Political positions of Marine Le Pen
Described as more democratic and republican than her nationalist father Jean-Marie Le Pen, the previous leader of the party, then named the National Front (French: Front National, pronounced [fʁɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]; FN), she has attempted to detoxify and soften the party's image. This has been done via reformulation of policy positions, and expulsion of members accused of racism, antisemitism, or Pétainism, including her father.[3][4][need quotation to verify] Marine Le Pen has also relaxed some political positions of the party, advocating for civil unions for same-sex couples instead of her party's previous opposition to legal recognition of same-sex partnerships, accepting unconditional abortion and withdrawing the death penalty from her platform.[5][6][7][8]
On economic policy, Le Pen favours
Le Pen is opposed to
Le Pen and the NF claim that
On foreign policy, Le Pen supports the establishment of a privileged partnership with Russia,[citation needed] and states that Ukraine has been "subjugated" by the United States.[34] She is strongly critical of NATO policy in the region, Eastern European anti-Russian sentiment,[34] and threats of economic sanctions.[23]
Economy and industry
Economic programme
Le Pen opposes free trade and autarky, and advocates protectionism as a middle way. She has compared the economy to a raging river, using this metaphor to say that free trade is like allowing the torrent to flow unchecked and autarky equivalent to the erection of a dam, whereas protectionism is installing a sluice gate.[9] [citation needed]
In 2010, she strongly criticized the pension plan proposed by the government of Nicolas Sarkozy.[35][36]
She paid tribute to the French economist Maurice Allais, who died on 9 October 2010.[37] A laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economics (1988), Allais had expressed reservations about the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the single European currency, free trade and globalization and the 2004 European Constitution.[38][39]
She favours the repeal of the 1973 Pompidou-Giscard Law, which makes it illegal for France to borrow at zero or a low rate of interest from the
She has expressed support for French public utilities,
During a press conference in June 2011, she called for the reintroduction of the
During her speech at the
In October 2011, she called for drastic reform of the banking sector, separating by law deposit banks from merchant banks. She said that "deposit banks should be rescued by temporary and partial nationalization". In her view, "the balance sheet of the banks should be the object of a transparency operation".[11]
In October 2011, she proposed seven measures to save €30 billion per year, in order to preserve France's AAA credit rating.[45] The biggest savings were to come from prevention of fraudulent welfare payments and the closing of tax loopholes (together €18.5 bn), reducing local spending (€4bn), and ceasing payments to the EU (€7bn).
Former president of the
In 2021, Le Pen said she wants to privatise public broadcasting and nationalise motorways.[51]
Agriculture and environment
In 2010, Le Pen said that after 2013, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) would be "unable to protect our farmers from speculators and savage global competition, or compensate for the excesses of the multinationals of the food processing industry and large-scale distributors" and would "remain wedged between the ultra-liberal and internationalist market logic of the European Commission and a future 'green' CAP, in reality serving the neo-capitalists of ecological business".[52]
At the Paris International Agricultural Show on 25 February 2011,[53] Le Pen denounced the CAP as an "unbearable bureaucracy" and called for it to be replaced with a "French agricultural policy". She also claimed that leaving the EU would allow 15 billion Euros to be allocated to the French agricultural sector.[16][54][55]
She claims that "internationalist organisations" such as the EU,
She advocates the implementation of the "autarky of big spaces"[58] and an "economy in concentric circles".[clarification needed] She said that it is an "ecological heresy to consume products grown 20,000 km away and recycle waste thousands km further". She claims that we should "produce to the closest", "distribute on the spot", "consume as a priority products of its region" and then "in the nearby region" if not produced on the spot. She would seek to implement "contracts of cooperation" for goods like coffee which are not produced in Europe.[58]
Energy and transport
Marine Le Pen is a frequent critic of sharp rises in energy prices,[59][60] such as gas,[13] gasoline,[61][62][63] and electricity,[64] which reduce the purchasing power of working and middle-class families.[61][62][63] She has blamed these rises on the liberalization of the European energy sector since 1996.[13][59][64]
She supports an immediate 20% reduction of the domestic tax on oil products (TIPP), a
After a deadly incident on 12 September 2011 in the Centraco nuclear installation on the Marcoule Nuclear Site, she said that the accident "illustrated the danger of this energy and the necessity to consider a progressive and well-thought-out exit from nuclear power". She added that the government "must secure the 58 French nuclear power plants and invest in research to process nuclear waste". She supports energy diversification in France, including research into hydrogen.[12]
She favours accompanied combined transport (ferroutage) and public transport.[58]
In October 2021, she stated that she supports the construction of new nuclear reactors, including small modular reactors.[65] She also said that she opposes subsidies to solar power and wind power,[66] claiming that they are "not renewable" and "intermittent".[65] She stated, "I will put a stop to all construction of new wind parks and I will launch a big project to dismantle them".[65]
Taxation
Le Pen has described corporate tax as "a crying injustice", claiming that the corporations of the CAC 40 pay 8% corporate tax whereas small offices/home offices, small and medium enterprises, craftsmen and shopkeepers pay 33.33%. She supports a corporate tax which varies according to the destination of profits: heavier when the profits benefit shareholders and lighter when the profits are used for profit sharing, salaries, employment and productive investment.[67]
European Union and globalization
European Union
Le Pen has blamed globalization,
She opposes the direct European tax favoured by the leaders of the European Parliament and European Commission, claiming that an indirect European tax already exists since France is a net annual contributor to the EU budget by up to 7 billion euros annually.[75]
She has described the Treaty of Lisbon as the "gravedigger of the independence and identity of European nations" and the "executioner of public utilities in the name of a cult of profitability and free competition – both mortal enemies of public interest".[21][41] In her view, the Treaty of Lisbon is identical to the European Constitution rejected by voters in referendums in France and in the Netherlands,[76] and therefore should not have been passed by the French parliament without another referendum.[77][78] She also criticised amendments made to the treaty by the EU leaders,[79] which she viewed as aimed at "solving the euro" and "forever eliminating the budgetary sovereignty of the states to institute a kind of supranational European monetary fund".[80]
She is opposed to the
Euro and eurozone
She is a vocal critic of the Euro and calls for France to leave the single currency, claiming that the adoption of the Euro caused prices to rise, and leaving the Euro would lead to an increase in purchasing power.[82] Citing economic data from Eurostat on annual average growth, unemployment, and GDP gap, Le Pen noted that "the European countries which did not join the euro have performed better than countries in the Eurozone for ten years".[82] Interviewed in October 2011 by Adam Boulton on Sky News, she cited the UK's relative stability as an example of how France's economy would not necessarily suffer from leaving the euro.[83]
She argues that France should leave the euro gradually, with a new conversion rate fixed to 1 euro = 1 franc, and should negotiate a "grouped departure" from the euro and eurozone, at the same time as other European countries experiencing economic problems due to the single currency.[84] After widespread criticism of her economic plans from the government and other commentators, she published a new document describing the successful departure of the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy from the European Monetary System (EMS) in September 1992.[85]
She asserted that a competitive devaluation (J curve)[85] would "quickly have a positive effect on employment and purchasing power, stimulating industry, international trade and enabling the fight against offshoring".[82] Quoting extracts from a book by French economist Alain Cotta, she claimed that devaluation of the franc would not bring about inflation.[82]
She predicts a "total economic federalization of the eurozone". In her view, this option "which is favoured by the European technostructure, presents all the features of a totalitarian utopia". She claims that a "monstrous superstructure, already named 'European Ministry of Finance', would opaquely decide our policies on education, health and security". In her view, "the federal headlong rush also supposes a massive financial transfer of our countries towards Southern and Eastern Europe, to the detriment of the most vulnerable French people".[86]
Opposing successive bailout plans, she expressed regret that "the contributing countries, France in particular, throw in the hole of European debt billions which worsen their deficits and bring them closer to the eye of the cyclone".[86] In her view, "the hundred of billions paid did not produce any result, will not solve any problem, will not rescue a eurozone already in bankruptcy" and increased France's debt, already substantially increased during Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency. Fearing further debt for France, she opposed any new bailout plan for struggling Eurozone members.[87]
She claimed that despite the expansion of powers for the
It was reported in May 2019 that Le Pen no longer wants France to leave the euro currency. It was reported that she instead wants to reform the EU through policies such as abolishing the unelected European Commission to transform the union in what she calls "a union of national states".[19]
Geopolitics and intergovernmental organizations
Interviewed in October 2011 by
In May 2011, she claimed that the "old institutions" such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) were "expired", and advocated the replacement of the WTO by an 'International Trade Organization', founded on the principles of protectionism, and support for small and medium enterprises.[24][25]
She has described the IMF as "an infernal machine at the service of the ultraliberal ideology" and "an extremely harmful institution", arguing that the IMF's structural adjustment plans "systematically result in privatization of public utilities, dismantling of the state, a drop in salaries and pensions, and removal of protections at borders". She expressed the view that "citizens are always the first victims of the IMF", using the examples of
Immigration
Illegal immigration
In July 2011, she wrote an open letter to policemen, gendarmes and customs officers regarding illegal immigration,[31] criticizing the "passivity and inactivity" of the UMP government and its "blind submissiveness to very questionable European injunctions". Denouncing a "sharp fall in deportations since the beginning of 2011 after a decrease of almost 5% in 2010", she claimed that "most of the detention centres are almost empty in 2011", and called for the deportation of all illegal immigrants in France to their country of origin.[31] Le Pen supports repealing the law allowing the regularization of illegal immigrants.[30]
She calls for a "radical change of politics in order to drastically reduce upstream the influx of illegal immigrants towards France", meaning cutting the "suction pumps" of illegal immigration, such as the aide médicale d'Ėtat (AME), which grants free medical care to illegal immigrants.[31] Describing the AME as a "state scandal" and a "financial black hole for the French social security system", she promised to repeal the AME if elected.[15][31] She accused Nicolas Sarkozy of imposing health-care immigration on the French people.[15]
In February 2011, she predicted that in the wake of the Arab Spring, Europe and particularly France would experience a surge in illegal immigration, and criticised the EU's "tragic helplessness to respond to this new migratory challenge" and inability to control numbers of migrants.[96]
Le Pen travelled to
Le Pen called for France to withdraw from the Schengen Area and reinstate border controls, accusing the UMP government of covering up its inaction and deceiving the public.[32][33] She criticised a technical adjustment to the Schengen Agreement proposed by Nicolas Sarkozy and Silvio Berlusconi during a French-Italian summit on 26 April 2011, saying it would not achieve anything, and that only withdrawal from the Schengen Area would be sufficient to stop immigration.[103] She claims that traffickers and smuggling networks "thrive when a country does not control its borders".[31]
Le Pen blamed the 2017 social unrest in French Guiana on illegal immigration.[104]
Legal immigration
Marine Le Pen has called for a moratorium on legal immigration.[29][105] In a press conference on 21 February 2011, she released alternative figures for 2010 immigration, based on data she said had been transmitted by officials of the Minister of the Interior, commented on the welfare benefits to which legal and illegal immigrants are entitled, and announced some proposals based on measures implemented in the UK and the Netherlands.[106] In July 2011, she criticised the UMP government for allocating 203,000 residence permits in 2010, an increase since 2000.[31]
Le Pen expressed her approval at the results of a
Interviewed by The Daily Telegraph in 2010, she praised David Cameron's pledge to cut net annual immigration to UK from around 200,000 to "tens of thousands".[108] In February 2011, after Cameron expressed a rejection of multiculturalism during a speech at the Munich Security Conference,[109] Le Pen congratulated him again for what she claimed was an endorsement of the FN's views on the failure of multiculturalism and immigration.[27]
Citizenship and nationality
Le Pen has argued that citizenship is indivisible from nationality and rests on the equality of all people before the law; the latter should preclude preferential treatment based on the membership of a social, ethnic or religious category.[110] As a result, she opposes affirmative action in favour of "republican meritocracy".[110][111][112]
She has said that
She favours stripping of French nationality for foreign nationals who break the law in France, and deportation to their country of origin for foreigners committing serious crimes and offences in France.[29] She favours a 'French first' policy with regard to employment, welfare and accommodation.[29][105]
Communitarianism and secularism
Emphasising that the FN is a non-denominational party, Le Pen regularly states her commitment to
She supports a ban on any communitarian or religious requirements in schools, and an amendment to the Constitution stating that the French republic does not recognize any community (denominations and ethnic groups).[29][116] She is opposed to the financing of mosques with public funds, and would also prohibit their financing from foreign assets.[29][115][116] She considers the construction, maintenance and funding of places of worship to be a matter for groups of worshippers operating within a regulated framework.[29][110] She has called for the "separation of the mosque and the state" and opposes the training of Imams by the French republic.[116]
Le Pen congratulated the Swiss people following the
In February 2010, Le Pen criticised the fast food chain
In an interviewed with Dutch station
Social issues
Marine Le Pen supports abortion remaining legal, and opposes attempts to abolish public subsidies for abortion. However, she has commented that abortion is a serious moral issue that she feels is too often regarded as trivial by French society.[citation needed] Le Pen's support for liberal abortion laws has drawn her into conflict with her niece, Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, who is more actively opposed to abortion.[121]
Le Pen opposes the repeal of the 1975 Veil Law (French: Loi Veil). She claims that an unfavourable socio-economic background is a determining factor for the majority of women who have had an abortion. Consequently, she has called for a policy more conducive to the nurturing and raising of children. She also favours policies aimed at increasing the birth rate.[122]
She is strictly opposed to euthanasia.[123]
Her party's 2017 program stated being in favor of civil unions for same-sex couples. During the debate on same-sex marriage, the FN was neutral and allowed its members to have their own stance, contrary to the other major right-wing party, the UMP, that was opposed.[124]
She supported a referendum on whether to reinstate capital punishment in France, which was abolished in 1981, until 2017.[125] However, she rescinded the party's traditional support for the death penalty with her February 2017 campaign launch, instead announcing a policy of life imprisonment for the most serious crimes.[126]
In 2022, she again repeated her support for a referendum on whether to reinstate capital punishment in France.[127][128]
National politics and overseas
In a press conference at the NF's headquarters to mark the 70th anniversary of the
She has emphasised her commitment to France's territorial sovereignty, including
In a speech at the FN congress in
In April 2011, she wrote a letter to all the prefects of France,[133] denouncing "the weakening of the state", "the discouragement of its personnel" and "the ineffectiveness of its governance". She argued that the history of France indicated that as soon as there is a gap in the state, the local baronies reconstruct. She proposed a policy of re-establishment of the state which she said would rely on high-ranking civil servants.[134]
Mayotte
After
New Caledonia
In June 2010, Le Pen strongly opposed the recognition of the
In February 2011, she again claimed that "the controversial solution of the two flags, contrary to the Nouméa Accord, which was supported by the Prime Minister François Fillon, is an additional proof of the will of the government and Nicolas Sarkozy to want to get rid of a part of France".[137]
International politics
Europe
Le Pen has described the Front National as a "patriotic" party with more in common with the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and its "opposition to the totalitarian character of the EU and its desire to remove people's sovereignty" than with the British National Party (BNP).[108]
On 8 June 2011, Marine Le Pen and Heinz-Christian Strache, the leader of the Freedom Party of Austria, held a joint press conference in the European Parliament about "globalization, migration and economic threats in the EU",[138] aimed at strengthening the ties between their organisations and also with other eurosceptic parties.[139]
In a statement on 20 July 2011, Le Pen wrote that if Belgium split due to Flanders declaring independence, "the French republic would do well to welcome Wallonia to its heart", adding that "on this eve of the Belgian National Day, it is nevertheless the responsibility of France and the French to extend a hand to the Walloons", and that "the historic and fraternal links that unite our two people are too strong for France to abandon the Walloons". She suggested any such plan to become part of France should be agreed by a referendum in both countries.[140][141][142]
In a statement about the
In October 2011, after her resignation from the Alliance of European National Movements (AENM), she joined the European Alliance for Freedom (EAF), a Pan-European national sovereignty platform created in late 2010.[144]
Russia and Ukraine
Le Pen is in favour of a privileged partnership with Russia.[citation needed] Interviewed by Kommersant, she said "the process of demonization of Russia is taking place at the level of the EU leadership and on the wishes of the US, which is trying to create a unipolar world." Interviewed about democracy in Russia and Vladimir Putin, she replied: "We also do not have an ideal democracy in France and, therefore, do not have the right to give Russia lessons in democracy. But I openly admit that, to some extent, I admire Vladimir Putin. He makes mistakes, but who doesn’t? The situation in Russia is complicated, and one cannot expect all the problems stemming from the collapse of the Soviet Union to be quickly resolved – they require time. I think that Vladimir Putin has principles and a vision of the future that is necessary to ensure Russia's prosperity, which it deserves".[93]
The National Front claims that
North Africa, Middle East and Asia
In October 2011, she denounced a "wave of violence" in Tunisia and "numerous deadly attacks" perpetrated against the Copt minority in Egypt. She claimed that "the revolutions in Maghreb, which were led in the name of freedom and human rights, turned into a democratic fiasco and the eruption of violent Islamist movements". In her view, "these violent attacks illustrate the extreme fragility of the democratic processes in countries faced with the growing influence of radical Islamist movements and the threats that hang over individual freedom". She also "expressed deepest concern faced with the possibility of seeing Islamist dictatorships rising up on Europe's doorstep".[149]
About the
Interviewed by the
In a statement about the
She has repeatedly urged that France should promptly withdraw its
Africa
Marine Le Pen claims that "while Africa struggles to find the ways of growth and thus future prosperity, while starvation or disease decimate millions of innocent souls, while skillfully maintained conflicts discourage the most dynamic and talented African elites, French-African relations are marred by an unforgivable misdemeanour: corruption". She argues for "a dialogue with Africa in line with our common history and our mutual interests" and the implementation of "a real partnership which enables a harmonious development of the African continent". She said that "the only reasonable way lies in a close relationship between the European and African continents, because development of the African continent will break the migratory stranglehold which threatens us and enable the two continents to live their own identities in peace, security and prosperity".[156]
She stated that only diplomacy,
In parliamentary questions addressed to the European Commission,
On 12 September 2011, she strongly criticised the decision of Nicolas Sarkozy to receive Rwandan president Paul Kagame. She said that welcoming Kagame, "whose regime is accused in a United Nations report of 'crimes against humanity' against civilian populations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sarkozy once more demonstrated his contempt for law and justice". She also claimed, that in agreeing to receive Kagame in Paris, he had "sullied the reputation of the French army outrageously accused by Kigali of having taken part in the Rwandan genocide".[161]
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