and sold commercially.[6] It is the most common taxon sold as pine nuts in markets throughout Europe and the United States.[1] The nut oil contains 11.5% of the unusual fatty acid pinolenic acid (cis–5–cis–9–cis–12 octadecatrienoic acid).[7] It "has a variety of physiological effects such as weight loss, lipid lowering, immune enhancement, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhancement of insulin sensitivity, and anti-tumor metastasis."[8] Pine nut oil extracted from P. koraiensis nuts has high nutritional value. The oil is also used to make lubricants and soap.[9] The tree is a source of turpentine resin and tannin.[1][10] The pine needles can be used to extract pine needle oil.
松花粉/Pine pollen is the dried pollen produced by the stamens. It is a traditional Chinese medicine and a traditional Chinese cooking ingredient. It is even used as the name of cakes or drinks, such as "松花糕/pine flower cake", "松花酒/pine flower wine" etc. ""中国预防医学科学院营养与食品卫生研究所/The Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine" has confirmed that pine pollen contains more than 200 nutritional components and bioactive substances, with anti-fatigue, anti-aging, regulating blood lipids, enhancing immunity, and beautifying five major health care functions".[11] ""国家体育总局运动医学研究所兴奋剂检测中心/The Doping Testing Center of the Institute of Sports Medicine of China" indicated that no ingredients banned by the Olympic Games were found in pine pollen".[11]
The Korean pine is used as an ornamental tree. It is tolerant of several soil types and thrives in urban settings. It is adapted to climates with very cold winters.[6] There are several cultivars, including the blue-tinged 'Glauca' and 'Silveray' and the wide-bodied 'Winton'.[12] The Korean pine is also a good tree species for afforestation in Northeast China.[4]
The wood is versatile and very useful for construction.
Conservation
The value of P. koraiensis has led to overexploitation of wild populations of the tree, and destruction of the forest ecosystems in which it grows. The Siberian tiger is resident in these pine forests, and preservation of this tree species is one step in the conservation of the tiger.[1]
Other associates of the tree in nature include the spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), which collects the seeds and plays an important role in their dispersal.[13]
In China, the ancient P. koraiensis forests are concentrated in the Paektu Mountain and Lesser Khingan areas, and are the building species of the natural forests in the northeast. Except for the pure P. koraiensis forests in some areas, most of them are mixed with other coniferous and broad-leaved tree species.[5] The broad-leaved-P. koraiensis forest preserves the ancient structural characteristics of the Tertiary plant community. It is a climax community in Northeast China, and its ecological value is extremely precious. It maintains ecological balance and ecological security in Northeast China.[4] Yichun located in Lesser Khingan has the most typical and best-preserved P. koraiensis virgin forest community in Asia.[14] Yichun has two national nature reserves, 丰林/Fenglin and 涼水/Liangshui, which specialize in the protection of P. koraiensis. Among them, Fenglin Nature Reserve has been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves" by UNESCO. The P. koraiensis virgin forest community in Yichun is an important gene pool of China's biodiversity. "There are more than 110 kinds of precious coniferous and broad-leaved trees, more than 60 kinds of large mammalian wild animals, and more than 270 kinds of birds, including 64 kinds of national first-class and second-class protected animals; there are 1390 kinds of plants, including more than 700 kinds of wild medicinal materials".[14] Since 2004, the logging of wild P. koraiensis trees has been completely prohibited in Yichun, and the existing P. koraiensis trees have been registered one by one for protection.[2]
Gallery
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Form
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Leaves
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Immature Korean pine cone
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Seeds
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Pine nuts
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Illustration
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Korean Pine Trees in Seoul, Korea
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Trunk cross section
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Young tree
References
- ^ . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b "告别"红松故事" 扮靓"红松故乡"" (in Chinese). www.yc.gov.cn. 2013-01-08. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus koraiensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
- ^ a b c d e f g 刘玉波, 阎立波 (2020-01-07). "红松,东北"新三宝"之首" (in Chinese). www.forestry.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "红松(hóng sōng)" (in Chinese). www.iplant.cn. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ a b c d e "Pinus koraiensis". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- S2CID 83675599.
- ^ 李景彤, 刘迪迪, 王振宇 (2018). "红松子油及皮诺敛酸的研究进展/Research of P. koraiensis nut oil and pinolenic acid". 食品工業科技/Food Industry Technology (in Chinese). Retrieved 2023-01-27.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fu, Liguo; Li, Nan; Elias, Thomas S.; Mill, Robert R. "Pinus koraiensis". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Pinus koraiensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ a b 日月峡 (2012-11-14). "关注了解红松" (in Chinese). www.riyuexia.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
- ^ "Pinus koraiensis". University of Connecticut Horticulture.
- S2CID 10822210.
- ^ a b 李忠培. "守护好伊春林区绿水青山 保护小兴安岭生物多样性" (in Chinese). 中国绿色时报. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
External links
- Korean Pine. American Conifer Society.
- Pinus koraiensis - Korean Stone Pine. Conifers Around the World.