Catania
Catania | ||
---|---|---|
Comune di Catania | ||
ISTAT code 087015 | | |
Patron saint | St. Agatha | |
Saint day | 5 February | |
Website | Official website | |
Part of | Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily) | |
Criteria | Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv)(v) | |
Reference | 1024rev-002 | |
Inscription | 2002 (26th Session) | |
Area | 38.5 ha (4,140,000 sq ft) | |
Buffer zone | 80.13 ha (8,625,000 sq ft) |
Catania (/kəˈtɑːniə/,[3] also UK: /-ˈteɪn-/, US: /-ˈtæn-/,[4][5][6] Sicilian and Italian: [kaˈtaːnja] ⓘ) is the second-largest municipality in Sicily, after Palermo, both by area and by population.[7] Despite its reputation as the second city of the island, Catania is the largest Sicilian conurbation,[citation needed] and among the largest in Italy. It has important road and rail transport infrastructures, and hosts the main airport in Sicily (fifth-largest in Italy). The city is located on Sicily's east coast, facing the Ionian Sea at the base of the active volcano Mount Etna. It is the capital of the 58-municipality region known as the Metropolitan City of Catania, which is the seventh-largest metropolitan area in Italy. The population of the city proper is 311,584,[2] while the population of the Metropolitan City of Catania is 1,107,702.[2]
Catania was founded in the 8th century BC by Chalcidian Greeks in Magna Graecia.[8] The city has weathered multiple geologic catastrophes: it was almost completely destroyed by a catastrophic earthquake in 1169.[8] A major eruption and lava flow from nearby Mount Etna nearly swamped the city in 1669 and it suffered severe devastation from the 1693 Sicily earthquake.[8]
During the 14th century, and into the Renaissance period, Catania was one of Italy's most important cultural, artistic and political centres.[8] It was the site of Sicily's first university, founded in 1434.[8] It has been the native or adopted home of some of Italy's most famous artists and writers, including the composers Vincenzo Bellini and Giovanni Pacini, and the writers Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, Federico De Roberto and Nino Martoglio.
Catania today is the industrial, logistical, and commercial center of Sicily. Its airport, the Catania–Fontanarossa Airport, is the largest in Southern Italy. The central "old town" of Catania features exuberant late-baroque architecture, prompted after the 1693 earthquake, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Etymology
The ancient indigenous population of Sicily, the Sicels, named their villages after geographical attributes of their location. The Siculian word katane means "grater, flaying knife, skinning place" or a "crude tool apt to pare". Other translations of the name are "harsh lands", "uneven ground", "sharp stones", or "rugged or rough soil". The latter etymologies are easily justifiable since, for many centuries following an eruption, the city has always been rebuilt within its black-lava landscape.[9]
Around 263 BC, the city was variously known as Catĭna (Latin: Catinus has two meanings: "a gulf, a basin or a bay" and "a bowl, a vessel or a trough", thanks to the city's distinctive topography.
Around 900, when Catania was part of the
Geography
As observed by Strabo, the location of Catania at the foot of Mount Etna has been both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, violent outbursts of the volcano throughout history have destroyed large parts of the city, while on the other hand the volcanic ashes yield fertile soil, especially suited for the growth of vines. (Strab. vi. p. 269)
Two subterranean rivers run under the city; the Amenano, which surfaces at one single point south of Piazza Duomo, and the Longane (or Lognina).[15]
Climate
Catania experiences a
Winters are mild, with significant nighttime cooling. Precipitation is concentrated from October to March, leaving late spring and summer virtually dry. The city receives around 500 millimetres (20 inches) of rain per year, although the amount can vary greatly from year to year, from over 1,200 mm (47 in) to under 250 mm (9.8 in).
During winter nights, lows can occasionally reach below freezing. Highs under 10 °C (50 °F) may happen during winter.[17] Snow, due to the presence of Etna that protects the city from the northern winds, is an uncommon occurrence, but occasional snow flurries have been seen over the recent years, especially in the hilly districts. More recently, light snowfalls occurred on 9 February 2015, 6 January 2017 and 5 January 2019, but the last heavy snowfall dates back to 17 December 1988.
Climate data for Catania-Sigonella, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1960–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 25.2 (77.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
34.4 (93.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
38.4 (101.1) |
44.2 (111.6) |
46.7 (116.1) |
45.0 (113.0) |
41.0 (105.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
46.7 (116.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
34.1 (93.4) |
34.5 (94.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.0 (69.8) |
17.0 (62.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.2 (50.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.9 (53.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −5.0 (23.0) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 64.1 (2.52) |
46.1 (1.81) |
42.6 (1.68) |
29.9 (1.18) |
17.9 (0.70) |
11.0 (0.43) |
7.8 (0.31) |
9.8 (0.39) |
50.5 (1.99) |
59.4 (2.34) |
66.2 (2.61) |
78.5 (3.09) |
483.8 (19.05) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 6.27 | 5.66 | 5.55 | 4.73 | 2.60 | 1.40 | 0.66 | 1.53 | 4.57 | 5.20 | 6.20 | 7.77 | 52.14 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75.2 | 72.3 | 71.4 | 70.4 | 67.2 | 64.6 | 63.1 | 64.2 | 69.4 | 73.8 | 76.1 | 76.4 | 70.3 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.7 (49.6) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 172.1 | 183.4 | 235.3 | 266.1 | 318.4 | 381.6 | 368.9 | 359.9 | 278.1 | 211.7 | 172.2 | 182.3 | 3,129.9 |
Source 1: NOAA,[18] (Dew Point for 1981-2010 [19]) | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Temperature estreme in Toscana[20] |
Demographics
In January 2015, there were 315,601 people residing in Catania,[2] of whom 47.2% were male and 52.8% were female. Minors (people under age 18) totalled 20.50 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 18.87 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners).
The average age of Catania residents is 41 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Catania declined by 3.35 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.[2] The reason for this population decline in the comune di Catania is mainly due to a large segment of the population leaving the city centre to go to live in the uptown residential areas of the comuni of the Metropolitan area. As a result of this, while the population in the comune di Catania declines, the population of the hinterland comuni increases making the overall population of the Metropolitan area increase.[2]
The current
History
Foundation
Around 729 BC, the ancient village of Katane was occupied by Chalcidian Greek settlers from nearby Naxos along the coast. It became the Chalcidian colony of Katánē under a leader named Euarchos (Euarchus) and the native population was rapidly Hellenised.
The settlement's acropolis was on the hill of Monte Vergine, a defensible hill immediately west of the current city centre. The port of Catania appears to have been much frequented in ancient time and was the chief place of export for the corn of the rich neighbouring plains.
Greek Catania
Catania was associated with the ancient legend of Amphinomos and Anapias, who, on occasion of a great eruption of Etna, abandoned all their property and carried off their aged parents on their shoulders. The stream of lava itself was said to have parted, and flowed aside so as not to harm them. Statues were erected to their honour, and the place of their burial was known as the Campus Piorum; the Catanaeans even introduced the figures of the youths on their coins, and the legend became a favorite subject of allusion and declamation among the
The Greek polis of Catania appears to have been a local center of learning. The philosopher and legislator
Catania appears to have remained independent until the conquest by the despot
A few years after the death of Hieron and the expulsion of Thrasybulus of Syracuse, the Syracusans combined with Ducetius, king of the Sicels, to expel the newly settled inhabitants of Catania, who went on to settle in the fortress of Inessa (to which they gave the name Aetna). The old Chalcidic citizens returned to the city in 461 BC.[37]
The period that followed appears to have been one of great prosperity for Catania, as well as for the Sicilian cities in general.
In 415 BC, Catania became involved with the expedition to Sicily pursued by the Athenians to punish Syracuse. Initially the Catanaeans refused to allow the Athenians into their city, but after the latter had forced an entrance, the Athenian leader Alcibiades made a famous speech in front of the assembly. Catania became an ally, and the headquarters of the Athenian army for the first year of the expedition, and a base of their subsequent operations against Syracuse.[38] After the defeat of the Athenians, Catania was again threatened by Syracuse. In 403 BC, Dionysius I of Syracuse plundered the city, sold its citizens as slaves, and repopulated the town with Campanian mercenaries. However, the Carthaginians would take possession of Catania under Himilco and Mago, after the nearby great naval Battle of Catana (397 BC) where they defeated Leptines of Syracuse, and in 396 BC forcing the local Campanian mercenaries to relocate to Aetna.[39]
Catania was now restored to a fragile independence; changing sides during the wars starting in 311 BC of Agathocles of Syracuse with the Carthaginians. When Pyrrhus landed in Sicily in 278 BC, Catania was the first to open its gates to him, and welcomed him with great splendor.[41]
Roman rule
During the
It appears to have continued afterwards to maintain its friendly relations with Rome and though it did not enjoy the advantages of a confederate city (foederata civitas), like its neighbours Tauromenium (modern Taormina) and Messana (modern Messina), it rose to a position of great prosperity under the Roman rule.
Around 135 BC during the First Servile War, it was conquered by rebel slaves.[46]
One of the most serious
Cicero repeatedly mentions it as, in his time, a wealthy and flourishing city; it retained its ancient municipal institutions, its chief magistrate bearing the title of Proagorus; and appears to have been one of the principal ports of Sicily for the export of corn.[48]
In the
Another revolt led by the gladiator Selurus in 35 BC created mayhem for a while.[50]
The Roman aqueduct of Catania was the longest in Roman Sicily at 24 km length starting from the springs of Santa Maria di Licodia.
It retained its colonial rank, as well as its prosperity, throughout the period of the Roman Empire; so that in the 4th century Ausonius in his Ordo Nobilium Urbium, notices Catania and Syracuse alone among the cities of Sicily.[51]
Middle Ages
Catania was sacked by the
Catania was under an Islamic emirate for two centuries, after which it fell to the Normans of Roger I of Sicily. Subsequently, the city was ruled by a bishop-count (1072). In 1194–1197 the city was sacked by German soldiers during after the conquest of the island by emperor Henry VI. In 1232 it rebelled to the former's son, Frederick II, who later built a massive castle, Castello Ursino and also made Catania a royal city, ending the dominance of the bishops.
Catania was one of the main centers of the
In the 14th century it gained importance as it was chosen by the Aragonese as a Parliament and Royal seat. Here, in 1347, it was signed the treaty of peace that ended the long
In 1434 King Alfonso V founded here the Siciliae Studium Generale, the oldest university in the island.
Early modern times
With the unification of Castile and Aragon (early 16th century[53]), Sicily became part of the Spanish Empire. It rebelled against the foreign government in 1516 and 1647.[54]
In 1669 the city's surroundings suffered great material damage from the
Unified Italy
Catania was one of the vanguards of the movement for Sicilian autonomy in the early 19th century.
In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi's expedition of the Thousand conquered Sicily for Piedmont from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Since the following year Catania was part of the newly unified Italy, whose history it shares since then.
The first half of the twentieth century was a cycle of repeated destruction and rebuilding for the city of Catania.
During the years 1923 and 1928, Catania endured two major eruptions of Mt. Etna. The 1923 eruption lasted twenty-nine days, from June 6 until June 29. A large lava flow occurred in the 1928 event and was the first to destroy a population center in over two hundred years.[55]
At the onset of World War 1, Italy was part of a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary referred to as the Triple Alliance. After one year, Italy joined the Allied forces. Many promises made to secure Italy’s help during the war were not kept resulting in stability issues throughout the country leading to the adoption of fascist ideations.[56] As the second World War began, the new regime opted to support Adolf Hitler, resulting in Catania and all the surrounding areas on Sicily being destroyed by Allied bombing.
During
After the conflict, and the constitution of the Italian Republic (1946), Catania attempted to catch up with the economic and social development of Italy's richer northern regions. The problems faced in Catania were emblematic of those faced by other towns in the Mezzogiorno, namely a heavy gap in industrial development and infrastructures, and the threat of the mafia. This notwithstanding, during the 1960s (and partly during the 1990s) Catania enjoyed development and a period of economic, social, and cultural success. In the first decade of the 21st century, Catania's economic and social development somewhat faltered and the city is again facing economic and social stagnation. This was aggravated by the economic crisis left by the Forza Italia administration of mayor Scapagnini in 2008.[62]
Administrative divisions
Metropolitan City
The Metropolitan City of Catania was established in 2015 and replaced the former Province of Catania. It includes the city proper and 57 comuni (municipalities). The population of the Metropolitan City is 1,107,702.[2]
Metropolitan area
The Metropolitan area of Catania includes the comune of Catania (311,584 inhabitants[2]) and 26 surrounding comuni[63] forming an urban belt (498,650 inhabitants[2]). The total population of the Metropolitan area of Catania is therefore 810,234. The comuni of the Metropolitan area are:
- Aci Bonaccorsi
- Aci Castello
- Aci Catena
- Aci Sant'Antonio
- Acireale
- Belpasso
- Biancavilla
- Camporotondo Etneo
- Catania
- Gravina di Catania
- Mascalucia
- Misterbianco
- Motta Sant'Anastasia
- Nicolosi
- Paternò
- Pedara
- Ragalna
- San Giovanni la Punta
- San Gregorio di Catania
- San Pietro Clarenza
- Sant'Agata li Battiati
- Santa Maria di Licodia
- Santa Venerina
- Trecastagni
- Tremestieri Etneo
- Valverde
- Viagrande
- Zafferana Etnea
These comuni form a system with the centre of Catania sharing its economical and social life and creating an organic urban texture.
City proper
The city of Catania proper (comune di Catania) is divided in six administrative areas called circoscrizioni. The current administrative setup was established in 2013, modifying previous setups dating back to 1971, 1978 and 1995.
The six areas are:
- Centro storico
- Picanello-Ognina/Barriera-Canalicchio
- Borgo-Sanzio
- San Giovanni Galermo-Trappeto-Cibali
- Monte Po-Nesima/San Leone-Rapisardi
- San Giorgio-Librino/San Giuseppe La Rena-Zia Lisa-Villaggio Sant'Agata
Main sights
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2014) |
The symbol of the city is u Liotru, or the Fontana dell'Elefante, assembled in 1736 by Giovanni Battista Vaccarini. It portrays an ancient lavic stone elephant and is topped by an Egyptian obelisk from Syene. Legend has it that Vaccarini's original elephant was neuter, which the men of Catania took as an insult to their virility. To appease them, Vaccarini appropriately appended elephantine testicles to the original statue.
The Sicilian name u Liotru is a phonetic change of Heliodorus, a nobleman who, after trying without success to become bishop of the city, became a sorcerer and was therefore condemned to the stake. Legend has it that Heliodorus himself was the sculptor of the lava elephant and that he used to magically ride it in his fantastic travels from Catania to Constantinople.[64] Another legend has it that Heliodorus was able to transform himself into an elephant.
The presence of an elephant in the history of Catania is surely connected to both zooarcheology and popular creeds. In fact, the prehistoric fauna of Sicily from the Upper
The Catanian Museum of
Classical buildings
The city has been buried by lava a total of seventeen times in recorded history, and in layers under the present-day city are the Roman city that preceded it, and the Greek city before that. Many of the ancient monuments of the Roman city have been destroyed by these numerous incidents. Currently, different ancient remains can be seen and visited in the city centre, as part of an archaeological park (Parco Archeologico Greco-Romano di Catania).
-
Church of St Francis of Assisi backs Cavea of the Greek-Roman Theatre
-
Odeon
-
Roman Amphitheatre
-
Roman Thermae of Santa Maria dell'Indirizzo
Ancient edifices include:
- Greek-Roman Theatre of Cataniaand Odeon (2nd to 3rd century CE)
- Amphitheatre of Catania
- Greek Acropolis of Montevergine
- Roman Forum
- Christian basilicas, hypogea, burial monuments, and catacombs
- Thermae
- Achillean Baths
- Terme dell'Indirizzo
- Terme di Santa Maria Odigitria
- Terme della Rotonda
- Baths of the Four Quoins
- Terme di Palazzo Asmundo
- Terme di Casa Gagliano
- Terme della Chiesa di Sant'Antonio Abate
Baroque and historical churches
-
San Placido
-
Badìa di Sant'Agata
-
San Francesco d'Assisi all'Immacolata
-
Sant'Agata alla Fornace or San Biagio
-
Santa Maria dell'Aiuto
-
San Benedetto da Norcia
-
San Francesco Borgia
The Baroque city centre of Catania is a
- Catania Cathedral (1070–1093, rebuilt after 1693 earthquake) built atop Terme Achilliana
- Sant'Agata, Badia di (1620), church and monastery
- Sant'Agata la Vetere (254) church
- Sant'Agata al Borgo, built 1669, destroyed 1693, rebuilt 1709). The "Borough" (il Borgo) is an inner district of Catania.
- Sant'Agata al Carcere or Santo Carcere (1760). Church built above jail (carcere) where Ste Agatha was allegedly imprisoned during her martyrdom.
- Sant'Agata on the Lavic Runnels
- Sant'Anna church
- San Antonio Abate
- San Benedetto (1704–1713) church and adjacent Badìa Grande e Piccola del Chiostro delle Monache Benedettine
- San Biagio, church formerly called Sant'Agata alla Fornace (1098, rebuilt 1700)
- Basilica della Collegiata, Sicilian Baroque façade by Stefano Ittar
- San Camillo ai Crociferi, church
- Santa Caterina al Rinazzo church
- Santa Chiara (1563) church, and former convent of Poor Clares
- San Domenico or Santa Maria la Grande (1224), church and convent
- Sant'Euplio, ruins of church
- San Filippo Neri
- San Francesco d'Assisi all'Immacolata (1329), Franciscan church with tomb of its founding patron, Queen Eleanor of Sicily
- San Francesco Borgia church and adjacent former Jesuit college
- San Francesco di Paola
- San Gaetano alle Grotte (260) church
- San Gaetano alla Marina
- San Giovanni Battista, in the suburb of San Giovanni di Galermo
- San Giuliano church and convent
- San Giuseppe al Duomo church
- San Giuseppe al Transito church
- Madonna del Carmine (1729) Basilica church and sanctuary
- Santa Maria di Gesuchurch (1465, restored in 1706)
- Santa Maria della Guardia church
- Santa Maria dell'Indirizzo (1730) church
- Santa Maria della Mercede church
- Santa Maria della Mercede church
- Santa Maria di Ogninella
- Santa Maria della Purità or della Visitazione (1775), church and conservatory
- Santa Maria della Providenza al Borgo, church
- Santa Maria della Rotonda
- Santa Maria del Soccorso or Santa Maria della Palma church
- Santa Maria dell'Aiuto parish church and sanctuary
- Santa Maria dell'Itria or Odigitria, church
- Santa Marta
- San Martino dei Bianchi church
- San Michele the Lesser
- Minoritelli churchis nearby
- San Nicolò l'Arena (1687), unfinished basilica church and extensive Benedictine Monastery of San Nicolò l'Arena (1558)
- San Nicolas al Borgo
- San Placido (1769) church
- Madonna delle Grazie Chapel
- Santa Rita in Sant'Agostino church
- San Sebastiano (1313)
- Santa Teresa, Carmelitan church and convent
- Santissima Trinità, church
- Santa Ursula
- Chiesa delle Verginelle di Sant'Agata
- San Vincenzo de' Paoli, church
- Santissimo Sacramento al Borgo church
- Chapel of the Blind's Housing (Ospizio dei Ciechi)
- Santissimo Sacramento al Duomo, church
- Church of the Holy Child
- Our Lady of Providence
- San Berillo in Santa Maria degli Ammalati, church
- Our Lady of the Poor
- Little Saviour's Byzantine chapel
- Church of the Santissimo Sacramento Ritrovato (1796)[65]
- Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ognina (1308).[66] Ognina is the maritime quarter and the main fishing port in Catania. Many bareboats and sailing vessels gather here all year round. In its close vicinity is a cylindrical tower known as Saint Mary's Tower (Torre Santa Maria),[67] which was restructured in the 16th century to prevent the frequent plundering by the Saracen pirates. The church is the result of the gradual modification of the Greek Temple Athena Longatis or Parthenos Longatis that existed on the steep reef. This cult was imported from a Boeotian region of Greece called Longas[68]from where the first Hellenic settlers of this borough probably came. After the earthquake of 1693 it was rebuilt in the same place, but with a different orientation.
- Our Lady of Montserrat (1755)[69]
- Saint Mary of La Salette
- Our Lady of Concordia
- Our Lady of Consolation
- Santissimo Crocifisso Maiorana church
- Crucifix of Miracles
- Crucifix of Good Death
- Our Lady of La Mecca[70]
- Most Holy Redeemer
- Divina Maternità church
- Chapel of Mary Auxiliatrix
- Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus church
- Sacro Cuore al Fortino (1898) church
- Saints Denis
- Sacred Heart Church of the Capuchins
- Saint Christopher
- Saints Cosmas and Damian
- Saint Vitus
- Santi Angeli Custodi church
- Santissimo Salvatore church
Other
- Ursino Castle, built by emperor Frederick II in the 13th century.
- Elephants' Palace (or "Palace of the Elephants"), designed by Vaccarini, houses the municipality offices.
- University Central Palace, designed by the Battaglia family, is an offices seat and main library of the Catania University.
- Biscari Palace
- Tezzano Palace
- The Medieval Gothic-Catalan Arch of the Friars' Saint John the Baptist (San Giovanni de' Fleres)
- Marie Caroline of Austria.
- Porta del Fortino ("Redoubt Gate")
- Bellini Theater
- Sangiorgi Theater
- Palazzo Rosa ("Pink Palace")
- Negozio Frigeri, or Palazzina Frigeri ("Frigeri Shop", or "Frigeri Little Palace")
- The House of the War Mutilateds (Casa del Mutilato) built in Fascist-style architecture.
- Catania War Cemetery, a Commonwealth Graveyard located in the southern country hamlet of Bicocca.[71][72]
- Palazzo delle Poste ("Post Office Palace")
- Bellini Garden, or Villa Bellini
- Catania Botanical Garden
- Pacini Garden, or Villa Pacini
- Gioeni Park
- Clementi Building
- Garage Musumeci
- Four sculpture reliefs' street lights, situated in the University Square ("Piazza dell'.
Economy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2014) |
Catania is the first economic and industrial hub of Sicily. The city is famous for its mainly
In the late-19th century and early-20th century, Catania began to be heavily industrialised, with its several factories and chimneys, often being referred to as Southern Italy's "Manchester".[citation needed] The economy of Catania suffered heavily from the bad effects of World War I, and was marked by an economic crisis and recession that culminated in the 1920s.[citation needed] Since then, the city lost its industrial and entrepreneurial importance.[citation needed] In the 1930s, Catania remained a small fishing town with derelict and disused industries. However, after the destruction of World War II, Catania's economy began to re-grow in the late-1950s and early-1960s.[citation needed] The city's economic growth was so rapid and dynamic that it was often nicknamed the "Milan of the South", or in Italian "Milano del Sud".[citation needed] This rapid economic growth prompted a great number of Sicilians living in the more rural areas, or smaller towns such as Enna, Ragusa and Caltanissetta, to move to the city to seek new jobs.
Today, Catania, despite several problems, has one of the most dynamic economies in the whole of Southern Italy. It still has a strong industrial and agricultural sector, and a fast-growing tourist industry, with many international visitors coming to visit the city's main sights and the nearby Etna volcano. It contains the headquarters or important offices of companies such as
Tourism is a fast-growing industry in Catania. Lately, the administration and private companies have made several investments in the hospitality industry in order to make tourism a competitive sector in the Metropolitan City. Etnaland, a large amusement and water park located in Belpasso, is in the metropolitan area of Catania, 12 kilometers (7 miles) from the city center. It is the largest of its kind in Southern Italy and attracts thousands of tourists, not only from Sicily, but also from the rest of Italy. According to Tripadvisor (2018) it is the third-largest water park in Europe.[76]
The seaport of Catania is linked to the road-rail distribution hub of
Education
Established in 1434, the University of Catania is the oldest university in Sicily.[78] Its academic nicknames are: Siculorum Gymnasium and Siciliae Studium Generale. It hosts 12 faculties and over 62,000 students;[79] and offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
Catania hosts the Scuola superiore di Catania, linked to the University of Catania, aimed at excellence in education; they offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs for teachers.[80]
Catania is home to the prestigious Istituto Musicale Vincenzo Bellini[81] an advanced institute of musical studies (Conservatory) and the Accademia di Belle Arti an advanced institute of artistic studies.[82] Both institutions offer programs of university level for musical and artistic education.
Culture
Opera composer Vincenzo Bellini was born in Palazzo Gravina-Cruyllas in the city center, the palace now houses a museum about him. The Teatro Massimo Vincenzo Bellini, which opened in 1890, presents a variety of works through a season, which run from December to May, including the works of its namesake.
Giovanni Verga was born in Catania in 1840.[83] He became the greatest writer of Verismo, an Italian literary movement akin to Naturalism.[84] His novels portray life among the lower levels of Sicilian society, such as fishermen and stonemasons, and were written in a mixture of both literary language and the local dialect.[83] Francesco Longo Mancini was a painter known for his paintings of nudes, who was born in Catania in 1880.
The city's patron saint is Saint Agatha, who is celebrated with religious pageantry, the Festival of Saint Agatha, on 5 February every year.
The city is the base of the newspaper La Sicilia and of the TV channel Antenna Sicilia, also known as the Sicilia Channel. Several other local television channels and free-press magazines have their headquarters in Catania.
Catania hosts Etna Comics, a successful comic book convention.
The city is home to the Catania Jazz Festival, which typically runs for several winter months with concerts in different locations.[85] In the late 1980s and during the 1990s Catania had an energetic and unique popular music scene. Indie pop and indie rock bands, local radio stations, and dynamic independent music record labels sprung up as a result. As a result, in those years the city experienced a vital and effervescent cultural period. Artists like Carmen Consoli and Mario Venuti, and internationally known indie rock bands like Uzeda came out of this cultural milieu.
Sports
Catania is home to many sports clubs covering a wide range of disciplines. The most famous club is the Catania FC football team, followed by approximately half a million supporters.[86] Another club standing out from the rest is AS Orizzonte Catania, which is the leading women's water polo club in Italy, with 23 National Championship titles (15 in a row from 1992 to 2006), and also in Europe, with 8 European Champions Cup titles.
Catania is the most successful city in team sports in the entire south of Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia), leading (as of May 2023) with 68 National Championships titles, ahead of Naples (61 National Championships titles) and of Bari (29 National Championships titles).
Considering the total number of titles won by Sicilian sports clubs, 68 out of 109 National Championships titles are from Catania, with the capital Palermo following with just 11 National Championships titles.
As for individual sports, 56 athletes from Catania have won world titles, 54 have won European titles and 139 have won national titles.
In the Olympic Games, over the years, Italian athletes from Catania have won a total of 7 gold medals, 8 silver medals, and 4 bronze medals.
National Championships Titles Teams (May 2023)
Number of Titles | Club | Sport | Gender | Years | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | Orizzonte Catania | Water Polo | Female | 1992 to 2006, 2008 to 2011, 2019, 2021 to 2023 | 15 years in a row (highest record in all Sports and both genders) |
10 | Polisportiva Canottieri Catania | Canoe Polo | Female | 2011, 2013 to 2022 | 9 years in a row (in 2020 the title was not assigned due to the coronavirus pandemic and the related sanitary restrictions)
|
6 | CUS Catania | Field Hockey Indoor | Female | 1980, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1997 | |
6 | CUS Catania | Field Hockey | Female | 1990 to 1994, 1996 | 5 years in a row |
4 | Pink Elephants Catania | American Football | Female | 2014, 2017, 2018, 2021 | |
4 | New Squash Club Catania | Squash | n/a | 2016, 2020, 2021, 2022 | |
2 | Polisportiva I Cirnerchi Catania | Cricket | Female | 2001, 2002 | |
2 | Catania Beach Soccer | Beach Soccer | Male | 2008, 2018 | |
2 | Islanders Catania | Softball | Male | 2018, 2019 | |
1 | Jolly Componibili Catania | Football | Female | 1978 | |
1 | Paoletti Catania | Volleyball | Male | 1978 | |
1 | Alidea Catania | Volleyball | Female | 1980 | |
1 | CUS Catania | Canoe Polo | Female | 1999 | |
1 | Romolo Murri Catania | Cricket Indoor | Male | 2002 | |
1 | Pol. Nautica Katana / CK Academy | Canoe Polo | Female | 2007 | |
1 | Circolo Canoa Catania | Canoe Polo | Female | 2009 | |
1 | HCU Catania | Field Hockey | Female | 2014 | |
1 | Polisportiva Canottieri Catania | Canoe Polo | Male | 2018 | |
Total: 68 |
Champion Cups Titles Teams (December 2022)
Number of Titles | Club | Sport | Gender | Years |
---|---|---|---|---|
8 | Orizzonte Catania | Water polo | Female | 1994, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004 to 2006, 2008 |
2 | Polisportiva Canottieri Catania | Canoe polo | Female | 2019, 2022 |
Total: 10 |
Main Sports Facilities
Name | Capacity | Type | Year | Tenants | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stadio Angelo Massimino | 21000 | Football Stadium | 1937 | Calcio Catania | |
PalaNesima | 6500 | Sports Arena | 2003 | n/a | Currently unavailable due to vandalism |
Piscina Comunale di Nesima | 1000 | Swimming Pool | 1996 | Orizzonte Catania | |
PalaCatania | 4500 | Sports Arena | 1997 | ASD Meta | |
PalaNitta | 600 | Sports Arena | 1997 | ||
PalaGalermo | 500 | Sports Arena | 1997 | ASD Blue Angels |
Catania holds the Catania-Etna car competition, organized by the Automobile Club d'Italia. The competition dates back to 1923 and has been taking place on a regular basis (with some gaps) from 1947. Suspended in 2010 due to a serious accident, the 46th edition is planned for the end of June 2021.[87]
From 1960 to 2011 Catania held the International event named Trofeo Sant'Agata, a road running competition which took place in the streets of the city center, every year on 3 February (the day the Festival of Saint Agatha begins).
The city also hosted a series of International Sports Events: in 1992 Catania hosted the first ever qualification tournament for the Rugby World Cup Sevens, and the associated Etna Cup, which was won by the host Sicily team. In 1994 the city hosted, together with Agrigento and Palermo, the UCI Road World Championships. In 1997 Catania hosted, together with Palermo and Messina, the Universiade. In 2003 the city hosted the Military World Games and in 2011 the Men's EuroHockey Championship III. In 2011 Catania also hosted the World Fencing Championships: Italy came out of this competition as the top winning nation with 11 medals, one won by the local fencer Paolo Pizzo.
Food and cuisine
Food is an important part of Catania's culture and way of life. Local cuisine emphasizes several traits of Sicilian cuisine, whilst developing some of its own character.
Street food is one of the best ways to experience traditional dishes. Arancini are perhaps the city's most iconic: they are stuffed rice balls coated in breadcrumbs and deep fried; in Catania, they are shaped like a cone to remind of Mount Etna. Typical specialties from the city include cipollina (puff pastry with onion, tomato, and prosciutto filling), bolognese (a small pizza topped with tomato, mozzarella, prosciutto, and boiled egg, and covered in puff pastry), crispelle (deep fried dough balls with ricotta or anchovies filling).
During street fairs and religious festivals, street stalls sell calia e simenza (toasted chickpeas and pumpkin seeds). Typical from old street markets are sangeli (cooked pork blood), quarumi (pork tripe), zuzzu (pork jelly), mauru (edible seaweed), and raw seafood. Horse meat is very traditional and is sold in shops called arrusti e mancia ("roast it and eat it"), which roast the meat in streetside barbecues.[88]
Apart from street food, typical dishes from Catania are: pasta alla Norma (pasta with fried aubergine, tomato sauce and ricotta salata cheese), named after the namesake opera by Vincenzo Bellini; pasta cco niuru (pasta in cuttlefish ink), maccu (fava beans purée), bastaddi affucati or brocculi affucati (stewed cauliflower or broccoli), caponata (sautéed vegetables) and scacciata (a pie filled with tuma cheese) which is traditional during Christmastime.[89]
Catania is also famous for its pasticceria (pastries and cakes). Pastries vary according to season and to seasonal events: during the Festival of Saint Agatha, patron saint of the city, there are the cassatelle (small cassatas) and olivette (olive shaped almond paste). In Easter, there are aceddi ccu l'ovu (boiled eggs covered in biscuit). In summer there is granita. During the Festa dei morti (traditional celebrations in All Souls' Day) there are biscuits called ossa di mortu, rame di Napoli and nsuddi.
Drink
Local products include blood oranges, pistachios from Bronte, extra-virgin olive oil, cactus fruit, cherries, grapes from Mazzarrone, strawberries from Maletto, mushrooms, honey and wine.[90]
Transport
Catania has a commercial seaport (
The motorways serving Catania are the A18 Messina-Catania and the A19 Palermo-Catania; and the prosecution of the A18 going from Catania to Syracuse and to Gela.
The
to the north.In the late 1990s, the first line of an
Catania public transport statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Catania on a weekday is 56 min. 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 23 min, while 46% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.7 km, while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[92]
Notable residents
- Aaron ben Gershon abu al-Rabi, 15th century rabbi
- Oriana Bandiera (born 1971), economist and academic
- Pippo Baudo (born 1936), TV presenter
- Franco Battiato (1945–2021), singer-songwriter, composer and filmmaker
- Gianni Bella (born 1947), singer-songwriter
- Marcella Bella (born 1952), singer
- Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), composer
- Ornella Bertorotta (born 1967), politician
- Alfredo Bonanno (born 1937), anarchist
- Vitaliano Brancati (1907–1954), writer
- Risorgimento
- Luigi Capuana (1839–1915), writer
- Charondas (6th c. BC), jurist
- Carmen Consoli (born 1974), singer-songwriter
- Angelo d'Arrigo (1961–2006), aviator
- Federico De Roberto (1861–1927), writer
- Tea Falco (born 1986), actress
- Giuseppe Fava (1925–1984), journalist, writer and playwright
- Turi Ferro (1921–2001), actor
- Rosario Fiorello (1960), comedian, singer, radio and TV presenter
- Libero Grassi (1924–1991), businessman
- Leo Gullotta (born 1946), actor
- Andrea Lo Cicero (born 1976), rugby footballer
- Miriam Leone (born 1985), Miss Italia 2008
- Ettore Majorana (1905–?), physicist
- Nino Martoglio (1870–1921), writer
- Massimo Maugeri (born 1968), writer and journalist
- Angelo Musco(1872–1937), actor
- Tuccio Musumeci (born 1934), actor
- Giovanni Pacini (1796–1867), composer
- Luca Parmitano (born 1976), astronaut
- Ercole Patti (1903–1976), writer and journalist
- Goliarda Sapienza (1924–1996), writer
- Giuseppe Sciuti (1834–1911), painter
- Piermaria Siciliano (born 1974), swimmer
- Stefania Spampinato (born 1982), actress
- Stesichorus (c. 630 – 555 BC), poet
- Giovanni Verga (1840–1922), writer
- Manlio Vinciguerra (born 1976), scientist
International relations
Consulates
The following countries have a consulate in Catania: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Romania, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Switzerland, and Ukraine.[93]
Twin towns – sister cities
- Grenoble, France, since 1961
- Phoenix, United States, since 2001
- Ottawa, Canada, since 2002
- Oświęcim County, Poland, since 2010
- Oxford, England, UK, since 2012
- Borgo Maggiore, San Marino, since 2015 [95]
- Kaliningrad, Russia, since 2017
- Alexandria, Egypt, since 2019
Influence on the planning of Adelaide, Australia
The site of what was to become the major Australian city of Adelaide was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light, the first Surveyor-General of South Australia. In 1823, Light had fondly written of Catania: "The two principal streets cross each other at right angles in the square in the direction of north and south and east and west. They are wide and spacious and about a mile [1.6 km] long". This became the basis for his plan of Adelaide.[96]
See also
Notes
- ^ Roman writers fluctuate between the two forms Catana and Catina, of which the latter is, perhaps, the most common, and is supported by inscriptions (Orell. 3708, 3778); but the analogy of the Greek Κατάνη, and the modern Catania, would point to the former as the more correct.
References
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- ^
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- NOAA. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
Parameter Code: 39-Dew Point Temperature
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- ^ Valerius Maximus v. 4. Ext. § 4
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- ^ Claudian. Idyll. 7
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- ^ Auson. Ordo Nob. Urb. 11.
- ^ Aristotle, Pol. ii. 9.
- ^ Diog. Laert. ix. 2. § 1.
- ^ Athen. i. p. 22, c.
- ^ Diodorus xi. 49, in 66; Strabo l.c.; Pind. Pyth. i., and Schol. ad loc.
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- ^ Diod. xvi. 69; Plut. Timol. 13, 30–34.
- ^ Diod. xix. 110, xxii. 8, Exc. Hoesch. p. 496.
- ^ Eutrop. ii. 19.
- ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis historia, vii. 60
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Naturalis historia, VII 214
- ^ Plutarch, Life of Marcellus, 30
- ^ Strabo, VI 2, 6
- ^ Oros. v. 13.
- ^ Cicero In Verrem iii. 4. 3, 83, iv. 23, 45; Livy xxvii. 8.
- Dion Cassiusiv. 7.
- ^ Strabo 6.2.6
- ^ Pliny iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 9; Itin. Ant. pp. 87,90, 93, 94.
- .
- King of Naplesas Ferdinand III, reuniting Naples with Sicily permanently and for the first time since 1458.
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- ^ "Home Page Parrocchia N.S. di Monserrato". Parrocchie.it. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ La Mecca is not named after the Saudi holy city, but a vernacular Catanian word that identifies a "silk mill" that existed, in effect, in its vicinity.
- ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission – Catania War Cemetery [3]
- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada – Anciens Combattants Canada – Catania War Cemetery [4]
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- ^ "home". Centroetnapolis.it. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Oggi la chiamano Etna Valley: i progetti, le aziende, il lavoro nel territorio di Catania". Etnavalley.com. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "TripAdvisor Announces the Top Amusement Parks and Water Parks Around the Globe in Travellers' Choice Awards".
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- ^ a b Drabble, Margaret (1985). "Verga, Giovanni". The Oxford Companion to English Literature (5th ed.). London: Guild Publishing. p. 1026.
- ^ Drabble, Margaret (1985). "Verismo". The Oxford Companion to English Literature (5th ed.). London: Guild Publishing. p. 1026.
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Sources
- Amico, Vito Maria (1740). Catana Illustrata.
- Correnti, Santi (1981). La Città Semprerifiorente. Catania: Greco.
- Correnti, Santi (2001). Cataniamia. Catania: Greco.
- Correnti, Santi; Santino Spartà (2007). Le strade di Catania. Rome: Newton & Compton.
- Various. Enciclopedia di Catania. Tringale.
- Ilaria Di Pietra, Catania. Viaggi e viaggiatori nella città del vulcano, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2007
- Antonino Recupero, Catania. Città del mediterraneo, (Fotografia di Alfio Garozzo. Prefazione di Andrea Camilleri), Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2007, ISBN 978-88-7751-273-4
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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Further reading
- "Catania", Italy : Handbook for Travellers: Third Part, Southern Italy, Sicily, Karl Baedeker, 1867, OL 20556096M
- "Catania", Southern Italy and Sicily (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OL 24396430M