Pachira aquatica

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Pachira aquatica

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Pachira
Species:
P. aquatica
Binomial name
Pachira aquatica
Synonyms

Carolinea macrocarpa
Bombax macrocarpum
Pachira macrocarpa

Pachira aquatica is a tropical wetland tree in the mallow family Malvaceae, native to Central and South America where it grows in swamps. It is known by its common names Malabar chestnut, French peanut, Guiana chestnut, Provision tree, Saba nut, Monguba (Brazil), Pumpo (Guatemala) and is commercially sold under the names Money tree and Money plant. This tree is sometimes sold with a braided trunk and is commonly grown as a houseplant, although more commonly what is sold as a "Pachira aquatica" houseplant is in fact a similar species, P. glabra.[2]

The genus name is derived from a language spoken in Guyana.[3] The species name is Latin for "aquatic". It is classified in the subfamily Bombacoideae of the family Malvaceae. Previously it was assigned to Bombacaceae.[4][5] The name "money tree" is believed to refer to a story of its origin, in which a poor man prayed for money, found this "odd" plant, took it home as an omen, and made money selling plants grown from its seeds.[6]

Description

A cultivated tree

Pachira aquatica can grow up to 18 meters or 60 feet in height in the wild. It has shiny green

lanceolate or obovate, with a light middle veins. There are sloping stipules present. The leaves and flowers are also often eaten.[7][8]

Its showy flowers, among the largest tree flowers in the world, have long, narrow

ovaries uppermost with a long stylus with divided, short lobed scar. The capsules are large, brown, woody, up to 20–30 cm long, rough, and egg-shaped, with a diameter of about 10–15 cm, weigh about 1–1.5 kg, and contain 10–25 nuts.[citation needed
]

Cultivation

Pachira aquatica fruit and flower

The tree grows well as a tropical

hydroponic
system.

The plant grows well in bright light, but also tolerates partial shade at room temperatures from 12 °C through 25 °C. A plant's leaves may turn yellow and fall when days are shorter in autumn which is not a sign of disease, and the plant will restart its growth without problem the following spring. A tree is mature when 4–5 years old. It produces its first fruit in spring and fall. Furthermore, it can withstand temperatures as low as 5 °C without losing its leaves, although people recommended not growing it below 12 °C as an orangery tree, the ideal culture temperature being about 20 °C all year round with high humidity. An occasional weak frost can cause it to lose its leaves, and it grows new leaves in the following spring.[9]

The best performance and longevity in cultivation can be achieved if it is kept in rather dry soil, especially in the winter months. Dry indoor air is to be avoided. It is best sprayed or misted daily; otherwise it can shed all its leaves. In its first year as a house plant, a plant should not be fertilized. Thereafter, some

lava stone as bonsai. Such a plant grows extremely slowly.[10]

This species is occasionally cultivated for its

pericarp. The capsule is not eaten. The nuts develop within until the capsule bursts and releases them. The nuts are considered edible, with a flavor similar to a European chestnut. Some people grind the nuts and use them in a hot drink. They are toxic to rats in the raw state,[7] but are consumed by people raw or roasted.[12][8]

Culture

Ornamental money tree.

In East Asia, Pachira aquatica (Chinese: 馬拉巴栗; pinyin: Mǎlābā lì; lit. 'Malabar chestnut') is often referred to as the "shake money tree" (搖錢樹). This tree has long been popular as an ornamental in Japan. In 1986, a Taiwanese truck driver first cultivated five small trees in a single flowerpot with their trunks braided. The popularity of these ornamentals took off in Japan and later much of the rest of East Asia. They are symbolically associated with good financial fortune and are typically seen in businesses, sometimes with red ribbons or other ornamentation attached. The trees play an important role in Taiwan's agricultural export economy with exports of NT$250 million (US$7 million) in 2005.[13] However, many specimens in cultivation sold as Pachira aquatica are actually the similar species, P. glabra, which develops a thick base at a younger age and has a smaller growth habit, less showy flowers, and a 6" green seed capsule rather than 12" brown seed capsule.

Chemistry

The presence of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFAs) in the nuts has been used to state that the nuts are not edible and not suitable for human consumption, despite the nut being eaten or used in medicine. At least one review indicates that CPFAs are carcinogenic, co-carcinogenic, and have medical and other effects on animals;[14] according to this review, "CPFA in food is dangerous to human health." Out of 6 rats tested in a study of P. aquatica, 5 died after consuming the nuts. The surviving rat had enlarged organs including the stomach, liver, pancreas, kidneys, lungs and also had spleen atrophy.[7] Research on the health effects of eating the nuts on humans is currently lacking, but we can find some studies regarding nutritional facts and food utilization as well.[15][16][17][8]

Phytoremediation

Pachira aquatica has been shown to improve indoor air quality by the reduction of volatile organic compounds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a low water solubility and a high vapor pressure. [18] VOCs can be released from many products such as building materials (paints, varnishes, caulks, adhesives, upholstery), home and personal care products (air fresheners, cleaning products, cosmetics, fuels), household activities (smoking, dry cleaning cooking), etc. Chronic exposure to high levels of VOCs can have adverse health effects such as cancer, central nervous system damage, liver damage and kidney damage. [19]

Pachira aquatica was shown to reduce VOCs when coupled with Ficus benjamina and Aglaonema commutatum. Increasing the volume of the plants also increases the VOCs being removed from the indoor environment.[20]

Gallery

  • Flower
    Flower
  • Potted plant
    Potted plant
  • Braided bark
    Braided bark
  • Leaf
    Leaf

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146783390A146783392.en
    . Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Pachira aquatica" Hawaiian Tropical Plants Nursery
  3. ISBN 3-7643-1399-4
  4. ^ IABIN Archived 2012-07-01 at archive.today
  5. ^ John H. Wiersema. "GRIN". Ars-grin.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  6. ^ "Money Tree Bonsai, Wedding Favors, Corporate Gifts, Plant Gifts". Natureperfect.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  7. ^
    doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00076-5
    .
  8. ^
    ISSN 0889-1575
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7
    , p. 182 et seq.
  10. ISBN 3-7742-5630-6
  11. ISBN 92-5-102372-7
    , p. 213 et seq.
  12. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7
    .
  13. ^ "Fancy take on money trees puts Taiwan on the map." Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine Taiwan Headlines reprint from Liberty Times. 23 March 2006. Accessed 10 February 2007.
  14. PMID 18795073
    .
  15. hdl:11449/30867
    .
  16. doi:10.1590/0100-2945-065/14
    .
  17. doi:10.5151/chemeng-cobeq2014-0496-25223-164600
    .
  18. ^ "What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?". EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  19. ^ "Volatile Organic Compounds in Your Home". Minnesota Department of Health. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  20. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.803516
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pachira aquatica.

Further reading

  • Van Wyk, Ben-Erik (2005). Food Plants of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc.
    ISBN 0-88192-743-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachira_aquatica&oldid=1204397012"