Safeyoka language
Safeyoka | |
---|---|
Ampale | |
Native to | Papua New Guinea |
Region | Morobe Province |
Native speakers | (2,390 cited 1980 census)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | apz |
Glottolog | safe1240 |
Safeyoka, or Ampale, is an
Phonology
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labial | plain | labial | plain | labial | |||
Plosive | p | t
|
tɕ | tɕʷ | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
Fricative | f | s | ɕ | ɕʷ | h | hʷ | ||
Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||
Approximant | w | r
|
j | ɥ |
- /p t k/ are voiced /d g/ following homorganic nasals.
- /f/ is voiced [v~β] intervocalically.
- The sequences /hm hn/ are realized as [m̥ n̥].
- /h/ is in free variation with [x], and can optionally be pronounced [ɣ] intervocalically.
- /r/ manifests as [ɺ] utterance-initially.
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i | u |
Mid | e | ʌ |
Low | æ | ɑ |
- /i/ and /u/ are both reduced to [ɨ] when unstressed.
Safeyoka is also tonal, distinguishing between high and low tone.[5]
Grammar
Subject Personal Pronouns
In the term stem of Ampale outlines, the object person affixes are included in them. Class 2 verb roots, /put/ and /kill/, they occur immediately following the root. Other verb roots immediately come before the root.[3] Object person affixes include:
Singualr | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1st Person | nɨ- | e- | naa-/ne- |
2nd Person | kɨ- | ze- | ze- |
3rd Person | u- | u- | u- |
Sentence Structure
The Ampale language classifies with the Wojokeso dialect of the Angan language stock.[6] According to B.A Hooley and K.A. McElhanon, the language is referred to as the "Languages of the Morobe District - New Guinea". The sentence types of the Wojokeso are pattern types. On non-final verbs, the Wojokeso links clauses together by the means of affixes or clitics.[6]
Simple
The simple sentence formula is "+ Base: General Clause/Elliptical Clause + Terminal: Final Intonation." The sentence is explained by a single base and final intonation. In other words, the single base is expounded by the general clause. Single base moods include: Indicative, Interrogative, Dubitative, Information interrogative, Avolitional, and Exclamatory.[6]
Single Bases | Example |
---|---|
General Clause 1 = Indicative | Indicative Hofɨko they pmmalofo-foho came 'They came' |
Negative Indicative mmalofo'maho come 'They didn't come.' | |
General Clause 2 = Interrogative | Interrogative Nto already pmmalofotaho came 'Did they already come?' |
Negative Interrogative Mapɨ'njitaho NEG-come' 'Didn't they come?' | |
General Clause 3 = Dubitative | Dubitative Pmmalofotɨkeno come-they 'Maybe they came' |
Negative Dubitative Mapɨ'njitɨkeno come-maybe 'Maybe they didn't come' | |
General Clause 4 = Information Interrogative | Information Interrogative Tɨhwo who pmmalofoto came 'Who came?' |
Negative Information Interrogative Tɨhwo who mapɨ'njito NEG-came 'Who didn't come?' | |
General Clause 5 = Avolitional | Avolitional Pɨfɨtnnoho come-they 'It's not good that they come.' Poyo dead imo'ntnnoho become-you 'It's not good that you die.' |
General Clause 6 = Exclamatory | Exclamatory Yahufohi pig 'It's a pig!' Peho'no why pohinopu come-you 'Shame on you for coming!' |
[6] |
Series
The series sentence indicates multiple actions a person does. There is no grammatical distinction between temporal succession and temporal overlap. Usually used to explain actions which are performed by a dual or plural subject. However, actions with this partial change in subject may also be classified as a sequence sentence.[4]
Sequence
The sequence sentence indicates an order of actions being completed by a subject, where base 1 differs from base 2. The action of the first base is usually completed before the action of the second base even begins. The deep structure of this sentence type is that it is purely based on succession.[4]
Example:
"S
This translates into "Darkness came and night mosquitoes bit us". This expresses temporal succession.[4]
Tense
Future | ||
---|---|---|
Wojokeso | English | |
Subjective | y-ont ɨ fitnne
|
They would, they will do |
Unrealized Subjective | y-ont ɨ tinnesohilo
|
Would have done |
Near Future
|
u-y-on ɨ tfeho
|
They will do |
Hortative-Imperative | u-y- ɨ fe
|
Let them do it |
[4] |
Non-Future | ||
---|---|---|
Wojokeso | English | |
Present Incomplete | y-alowofo | They are doing it |
Present Complete | y-ohofo | They did it |
Narrative Past | humi-y-ohofi | They did it |
Near Past | i-malofo | They did it |
Far Past | i-mentohofo | They did it a long time ago |
Habitual Past | i-motofo | They used to do it regularly |
[4] |