Canarium ovatum
Pili | |
---|---|
Unshelled pili nuts from the Philippines | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Burseraceae |
Genus: | Canarium |
Species: | C. ovatum
|
Binomial name | |
Canarium ovatum |
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 3,008 kJ (719 kcal) |
3.98 g | |
79.55 g | |
Saturated | 31.184 g |
Monounsaturated | 37.229 g |
Polyunsaturated | 7.605 g |
10.80 g | |
Tryptophan | 0.189 g |
Threonine | 0.407 g |
Isoleucine | 0.483 g |
Leucine | 0.890 g |
Lysine | 0.369 g |
Methionine | 0.395 g |
Cystine | 0.189 g |
Phenylalanine | 0.497 g |
Tyrosine | 0.381 g |
Valine | 0.701 g |
Arginine | 1.516 g |
Histidine | 0.255 g |
Alanine | 0.509 g |
Aspartic acid | 1.222 g |
Glutamic acid | 2.393 g |
Glycine | 0.650 g |
Proline | 0.471 g |
Serine | 0.599 g |
Niacin (B3) | 3% 0.519 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 28% 0.479 mg |
Folate (B9) | 15% 60 μg |
Vitamin B12 | 0% 0.00 μg |
Vitamin C | 1% 0.6 mg |
Copper | 106% 0.958 mg |
Iron | 20% 3.53 mg |
Magnesium | 72% 302 mg |
Manganese | 101% 2.313 mg |
Phosphorus | 46% 575 mg |
Potassium | 17% 507 mg |
Sodium | 0% 3 mg |
Zinc | 27% 2.97 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 2.77 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3] |
Canarium ovatum, the pili (
Description
The C. ovatum tree is a symmetrically shaped evergreen, averaging 20 m (66 ft) tall with resinous wood and resistance to strong winds. It is
The fruit of C. ovatum is a
Distribution and habitat
C. ovatum's distribution range is the Philippines.
C. ovatum is a tropical tree preferring deep, fertile, well drained
Most C. ovatum kernels tend to stick to the shell when fresh, but come off easily after being dried to 3–5% moisture (30 °C (86 °F) for 27 to 28 h). Shelled nuts, with a moisture content of 2.5–4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality.[7]
Cultivation and uses
In the Philippines, production centers are located in the Bicol region, provinces of Sorsogon, Albay, and Camarines Sur, southern Tagalog, and eastern Visayas.[8][9] The species is considered a flagship commodity of the Bicol region, the primary location of the pili nut trade.[9] There is almost no commercial planting of this crop; fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to Guam and Australia.
The young shoots and the fruit pulp are edible. The shoots are used in salads, and the pulp is eaten after it is boiled and seasoned. Boiled pili pulp resembles the sweet potato in texture; it is oily (about 12%) and is considered to have food value similar to the avocado. Pulp oil can be extracted and used for cooking or as a substitute for cottonseed oil in the manufacture of soap and edible products. The stony shells are excellent as fuel or as porous, inert growth media for orchids and anthurium.
The tree's sap is also used for igniting fire, substituting for gasoline. Fresh saps were gathered from slashed tree trunk or shallow cuts, then gathered before it dries up completely.
The most important product from pili is the kernel. A testa (seed coat) is between the shell and the kernel.[5] When raw, its flavor resembles that of roasted pumpkin seed, and when roasted, its nutty flavor and waxy texture make it similar to the pine nut.[10] Research from the Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines Los Baños, describes pili nuts of high quality as large, round kernel, and a thin pulp and shell. The contents should have a white pulp, high in protein and oils with mild nutty flavor.[11]
In the Philippines, pili is used in candies and brittle.[12]
As "Java almond" tree
Often called "Java almond", Canarium ovatum's fruit can be found bunched with other species of the same genus.[13][14][15] These can be: Canarium vulgare,[16] Canarium indicum[17] which are not cultivated in the Philippines. The nickname "Java almond" is a name casually given to the fruits of Canarium species members where their range includes maritime Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and Northern Australia.
Although they are grown as
In Indonesia and Malaysia, their "Java almond" is called kenari from Canarium vulgare and C. indicum trees (syn.: C. commune, C. amboinense).[22]
In Indonesia, especially in
The kernel is composed of about 70% fat, 11.5–13.9% protein, and 8% carbohydrate.[23] The light yellowish kernel oil is composed of about 44% oleic acid, 35% palmitic acid, 10% linoleic acid, and 10% stearic acid.[5] The java almond kernal mineral content is highest in potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium (in that order).[24] But high levels of phytic acid and tannic acid can prevent mineral absorption during digestion.[24]
Propagation
The pili nut tree can be propagated by seed,
Future prospects
The immediate concern in C. ovatum production is the difficulty of propagation. The lack of an effective clonal propagation method not only hampers the collection of superior
See also
- List of culinary nuts
- Canarium luzonicum, the elemi tree
References
- . Retrieved November 19, 2021.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- )
- ^ "Canarium ovatum Engl. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Chandler, W. H. 1958. Evergreen orchards. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.[page needed]
- ^ Coronel, R. E., J. C. Zuno, and R. C. Sotto. 1983. Promising fruits of the Philippines, p. 325–350. Univ. Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agr., Laguna.
- ^ "Organic Pili Nuts". Pili Nuts. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Chavez, Esther Misa (February 16, 2013). "Fancy that pili nut!". globalnation.inquirer.net. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ Bicol, Trade Winds (May 10, 2012). "The Pili Nut of Bicol, Philippines: "In a nutshell, it's perfect!"". Trade Winds Bicol. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ hdl:10125/54685.
- ^ Making Crispy Pili Nut candy the traditional Filipino way, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved February 20, 2020
- ^ "Pili or Galip Nuts - Kacang Kenari (Canarium índicum) (250g)". balijiwa. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ "Canarium vulgare Java Almond, Kenari Nut PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ "Definition of JAVA ALMOND". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ "Canarium vulgare Leenh. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ "Canarium indicum L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ Ronica Valdeavilla (October 2018). "Pili Nuts: Why This Delicious Philippine Superfood Can't Crack the Health Food Market".
- ^ "Canarium ovatum Pili Nut PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ "About Us". Philagrivest. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ "Sprouted Pili Nuts". Pili Hunters. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- ^ Van Steenis, C. G. G. J. (1958). Flora Malesiana, Series I: Spermatophyta. Vol. 5. Jakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff N.V.
- S2CID 83628873.
- ^ S2CID 104171127.
- ^ a b Coronel, R. E. (November 2000). Collection, propagation and conservation of indigenous fruits in the Philippines. In International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits 575 (pp. 211-219).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Coronel, R. E. (1994). History and current status of pili nut (Canarium ovatum) production in the Philippines. South Pacific Indigenous Nuts, 134.
- ^ a b Coronel, R. E. (1996). Pili nut, Canarium ovatum Engl (Vol. 6). Bioversity International.
Further reading
- Coronel, R. E.; Zuno, J. C. (1980). "Note: The correlation between some fruit characters of pili". Philippine Agriculturist. 63: 163–165.
- Coronel, R. E.; Zuno, J. C. (1980). "Note: Evaluation of fruit characters of some pili seedling trees in Calauan and Los Banos, Laguna". Philippine Agriculturist. 63: 166–173.
- Mohr, E.; Wichmann, G. (1987). "Cultivation of pili nut Canarium ovatum and the composition of fatty acids and triglycerides of the oil". Fett Wissenschaft Technologie. 89 (3): 128–129.
- Neal, M. C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Special Pub. Bishop Museum Press.
- Rosengarten, F. Jr. 1984. The book of edible nuts. Walker and Company, New York