SS Irish Willow (1917)
Oil painting by Kenneth King from the deck of U-boat U-753, signalling to Irish Willow "send master and ships papers" National Maritime Museum of Ireland
| |
History | |
---|---|
United States | |
Name | Lake Sunapee |
Owner | United States Shipping Board (1918–23) |
Operator | United States Army (1918–1919) |
Launched | 28 December 1917 |
Out of service | 1920–23 |
United States | |
Name | Frank Lynch |
Owner | W.J. Gray, San Francisco (1923–37) |
Greece | |
Name | Nestor |
Owner | George D. Gratsos and Co Ltd. (1937–38) |
Estonia | |
Name | Otto |
Owner | K. Jurnas (1938–1946) |
Ireland | |
Name | Irish Willow |
Owner | K. Jurnas; M/s Egon Jurgenson (1938–1946) |
Operator | Irish Shipping Limited (1942–46) |
Route | Saint John, New Brunswick to Ireland(1942–45) |
Fate | Returned to owners 6 May 1946, then sold |
Panama | |
Name | Veraguas |
Owner | Cia de Vapores (1946–60) |
Fate | 26 July 1960 Broken up by J Boel et fils |
General characteristics | |
Type | Lake freighter[2] |
Tonnage | |
Length | 252 ft (76.8 m) |
Beam | 43 ft 5 in (13.2 m) |
Depth | 18 ft 9 in (5.7 m) |
Decks | 1 |
Propulsion |
|
Capacity | 130,000 cubic feet (3,681 m3) |
Irish Willow was one of the few ships which maintained Irish trade during World War II.
At the outbreak of World War II, sometimes referred to in
Otto, an Estonian ship, was in Cobh when the Republic of Estonia was annexed by the USSR. In October 1941 trustees for the absent owners leased her to Irish Shipping. She was renamed Irish Willow,[7] She made 18 voyages to Saint John, New Brunswick, returning with wheat. She also exported food to Britain and imported coal. Initially Irish ships sailed in British convoys. In the light of experience they chose to sail alone, relying on their neutral markings. German respect for that neutrality varied from friendly to tragic.
Construction
The ship was built as
Early history
As a
Little is known of her service in the years immediately following World War I, although it is recorded that she arrived at New York from the
In 1937, she was sold to the Greek company George D. Gratsos' Sons,[note 2] who renamed her Nestor.[18] In 1938 she suffered a total engine failure and was towed to Rotterdam, South Holland, Netherlands,[19] where she was converted back to a steamship.[15] A replacement triple expansion steam engine was fitted. It was made by John Lewis & Son, Aberdeen, United Kingdom. It had cylinders of 19 inches (48 cm), 31 inches (79 cm) and 51+1⁄2 inches (131 cm) diameter by 33 inches (84 cm) stroke and was rated at 153nhp.[20] In 1939 she was sold to K. Jurnas of Estonia and renamed Otto.[15]
World War II
Background
The Irish government had pursued a policy of
as well as ten neutral foreign ships carrying Irish cargoes, some of which had been chartered by Irish companies, had been sunk by U-boats, the Luftwaffe or mines.[35][36] [note 6] Against this background, the government founded Irish Shipping[42] and sought ships which it could charter or purchase.[43][44] Irish Willow was one of those ships.Soviet claim
In June 1940 the
The twenty Estonian ships in British ports also received this telegram. August Torma, the last Estonian envoy in London, presented their case to the Foreign Office and said that they needed reassurances if they were to stay in Britain. He failed to obtain reassurance. The majority went to the Soviet Union.[46] Following the verdict of Justice Michael Lennon, the ships in Irish ports choose to remain.
John McEvoy was the
Martinson leased the three Estonian vessels to Irish Shipping for the duration of the war plus three months. The two Latvian ships transferred to the British registry and sailed under the Red Ensign. Rāmava moved to Britain. Everoja remained in Ireland.[51] [note 9] Everoja was torpedoed and sunk on 3 November 1941 by U-203[52] while in convoy SC-52 on passage from Canada to Dublin with 6,400 tons of wheat.[53]
John McEvoy was acting at his own expense, but the court directed that he was to be reimbursed from the income earned by Otto (Irish Willow).[19] McEvoy's role was acknowledged by Estonia following its independence (the 'Singing Revolution'), when the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves said: "... ... we are thankful that Ireland never recognised the illegal annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union after the Second World War. We will never forget John McEvoy, Estonia's honorary consul in Dublin from 1938 to 1960. Among other things, one of his good deeds was helping to protect the interests of the Estonian shipowners ..."[54]
Irish Willow
In October 1941, in Cobh, Otto was chartered by Irish Shipping. She was brought to Dublin for extensive repairs. On 5 December 1941, she made her first voyage as Irish Willow: She went from Cobh to Dublin under Captain G.R. Bryan, from Rathfarnam, previously captain of City of Dublin. H. Cullen, previously of Irish Elm, was first officer. H. Jurgenson was chief engineer; he was an Estonian national, and had been the chief engineer when she was Otto.[55] As engine components could not be located, the repairs had to be completed in Canada. On 5 December she went on her first commercial voyage, under Captain R Shanks of Belfast, as Irish Willow. She went to Troon for fuel and then joined convoy ON-47. The convoy departed on 15 December 1941.[56] Around this time, Irish crews were refusing to travel in convoy. Irish Willow "lost" her convoy.[19] She arrived in Saint John on 12 January 1942 and on 22 January loaded her cargo of wheat. Repairs delayed her a further two weeks. She was scheduled to return in convoy SC-68.[note 10] Returning alone, a submarine was spotted on 3 February.[57] There was no contact. She unloaded her cargo of wheat in Waterford on 2 March and then went again for a further wheat cargo from Saint John for Waterford.[58] During the war, she completed 18 such voyages.
Encounter with U-753
Rescuing the crew of Empire Breeze
Convoy ON 122 [note 12] left Liverpool on 15 August 1942. Ten days later, on 25 August 1942, when they were in the mid-Atlantic, the convoy was attacked by Wolfpack Lohs.[62] Four ships were torpedoed and sunk.[note 13] The convoy retreated into a fogbank, with visibility less than 300 metres (330 yd), probably saving further loss. The fog continued to thicken.[65]
U-176 had hit the 7,457 ton Empire Breeze with two torpedoes.[66][note 14] An SOS was transmitted and acknowledged. The 47[note 15] surviving crew abandoned ship and took to their three lifeboats.[67] A fourth lifeboat was destroyed during launch.[67] One crewman died[note 16] Empire Breeze remained afloat. The rescue ship Stockport was detailed to rescue them. Irish Willow was 45 nautical miles (83 km) to the west, too far away to help. 24 hours after the attack the crew of Empire Breeze were still in their lifeboats. Stockport had failed to locate them in the fog, so she left to rejoin the convoy. There were three radio officers. They had a portable radio transmitter in a lifeboat. Repeated SOS messages were not acknowledged. Empire Breeze was still afloat. Captain Thomson and some of the crew re-boarded. The cook prepared hot meals. Joseph Brown, a radio officer, connected their portable radio with the ship's aerial and rebroadcast the SOS. This was heard and acknowledged by Belle Isle radio station in Canada.[70] The rescue tug HMS Frisky and the corvette HMCS Rosthern were sent to rescue and, if possible, to salvage Empire Breeze. They failed to locate her or the survivors.[71] A serious problem was that there had been fog for the previous few days, astronomical observations had not been taken, so no ship in the area knew their exact location. The various accounts of this event give different locations: www.wrecksite.eu (from the convoy report)[72] has 58°56′30″N 25°17′30″W / 58.94167°N 25.29167°W.[73] Frank Forde's book (from the log of Irish Willow) quotes 59°22′N 25°52′W / 59.367°N 25.867°W.[74]
36 hours after the attack they sent another SOS. Irish Willow heard this SOS, she responded and headed towards the scene.[75] Irish Willow replied, asking how long they could hold out. Captain Thomson of Empire Breeze estimated six hours. Captain Shanks of Irish Willow replied "Coming to you – with you in about five hours". The fog became denser and visibility reduced to zero. Rather than plotting locations, (dead reckoning) Irish Willow was using direction finding equipment;[74] she was travelling towards the SOS signal: It was dangerous for Irish Willow. They knew the direction to take, but did not know the distance. Travelling in fog, they could collide with Empire Breeze, or endanger survivors in the water. Extra look-outs were posted along her bow and whistles were sounded every two minutes. The repeating SOS messages could attract U-boats, seeking to "finish the job",[76] and if such a U-boat found Irish Willow at the scene, its attitude could be quite different to that encountered on 16 March.
In dense fog
On 4 September 1942, the
Post war service
In May 1946 Irish Willow was returned to Egon Jurgenson. She was sold to Cia. de Vapores Veraguas and renamed Veraguas with a Panamanian registry. She continued to trade for a further 14 years. At the end of her 42-year career she was scrapped at Tamise, Belgium in July 1960.[79]
Legacy
Irish Willow rescued the 47 survivors from Empire Breeze. Throughout the war, Irish ships answered SOS calls and stopped to rescue, irrespective of nationality, and frequently – as in this instance – at risk to themselves. Ships in convoy were, usually, forbidden from stopping to rescue, lest they then became a target.[80][81] The Empire Breeze crew were in their lifeboats when Athelprince, with the convoy commodore aboard, had to alter course to avoid collision with the abandoned Empire Breeze,[82] but did not stop to rescue the crew. Irish ships rescued, at least, 534 seafarers during the war.[note 17]
Before the war, Irish Shipping Ltd did not exist. Its 15 ships were not under the Irish Flag. During the war, they imported more than a million tons of essential supplies: 712,000 tons of wheat; 178,000 tons of coal; 63,000 tons of phosphate (fertilizer); 24,000 tons of tobacco; 19,000 tons of newsprint; 10,000 tons of lumber; and over 100,000 tons of more than 500 types of other goods.[83] (This is in addition to the imports carried by other Irish ships)
On 16 May 1945, a week after VE Day Éamon de Valera addressed the nation:[note 18]
To the men of our Mercantile Marine who faced all the perils of the ocean to bring us essential supplies, the nation is profoundly grateful ...
— Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, radio speech to the nation 16 May 1945
In June 1946 a contract was signed with John Redhead and Sons, shipbuilders of South Shields to construct a new Irish Willow.[84]
See also
- Irish neutrality during World War II – international relations in World War II
- Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II
- Battle of the Atlantic
Other ships operated by Irish Shipping during World War II
Other Irish ships operating during World War II
Notes
- ^ later incorporated into the American Ship Building Company
- ^ later changed to George D. Gratsos and Co. Ltd.
- ^ In Ireland it is the "Mercantile Marine"; in the United Kingdom, it is the "Merchant Navy"; in the USA, it is the "Merchant Marine".
- ^ petroleum was imported in British-flagged tankers[24]
- ^ The nine Irish ships:
- 2 February 1940 Munster struck a mine as she approached Liverpool and sank.[27]
- 9 March 1940: Leukos sunk by gunfire from U-38 All eleven crew lost[28]
- 15 July 1940: City of Limerick bombed and sunk by the Luftwaffe in the Bay of Biscay. Two died.[29]
- 16 August 1940: Meath struck a mine in the Irish Sea and sank.[30]
- 4 September 1940: Luimneacht sunk by gunfire from U-46[31]
- 22 October 1940: Kerry Head bombed and sunk by the Luftwaffe off Cape Clear. Twelve died.[32]
- 11 November 1940: Ardmore struck a mine approaching the Bristol Channel and sank. 24 died.[33]
- 19 December 1940: Isolda, lighthouse tender bombed and sunk by the Luftwaffe. six died.[34]
- 21 December 1940: Innisfallen struck a mine approaching Liverpool and sank. four died
- ^ the ten foreign ships:
- 15 December 1939: Germaine of Greece with 7,400 tons of maize for Cork was stopped and scuttled by U-48[37]
- 27 May 1940: Uruguay of fishermen; the other, with fifteen men was never found.[38]
- 11 June 1940: Violando N Goulandris of Greece, with wheat for Waterford, was torpedoed and sunk, with the loss of six lives by U-48.
- 19 June 1940: Adamandios Georgandis of Greece with a cargo of wheat for Cork was torpedoed by U-28. One died.
- 29 June 1940: Frangoula B Goulandris of Greece Outward Cork to St Thomas in ballast to collect a cargo of sugar, was torpedoed and sunk by U-26
- 10 July 1940: Petsamo of Finland with 4477 tons of maize and 1523 tons of grain[39] for Cork was torpedoed and sunk by U-34, within sight of the Irish coast, off Baltimore, County Cork. Four died.
- 11 July 1940: Ia of Greece with a cargo of wheat for Cork was torpedoed and sunk by U-99. Three died.
- 14 July 1940: Thetis A of Greece with grain for Limerick was torpedoed and sunk by U-52. Nine died.
- 17 September 1940: Tanker Kalliopi S of Greece bound for Limerick was bombed and sunk by Luftwaffe in Sheephaven Bay.
- 8 October 1940: Delphin of Greece with wheat and maize for Cork was torpedoed and sunk by U-103. All survived
- 8 December 1940: Sailing ship Penang of Finland with 3,193 tons of wheat[37] for Cobh was torpedoed by U-140. All 18 crew lost.[40]
- ^ In the high court record John McEvoy is described as "vice consul", the speech by the current President of Estonia used the title "honourary consul".
- ^ In opposing the Russians in court, he took a personal financial risk. If Russia won the case, costs could have been awarded against him. As there was no Estonian government, he would have been personally liable.
- ^ Everoja carried Irish cargoes, but sailed under the Red Ensign. She was painted in camouflage, was armed, had a Royal Navy gun crew aboard, and sailed in British convoys.
- ^ According to this: http://convoyweb.org.uk/sc/index.html she was in the convoy. Cleare p. 62,63 and Higgins p. 7 say she was alone. Since she saw a submarine on 3 February 1942 and there is no mention of the convoy seeing it, we can assume that she was out of convoy
- ^ Captain Shanks was 39 years old.
- ^ ON means "Outward" to "North" America
- ^
- ^ U-438 had fired a torpedo at the same time and mistakenly believed that their torpedo hit the Empire Breeze.[67] Some sites,[68] still credit U-438.
- ^ some sources say 48
- http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/2088.html says: Complement 49 (1 dead and 48 survivors).; and also: Irish Willow found the wreck in the fog and picked up the master, 41 crew members and six gunners
- http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/on122.html says: Empire Breeze was torpedoed by U-176 and U-438 on 25 Aug with the loss of 1 man, 48 survived.
- ^ Yusuf Doalay, on duty as a fireman, died when the torpedoes hit.[69] This was his first voyage on Empire Breeze. His previous ship had been sunk.
- ^ There is list of rescues, with a total of 521 in Frank Forde's book. It omits, the 13 survivors from Roxby rescued by Irish Beech on 7 November 1942. There could be others.
- ^ This speech is better known for de Valera's response to Churchill's VE-Day broadcast which condemned de Valera's policy of neutrality
References
- ^ Spong p. 28
- ^ a b c d Cleare p. 60
- ^ Share (preface p.ix)
- ^ "Existence of National Emergency". Dáil debates. 77. Government of Ireland: 19–20. 2 September 1939. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ Ferriter, What If?, p. 100: (Quoting Garvin) "Irish isolationism was a very powerful cultural sentiment at that time".
- ^ Sweeney p. 204
- ^ Cleare p. 62
- ^ "WWI Standard ships, War C to War H". Mariners List. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ISBN 9780160020193.
- ISBN 9781135865429.
- ^ ISBN 9780160020193.
- ^ Lloyd's Register of Shipping 1919-20, Volumer II: Steamers. London: Lloyd's Register. 1920. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "Mail and Shipping Intelligence". The Times. No. 42123. London. 11 June 1919. col D-E, p. 18.
- ^ "Mail and Shipping Intelligence". The Times. No. 42425. London. 1 June 1920. col A-D, p. 20.
- ^ a b c Spong p. 29
- ^ Lloyd's Register 1924-45, Volume II: Steamers and Motorships. London: Lloyd's of London. 1924. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "U.S. Steamer Sunk". The Times. No. 45296. London. 31 August 1939. col E, p. 9.
- ^ Spong p.29
- ^ a b c d Cleare p. 62
- ^ "Otto (31133)" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Navires à Vapeur et à Moteurs. OTA-OTT (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1939–1940. Retrieved 26 January 2023 – via Southampton City Council.
- ISBN 9781904890287.
- ^ Forde p. 1
- ^ Peterson, Basil (1962). Turn of the tide: an outline of Irish maritime history. Irish Shipping. p. 114.
- ^ Spong p. 10
- ^ Sweeney, p. 216
- ^ Burne, p. 537
- ^ "Remember Munster | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Remember: Steam Trawler Leukos | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Remember: City of Limerick | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Remember SS Meath | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Remember – Luimneach | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Remember: Kerry Head | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "remember-ardmore | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Remember ILV Isolda | On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History". Lugnad.ie. 5 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ Sweeney p. 217
- ISBN 0946277222.
- ^ a b Sweeney p. 218
- ^ "Uruguay (Argentinian Steam merchant) – Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII". uboat.net. 27 May 1940. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Petsamo (Finnish Steam merchant) – Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII". uboat.net. 10 July 1940. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "Penang (Finnish Sailing ship) – Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII". uboat.net. 8 December 1940. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ Duggan p. 111
- JSTOR 20516255.
- ISBN 0-907606-28-8.
- ^ "Shipping Company Launched by Government". Vol. 11, no. 71. The Irish Press. 24 March 1941. p. 1.
- ^ Forde p. 42
- ISBN 9789042033146.
- ^ Sweeney, p. 225
- ^ "Ireland – Relations". Estonia and Ireland. Estonian Embassy in Dublin. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
- ^ JSTOR 2192676.
- ^ The Irish Times 9 August 1941
- ^ Sweeney p. 226
- ^ "Everoja (British Steam merchant) – Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII". uboat.net. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ Walter Kennedy p. 45
- ^ "President of the Republic at the State Dinner hosted by President T. E. Mary McAleese and Dr. Martin McAleese". President.ee. 14 April 2008. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ Cleare, p. 62
- ^ "Arnold Hague convoy database – ON convoys". Convoyweb.org.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ Cleare p. 63
- ^ "Irish Willow". Signal (House Magazine of Irish Shipping). War Time Fleet. 17 (4): 7. Autumn 1980.
- ^ War Diary of the German Naval Staff. "War diary: German Naval Staff Operations Division. Part A Volume 31". OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE Washington, D. C. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
The Irish steamer IRISH WILLOW (1,000 GRT) was released by radio order of the Commanding Admiral, Submarines after being searched by submarine U "753" northwest of Porcupine Bank.
- ^ "Journal of the Steamship Historical Society of America". Steamboat Bill (231–232): 296. Winter 1999. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
when the U-753 stopped her on March 16, 1942, her first mate covered for her 39-year-old master — a Belfast man and undoubtedly a British citizen — by carrying the ship's papers to the U-boat in his stead
- ^ a b Forde p. 43,44
- ^ McShane p. 256
- ^ "D/S Trolla". uboat.net. 25 August 1942. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ^ "Ships hit by U-boats, Sheaf Mount, British Steam merchant". warsailors.com. 25 August 1942. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ^ "Convoy ON 122 Commodore's Report on Attacks". warsailors.com. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ McShane p. 255
- ^ a b c "Empire Breeze (British Steam merchant) – Ships hit by German U-boats during WWII". uboat.net. 25 August 1942. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ E Finch. "EmpireB". Mariners-l.co.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ McShane p. 257
- ^ McShane p. 258
- ^ McShane p. 229
- ^ "Convoy ON 122, Commodore's Report on Attacks". warsailors.com. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ^ "EMPIRE BREEZE CARGO SHIP 1941–1942 – WRECK WRAK EPAVE WRACK PECIO". Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ a b Forde p. 46
- ^ McShane p. 260
- ^ Forde p. 47
- ^ a b Cleare p. 64
- ^ McShane p. 263
- ^ Cleare p. 65
- ISBN 978-1-55750-420-3.
- ISBN 978-0-9540476-3-4.
... or we're sitting ducks. So we sail past all these drowning sailors, and they call up to us, and we must sail on. I remember one crying, 'Taxi! Taxi!'. We didn't stop
- ^ McShane p. 256.
- ISBN 9781136210570.
- ^ Cleare p. 101
Bibliography
Books
- Burne, Lester H (2003). Richard Dean Burns (ed.). Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988. Vol. 2. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93916-4.
- Cleare, Brian; Boyce, Brian; Boyce, John; Coy, Leo (2013). Irish Shipping Lt. A Fleet History. Wexford: Rosslare Maritime Enthusiasts. ISBN 978-1-78280-177-1.
- Ferriter, Diarmaid (2006). What If? Alternative Views of Twentieth-Century Ireland. Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-3990-3.
- Forde, Frank (1981). The Long Watch. Dublin: New Island Books (published 2000). ISBN 1-902602-42-0.
- Kennedy, Michael (2008). Guarding Neutral Ireland. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-097-7.
- Kennedy, Walter (1998). Shipping in Dublin Port 1939–1945. Pentland Press. ISBN 1-85821-539-0.
- McShane, Mark (2012). Neutral Shores: Ireland and the Battle of the Atlantic. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 978-1-85635-934-4.
- Share, Bernard (1978). The Emergency. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 071710916X.
- Spong, H.C. (1982). Irish Shipping Ltd., 1941–1982. ISBN 978-0-905617-20-6.
- Sweeney, Pat (2010). Liffey Ships and Shipbuilding. Mercier. ISBN 978-1-85635-685-5.
Journal
- Higgins, John, ed. (Autumn 1980). "Irish Willow". Signal. 17 (4). Newsletter Magazine of Irish Shipping Ltd
- "Zarine v. Owners, etc. S. S. Ramava, McEvoy & Ors. v. Owners, etc. S. S. Otto, McEvoy and Veldi v. Owners, etc. S. S. Piret and S. S. Mall, Eckert & Co. v. Owners, etc. S. S. Everoja". The American Journal of International Law. 36 (3): 490–504. July 1942. JSTOR 2192676.