Richard Francis Burton
British consul in Trieste | |
---|---|
Personal details | |
Born | Torquay, Devon, England | 19 March 1821
Died | 20 October 1890 Trieste, Austria-Hungary | (aged 69)
Spouse | |
Alma mater | Trinity College, Oxford (1840–1842) |
Signature | |
Nickname | Ruffian Dick |
Military service | |
Allegiance | British Empire |
Branch/service | Bombay Army |
Years of service | 1842–1861 |
Rank | Captain |
Battles/wars | Crimean War |
Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George and Crimea Medal |
Writing career | |
Pen name |
|
Notable works |
|
Sir Richard Francis Burton
Burton's best-known achievements include: a well-documented journey to
His works and letters extensively criticised colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career. Although he aborted his university studies, he became a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects including
Burton was a captain in the army of the
Biography
Early life and education (1821–1841)
Burton was born in
Burton's family travelled extensively during his childhood and employed various tutors to educate him. In 1825, they moved to
Burton matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 19 November 1840. Before getting a room at the college, he lived for a short time in the house of William Alexander Greenhill, then doctor at the Radcliffe Infirmary. Here, he met John Henry Newman, whose churchwarden was Greenhill. Despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burton's moustache. Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic; he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing. In April 1842, he attended a steeplechase in deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently dared to tell the college authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events. Hoping to be merely "rusticated"—that is, suspended with the possibility of reinstatement, the punishment received by some less provocative students who had also visited the steeplechase—he was instead permanently expelled from Trinity College.[12]
According to
Army career (1842–1853)
In his own words, "fit for nothing but to be shot at for six pence a day",
According to Ed Rice, "Burton now regarded the seven years in India as time wasted." Yet, "He had already passed the official examinations in six languages and was studying two more and was eminently qualified." His religious experiences were varied, including attending Catholic services, becoming a Nāgar Brāhmin, adopting
First explorations and journey to Mecca (1851–53)
Burton's pilgrimage to
Motivated by his love of adventure, Burton got the approval of the
Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the Hajj (Ludovico di Varthema did this in 1503 and Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1815),[22] his pilgrimage is the most famous and the best documented of the time. He adopted various disguises including that of a Pashtun to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to demonstrate an understanding of intricate Islamic traditions, and a familiarity with the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was dangerous, and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the time). As he put it, though "... neither Koran or Sultan enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever".[23] The pilgrimage entitled him to the title of Hajji and to wear the green head wrap. Burton's own account of his journey is given in A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah.[24][13]: 179–225
Burton sat for the examination as an Arab linguist. The examiner was
Early explorations (1854–55)
In May 1854, Burton travelled to Aden in preparation for his Somaliland Expedition, supported by the Royal Geographical Society. Other members included G.E. Herne, William Stroyan, and John Hanning Speke. Burton undertook the expedition to Harar, Speke investigated the Wady Nogal, while Herne and Stroyan stayed on at Berbera. According to Burton, "A tradition exists that with the entrance of the first [white] Christian, Harar will fall." With Burton's entry, the "Guardian Spell" was broken.[13]: 219–220, 227–264
This Somaliland Expedition lasted from 29 October 1854 to 9 February 1855, with much of the time spent in the port of Zeila, where Burton was a guest of the town's Governor al-Haji Sharmakay bin Ali Salih. Burton, "assuming the disguise of an Arab merchant" called Hajji Mirza Abdullah, awaited word that the road to Harar was safe. On 29 December, Burton met with Gerard Adan in the village of Sagharrah, when Burton openly proclaimed himself an English officer with a letter for the Amīr of Harar. On 3 January 1855, Burton made it to Harar, and was graciously met by the Amir. Burton stayed in the city for ten days, officially a guest of the Amir but in reality his prisoner. The journey back was plagued by lack of supplies, and Burton wrote that he would have died of thirst had he not seen desert birds and realized they would be near water. Burton made it back to Berbera on 31 January 1855.[26][13]: 238–256
Following this adventure, Burton prepared to set out in search of the source of the Nile, accompanied by Lieutenant Speke, Lieutenant G. E. Herne and Lieutenant William Stroyan and a number of Africans employed as bearers and expedition guides. The schooner
After recovering from his wounds in London, Burton travelled to Constantinople during the Crimean War, seeking a commission. He received one from General W.F. Beatson, as the chief of staff for "Beatson's Horse", popularly called the Bashi-bazouks, and based in Gallipoli. Burton returned after an incident which disgraced Beatson, and implicated Burton as the instigator of a "mutiny", damaging his reputation.[13]: 265–271
Exploring the African Great Lakes (1856–1860)
In 1856, the Royal Geographical Society funded another expedition for Burton and Speke, "and exploration of the then utterly unknown
The expedition arrived at Lake Tanganyika on 13 February 1858. Burton was awestruck by the sight of the magnificent lake, but Speke, who had been temporarily blinded, was unable to see the body of water. By this point much of their surveying equipment was lost, ruined, or stolen, and they were unable to complete surveys of the area as well as they wished. Burton was again taken ill on the return journey; Speke continued exploring without him, making a journey to the north and eventually locating the great Lake Victoria, or Victoria Nyanza, on 3 August. Lacking supplies and proper instruments, Speke was unable to survey the area properly but was privately convinced that it was the long-sought source of the Nile. Burton's description of the journey is given in Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa (1860). Speke gave his own account in The Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863).[30][13]: 298–312, 491–492, 500
Burton and Speke made it back to Zanzibar on 4 March 1859, and left on 22 March for Aden. Speke immediately boarded HMS Furious for London, where he gave lectures, and was awarded a second expedition by the Society. Burton arrived London on 21 May, discovering "My companion now stood forth in his new colours, and angry rival." Speke additionally published What Led to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (1863), while Burton's Zanzibar; City, Island, and Coast was eventually published in 1872.[13]: 307, 311–315, 491–492, 500
Burton then departed on a trip to the United States in April 1860, eventually making it to Salt Lake City on 25 August. There he studied Mormonism and met Brigham Young. Burton departed San Francisco on 15 November, for the voyage back to England, where he published The City of the Saints and Across the Rocky Mountains to California.[13]: 332–339, 492
Burton and Speke
A prolonged public quarrel followed, damaging the reputations of both Burton and Speke. Some biographers have suggested that friends of Speke (particularly
Speke had earlier proven his mettle by trekking through the mountains of
The two men travelled home separately. Speke returned to London first and presented a lecture at the Royal Geographical Society, claiming Lake Victoria as the source of the Nile. According to Burton, Speke broke an agreement they had made to give their first public speech together. Apart from Burton's word, there is no proof that such an agreement existed, and most modern researchers doubt that it did. Tim Jeal, evaluating the written evidence, says the odds are "heavily against Speke having made a pledge to his former leader".[36]
Speke undertook a second expedition, along with Captain James Grant and Sidi Mubarak Bombay, to prove that Lake Victoria was the true source of the Nile. Speke, in light of the issues he was having with Burton, had Grant sign a statement saying, among other things, "I renounce all my rights to publishing ... my own account [of the expedition] until approved of by Captain Speke or [the Royal Geographical Society]".[37]
On 16 September 1864, Burton and Speke were scheduled to debate the source of the Nile at a meeting of the
Diplomatic service and scholarship (1861–1890)
On 22 January 1861, Burton and Isabel Arundel married in a quiet Catholic ceremony although he did not adopt the Catholic faith at this time. Shortly after this, the couple were forced to spend some time apart when he formally entered the
The couple were reunited in 1865 when Burton was transferred to
In 1868 and 1869, he made two visits to the war zone of the Paraguayan War, which he described in his Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay (1870).[41]
In 1868, he was appointed as the British consul in
In Damascus, Burton made friends with
However, the area was in some turmoil at the time with considerable tensions between the Christian, Jewish and Muslim populations. Burton did his best to keep the peace and resolve the situation, but this sometimes led him into trouble. On one occasion, he claims to have escaped an attack by hundreds of armed horsemen and camel riders sent by Mohammed Rashid Pasha, the Governor of Syria. He wrote, "I have never been so flattered in my life than to think it would take three hundred men to kill me."[43] Burton eventually suffered the enmity of the Greek Christian and Jewish communities. Then, his involvement with the Sházlis, a Sufi Muslim order among whom was a group that Burton called "Secret Christians longing for baptism," which Isabel called "his ruin." He was recalled in August 1871, prompting him to send a telegram to Isabel: "I am recalled. Pay, pack, and follow at convenience."[13]: 412–415
Burton was reassigned in 1872 to the port city of Trieste in Austria-Hungary.[44] A "broken man", Burton was never particularly content with this post, but it required little work, was far less dangerous than Damascus (as well as less exciting), and allowed him the freedom to write and travel.[45]
In 1863, Burton co-founded the
He wrote a number of travel books in this period that were not particularly well received. His best-known contributions to literature were those considered risqué or even pornographic at the time, which were published under the auspices of the Kama Shastra society. These books include The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana (1883) (popularly known as the
Published in this period but composed on his return journey from Mecca,
Other works of note include a collection of Hindu tales,
Death
Burton died in Trieste early on the morning of 20 October 1890 of a heart attack. His wife Isabel persuaded a priest to perform the last rites, although Burton was not a Catholic, and this action later caused a rift between Isabel and some of Burton's friends. It has been suggested that the death occurred very late on 19 October and that Burton was already dead by the time the last rites were administered. On his religious views, Burton called himself an atheist, stating he was raised in the Church of England which he said was "officially (his) church".[49]
Isabel never recovered from the loss. After his death she burned many of her husband's papers, including journals and a planned new translation of The Perfumed Garden to be called The Scented Garden, for which she had been offered six thousand guineas and which she regarded as his "magnum opus". She believed she was acting to protect her husband's reputation, and that she had been instructed to burn the manuscript of The Scented Garden by his spirit, but her actions were controversial.[50] However, a substantial quantity of his written materials have survived, and are held by the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, including 21 boxes of his manuscripts, 24 boxes of correspondence, and other material.[51]
Isabel wrote a biography in praise of her husband.[52]
The couple are buried in
Kama Shastra Society
Burton had long had an interest in sexuality and some erotic literature. However, the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 had resulted in many jail sentences for publishers, with prosecutions being brought by the Society for the Suppression of Vice. Burton referred to the society and those who shared its views as Mrs Grundy. A way around this was the private circulation of books amongst the members of a society. For this reason Burton, together with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot, created the Kama Shastra Society to print and circulate books that would be illegal to publish in public.[59]
One of the most celebrated of all his books is his translation of
Perhaps Burton's best-known book is his translation of The Kama Sutra. It is untrue that he was the translator since the original manuscript was in ancient Sanskrit, which he could not read. However, he collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on the work and provided translations from other manuscripts of later translations. The Kama Shastra Society first printed the book in 1883 and numerous editions of the Burton translation are in print to this day.[59]
His English translation from a French edition of the Arabic erotic guide
By the end of his life, Burton had mastered at least 26 languages – or 40, if distinct dialects are counted.[62]
1. English
2. French
3. Occitan (Gascon/Béarnese dialect)
4. Italian5. Romani
6. Latin
7. Greek
8. Saraiki
9. Hindustani
- a. Urdu
10. Sindhi
11. Marathi
12. Arabic
13. Persian (Farsi)
14.Pushtu
15. Sanskrit
16. Portuguese
17. Spanish
18. German
19. Icelandic
20. Swahili
21. Amharic
22. Fan
23. Egba
24. Asante
25. Hebrew
26. Aramaic
27. Many other West African & Indian dialects
Scandals
Burton's writings are unusually open and frank about his interest in sex and sexuality. His travel writing is often full of details about the sexual lives of the inhabitants of areas he travelled through. Burton's interest in sexuality led him to make measurements of the lengths of the penises of male inhabitants of various regions, which he includes in his travel books. He also describes sexual techniques common in the regions he visited, often hinting that he had participated, hence breaking both sexual and racial taboos of his day. Many people at the time considered the Kama Shastra Society and the books it published scandalous.[63]
Biographers disagree on whether or not Burton ever experienced homosexual sex (he never directly acknowledges it in his writing). Rumours began in his army days when Charles James Napier requested that Burton go undercover to investigate a male brothel reputed to be frequented by British soldiers. It has been suggested that Burton's detailed report on the workings of the brothel led some to believe he had been a customer.[64] There is no documentary evidence that such a report was written or submitted, nor that Napier ordered such research by Burton, and it has been argued that this is one of Burton's embellishments.[65]
A story that haunted Burton up to his death (recounted in some of his obituaries) was that, during his journey to Mecca disguised as a Muslim, he came close to being discovered one night when he lifted his robe to urinate rather than squatting as an Arab would. It was said that he was seen by an Arab and, to avoid exposure, killed him. Burton denied this, pointing out that killing the boy would almost certainly have led to his being discovered as an impostor. Burton became so tired of denying this accusation that he took to baiting his accusers, although he was said to enjoy the notoriety and even once laughingly claimed to have done it.[66][67] A doctor once asked him: "How do you feel when you have killed a man?", Burton retorted: "Quite jolly, what about you?". When asked by a priest about the same incident Burton is said to have replied: "Sir, I'm proud to say I have committed every sin in the Decalogue."[68] Stanley Lane-Poole, a Burton detractor, reported that Burton "confessed rather shamefacedly that he had never killed anybody at any time."[67]
These allegations coupled with Burton's often irascible nature were said to have harmed his career and may explain why he was not promoted further, either in army life or in the diplomatic service. As an obituary described: "...he was ill fitted to run in official harness, and he had a Byronic love of shocking people, of telling tales against himself that had no foundation in fact."[69] Ouida reported: "Men at the FO [Foreign Office] ... used to hint dark horrors about Burton, and certainly justly or unjustly he was disliked, feared and suspected ... not for what he had done, but for what he was believed capable of doing."[70]
Sotadic Zone
Burton theorized about the existence of a Sotadic Zone in the closing essay of his English translation of
Burton first advanced his Sotadic Zone concept in the "Terminal Essay",
In popular culture
Fiction
- In the short story "The Aleph" (1945) by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, a manuscript by Burton is discovered in a library. The manuscript contains a description of a mirror in which the whole universe is reflected.
- The Riverworld series of science fiction novels (1971–83) by Philip José Farmer has a fictional and resurrected Burton as a primary character.
- William Harrison's Burton and Speke is a 1984 novel about the two friends/rivals.[75]
- The World Is Made of Glass: A Novel by Morris West[76] tells the story of Magda Liliane Kardoss von Gamsfeld in consultation with Carl Gustav Jung; Burton is mentioned on pp. 254–7 and again on p. 392.
- Der WeltensammlerIliya Troyanovis a fictional reconstruction of three periods of Burton's life, focusing on his time in India, his pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, and his explorations with Speke.
- Burton is the main character in the "Burton and Swinburne" Spring-Heeled Jack, with a complex constitutional revision making Albert King in her place.
- Though not one of the primary characters in the series, Burton plays an important historical role in the Area 51 series of books by Bob Mayer (written under the pen name Robert Doherty).
- Burton and his partner Speke are recurrently mentioned in one of Voyages Extraordinaires, the 1863 novel Five Weeks in a Balloon, as the voyages of Kennedy and Ferguson are attempting to link their expeditions with those of Heinrich Barthin west Africa.
- In the novel The Bookman's Promise (2004) by John Dunning, the protagonist buys a signed copy of a rare Burton book, and from there Burton and his work are major elements of the story. A section of the novel also fictionalizes a portion of Burton's life in the form of recollections of one of the characters.
- Burton and Speke appear as characters in the historical novel “The Romantic” by William Boyd (2022).
Drama
- In the BBC mini-series The Search for the Nile (1971), Burton is portrayed by actor Kenneth Haigh.
- The film Mountains of the Moon (1990) (starring Patrick Bergin as Burton) relates the story of the Burton-Speke exploration and subsequent controversy over the source of the Nile. The script was based on Harrison's novel.
- In the Canadian film Zero Patience (1993), Burton is portrayed by John Robinson as having had "an unfortunate encounter" with the Fountain of Youth and is living in present-day Toronto. Upon discovering the ghost of the famous Patient Zero, Burton attempts to exhibit the finding at his Hall of Contagion at the Museum of Natural History.
- In the American TV show The Sentinel, a monograph by Sir Richard Francis Burton is found by one of the main characters, Blair Sandburg, and is the origins for his concept of Sentinels and their roles in their respective tribes.
Film documentaries
- In The Victorian Sex Explorer, Rupert Everett documents Burton's travels. Part of the Channel Four (UK) 'Victorian Passions' season. First Broadcast on 9 June 2008.
Chronology
Works and correspondence
Burton published over 40 books and countless articles, monographs and letters. A great number of his journal and magazine pieces have never been catalogued. Over 200 of these have been collected in PDF facsimile format at burtoniana.org.[78]
Brief selections from a variety of Burton's writings are available in Frank McLynn's Of No Country: An Anthology of Richard Burton (1990; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons).
See also
References
Citations
- S2CID 239794503.
- ISBN 9780761422228.
- ^ Burton, I.; Wilkins, W. H. (1897). The Romance of Isabel Lady Burton. The Story of Her Life. New York: Dodd Mead & Company. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ a b c Paxman, Jeremy (1 May 2015). "Richard Burton, Victorian explorer". www.ft.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Historic Figures: Sir Richard Burton". BBC. Retrieved 7 April 2017
- ^ Lovell, p. 1.
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 1, p. 37 .
- ISBN 978-0-7129-0475-9. Archived from the originalon 28 September 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 1, p. 38 .
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 1, p. 52 .
- ^ a b Burton, R. F. (1911). "Chapter VIII". The Kasîdah of Hâjî Abdû El-Yezdî (Eight ed.). Portland: Thomas B. Mosher. pp. 44–51.
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 1, p. 81 .
- ^ ISBN 978-0684191379.
- ^ Falconry in the Valley of the Indus, Richard F. Burton (John Van Voorst 1852) page 93.
- ISBN 9781843317692. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
- ^ Burton (1893), Vol. 1, p. 123.
- ^ Rice, Edward. Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton (1991). p. 83.
- ^ In 1852, a letter from Burton was published in The Zoist: "Remarks upon a form of Sub-mesmerism, popularly called Electro-Biology, now practised in Scinde and other Eastern Countries", The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare, Vol.10, No.38, (July 1852), pp.177–181.
- ^ Lovell, p. 58.
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 1, pp. 119–120 .
- ISBN 9780812247619– via Google Books.
- ^ Leigh Rayment. "Ludovico di Varthema". Discoverers Web. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ Selected Papers on Anthropology, Travel, and Exploration by Richard Burton, edited by Norman M. Penzer (London, A. M. Philpot 1924) p. 30.
- ^ Burton, R. F. (1855). A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. London: Tylston and Edwards.
- ^ Lovell, pp. 156–157.
- ^ Burton, R., Speke, J. H., Barker, W. C. (1856). First footsteps in East Africa or, An Exploration of Harar. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ In last of a series of dispatches from Mogadishu, Daniel Howden reports on the artists fighting to keep a tradition alive, The Independent, dated Thursday, 2 December 2010.
- ^ Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa (1st ed.). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 449–458.
- ^ Moorehead, Alan (1960). The White Nile. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. 16–17.
- ^ Speke, John Hanning. "The Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile". wollamshram.ca. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
- ^ Carnochan, pp. 77–78 cites Isabel Burton and Alexander Maitland
- ^ Jeal, p. 121.
- ^ Jeal, p. 322.
- ^ Kennedy, p. 135.
- ^ Jeal, pp. 129, 156–166.
- ^ Jeal, p. 111.
- ^ Lovell, p. 341.
- ^ Kennedy, p. 123.
- ^ Richard Francis Burton, Two Trips to Gorilla Land and the Cataracts of the Congo, 2 vols. (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low & Searle, 1876).
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 1, p. 200 .
- ^ Letters from the Battlefields of Paraguay, the Preface.
- ^ "No. 23447". The London Gazette. 4 December 1868. p. 6460.
- ^ Burton (1893), Vol. 1, p. 517.
- ^ "No. 23889". The London Gazette. 20 September 1872. p. 4075. [dead link]
- ISBN 9781465550132– via Google Books.
- ^ "No. 25559". The London Gazette. 16 February 1886. p. 743.
- ^ The Sufis by Idries Shah (1964) p. 249ff
- ^ The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi. 1880.
- ^ Wright (1906) "Some three months before Sir Richard's death," writes Mr. P. P. Cautley, the Vice-Consul at Trieste, to me, "I was seated at Sir Richard's tea table with our clergy man, and the talk turning on religion, Sir Richard declared, 'I am an atheist, but I was brought up in the Church of England, and that is officially my church.'"
- ^ Wright (1906), vol. 2, pp. 252–254 .
- ^ "Sir Richard Francis Burton papers, 1846-2003 (bulk 1846-1939)". Huntington Library. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ Burton (1893)
- ISBN 978-0140710472.
- ^ Burton, Isabel (10 December 1890). "Sir Richard Burton". Morning Post. p. 2 – via British Library Newspapers.
- ^ Boyes, Valerie & Wintersinger, Natascha (2014). Encountering the Uncharted and Back – Three Explorers: Ball, Vancouver and Burton. Museum of Richmond. pp. 9–10.
- ^ De Novellis, Mark. "More about Richmond upon Thames Borough Art Collection". Art UK. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ "What am I?". Orleans House Gallery. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Randall, T.K. (20 October 2018). "Ancient talisman inscription remains a mystery". Unexplained mysteries: Archaeology & History. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ a b Ben Grant, "Translating/'The' “Kama Sutra”", Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3, Connecting Cultures (2005), 509–516
- ^ Pagan Press (1982–2012). "Sir Richard Francis Burton Explorer of the Sotadic Zone". Pagan Press. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ The Romance of Lady Isabel Burton (chapter 38) by Isabel Burton (1897) (URL accessed 12 June 2006)
- ^ McLynn, Frank (1990), Of No Country: An Anthology of the Works of Sir Richard Burton, Scribner's, pp. 5–6.
- OCLC 647823711.
- ISBN 0-89281-441-1, p. 14.
- ^ Godsall, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Lovell, pp. 185–186.
- ^ ISBN 978-0306810282.
- ^ Brodie, Fawn M. (1967). The Devil Drives: A Life of Sir Richard Burton, W.W. Norton & Company Inc.: New York 1967, p. 3.
- ^ Obituary in Athenaeum No. 3287, 25 October 1890, p. 547.
- ^ Richard Burton by Ouida, article appearing in the Fortnightly Review June (1906) quoted by Lovell
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-60059-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7890-1602-7.
- ^ (§1., D)
- The Book of the Thousand Nights and A Night. s.l.: Burton Society (Private printing). 1886.
- ISBN 978-0-312-10873-1.
- ISBN 0-340-34710-4.
- ^ 2006, translated as The Collector of Worlds [2008].
- ^ "Shorter Works by Richard Francis Burton".
Sources
- Cust, R.N. (1895). "Sir Richard Burton". Linguistic and oriental essays: written from the year 1861 to 1895. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 80–82.
- ISBN 978-0-907871-23-1.
- Chapman and Hall.
- Carnochan, W.B. (2006). The Sad Story of Burton, Speke, and the Nile; or, Was John Hanning Speke a Cad: Looking at the Evidence. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-8047-5325-8.
- Kennedy, Dane (2005). The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01862-4.
- Edwardes, Allen (1963). Death Rides a Camel. New York: The Julian Press.
- ISBN 978-0-14-012068-4.
- Godsall, Jon R (2008). The Tangled Web – A life of Sir Richard Burton. London: Matador Books. ISBN 978-1906510-428.
- Hitchman, Francis (1887), Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G.: His Early, Private and Public Life with an Account of his Travels and Explorations, Two volumes; London: Sampson and Low.
- ISBN 978-0-300-14935-7.
- ISBN 978-0-393-04672-4.
- McDow, Thomas F. 'Trafficking in Persianness: Richard Burton between mimicry and similitude in the Indian Ocean and Persianate worlds'. ISSN 1089-201X
- ISBN 978-0-7126-3789-3.
- McLynn, Frank (1993). Burton: Snow on the Desert. London: ISBN 978-0-7195-4818-5.
- Newman, James L. (2009), Paths without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa, Potomac Books, Dulles, Virginia; ISBN 978-1-59797-287-1.
- ISBN 978-0-06-095639-4.
- ISBN 978-0-00-200019-2.
- Ondaatje, Christopher (1996). Sindh Revisited: A Journey in the Footsteps of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton. Toronto: ISBN 978-1-59048-221-6.
- Rice, Edward (1990). Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: The Secret Agent Who Made the Pilgrimage to Makkah, Discovered the Kama Sutra, and Brought the Arabian Nights to the West. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
- Seigel, Jerrold (2016). Between Cultures: Europe and Its Others in Five Exemplary Lives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4761-9.
- Sparrow-Niang, Jane (2014). Bath and the Nile Explorers: In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Burton and Speke's encounter in Bath, September 1864, and their 'Nile Duel' which never happened. Bath: ISBN 978-0-9544941-6-2
- Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2008). "Cartographical Quandaries: The Limits of Knowledge Production in Burton's and Speke's Search for the Source of the Nile". History in Africa. 35: 455–79. S2CID 162871275.
- Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Charting the Frontier: Indigenous Geography, Arab-Nyamwezi Caravans, and the East African Expedition of 1856–59". Victorian Studies 51.1 (Aut.): 103–37.
- Wright, Thomas (1906). The Life of Sir Richard Burton. Vol. 1 and 2. New York: ISBN 978-1-4264-1455-8. Archived from the originalon 4 March 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
Further reading
- Millard, Candice (2022). River of the Gods: Genius, Courage, and Betrayal in the Search for the Source of the Nile (Hardback). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385543101.
External links
- Complete Works of Richard Burton at burtoniana.org. Includes over 200 of Burton's journal and magazine pieces.
- Works by Sir Richard Francis Burton at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Richard Francis Burton at Internet Archive
- Works by Richard Francis Burton at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- "Archival material relating to Richard Francis Burton". UK National Archives. – index to world holdings of Burton archival materials
- The Penetration of Arabia by David George Hogarth (1904) – discusses Burton in the second section, "The Successors"
- Capt Sir Richard Burton Museum (sirrichardburtonmuseum.co.uk), "located in a private residence in central St Ives, Cornwall UK"
- Sir Richard Francis Burton at Library of Congress, with 172 library catalogue records