Voiceless bilabial nasal
Appearance
Voiceless bilabial nasal | |
---|---|
m̥ | |
IPA Number | 114+402A |
Audio sample | |
help | |
Encoding | |
X-SAMPA | m_0 |
Braille | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
The voiceless bilabial nasal (voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m_0
.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal:
- Its nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is a nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aleut[1] | quhmax̂ | [qum̥aχ] | 'white' | Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word. | |
Alutiiq | keghmarluku | [kəɡm̥aχluku] | 'bite it repeatedly' | Contrasts with voiced /m/. | |
Burmese[2] | မှား/hma: | [m̥á] | 'false' | ||
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[3] |
pisteḿun | [ˈpistəm̥un] | 'to the servant' | ||
English | RP[4] | stop me | [ˈstɒp͡m̥ mɪ] | stop me | |
Estonian[5] | lehm |
[ˈlehm̥] | 'cow' | Word-final allophone of /m/ after /t, s, h/.[5] See Estonian phonology | |
French | prisme | [pχism̥] | 'prism' | Allophone of word-final /m/ after voiceless consonants.[6] See French phonology | |
Hmong | White Hmong | Hmoob | [m̥ɔ̃́] | 'Hmong' | Contrasts with voiced /m/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.[7] |
Icelandic | kempa | [cʰɛm̥pa] | 'hero' | Allophonic variation of /m/ before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: kemba [cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'.[8] See Icelandic phonology | |
Jalapa Mazatec[9] |
hma | [m̥a] | 'black' | Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal. | |
Kildin Sami[10] |
лēӎӎьк/ljeehmhmk | [lʲeːm̥ʲːk] | 'strap' | ||
Muscogee | camhcá:ka | [t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə] | 'bell' | Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.[11] | |
Ukrainian[12] | ритм/rytm | [rɪt̪m̥] | 'rhythm' | Word-final allophone of /m/ after voiceless consonants.[12] See Ukrainian phonology | |
Washo[13] | Mášdɨmmi | [ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi] | 'he's hiding' | ||
Welsh[14] | fy mhen | [və m̥ɛn] | 'my head' | Occurs as the nasal mutation of /p/. See Welsh phonology | |
Xumi |
Lower[15] | [m̥ɛ̃˦] | 'medicine' | Contrasts with the voiced /m/.[15][16] | |
Upper[16] | |||||
Yi[17] | ꂓ hmi | [m̥i] | 'name' |
See also
Notes
- ^ Bergsland (1997).
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
- ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 3.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 282.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Walter (1977), p. 35.
- ^ Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
- ^ Jessen & Pétursson (1998), p. 44.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
- ^ Kuruch (1985:529)
- ^ Martin (2011), p. 64.
- ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6.
- ^ Jacobsen (1964), p. 54.
- ^ Jones (1984:51)
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ^ Gerner (2013), p. 21, 25.
References
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. .
- Bergsland, Knut (1997). Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6.
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. JSTOR 26347850. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-05-07.
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-04-23.
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
- Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.). A Grammar of Nuosu. Vol. 64. ISSN 0933-7636.
- Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964). A grammar of the Washo language (PhD). eScholarship.
- Jacobson, Steven (1995). A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9.
- Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 28 (1/2). S2CID 143745742.
- Jones, Glyn E. (1984). "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh". In Ball, Martin J.; Jones, Glyn E. (eds.). Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–64. ISBN 0-7083-0861-9.
- Kuruch, Rimma (2006) [1985]. Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка [Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language] (PDF) (in Russian).
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). ISBN 9780803211063– via Google Books.
- ISBN 0-85883-540-1.
- Presses universitaires de France – via Google Books.
Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde
- ISBN 0-521-24224-X.