Semele
Semele | |
---|---|
Princess of Polydorus | |
Consort | Zeus |
Children | Dionysus |
Semele (.
Certain elements of the cult of Dionysus and Semele came from the Phrygians.[2] These were modified, expanded, and elaborated by the Ionian Greek invaders and colonists. Doric Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC), born in the city of Halicarnassus under the Achaemenid Empire, who gives the account of Cadmus, estimates that Semele lived either 1,000 or 1,600 years prior to his visit to Tyre in 450 BC at the end of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–449 BC) or around 2050 or 1450 BC.[3][4] In Rome, the goddess Stimula was identified as Semele.
Etymology
According to some linguists the name Semele is
Mallory and Adams suggest that, although Semele is "etymologically related" to other mother Earth/Earth goddess cognates, her name might be a borrowing "from another
Etymological connections of
Mythology
Seduction by Zeus and birth of Dionysus
In one version of the myth, Semele was a priestess of Zeus, and on one occasion was observed by Zeus as she slaughtered a bull at his altar and afterwards swam in the river Asopus to cleanse herself of the blood. Flying over the scene in the guise of an eagle, Zeus fell in love with Semele and repeatedly visited her secretly.[17]
Zeus's wife,
Zeus rescued the fetal
When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from
Impregnation by Zeus
There is a story in the Fabulae 167 of
Still another variant of the narrative is found in
Locations
The most usual setting for the story of Semele is the palace that occupied the acropolis of
Though the Greek myth of Semele was localized in
- "For some say, at Alpheus that pregnant Semele bare you to Zeus the thunder-lover. And others yet, lord, say you were born in Thebes; but all these lie. The Father of men and gods gave you birth remote from men and secretly from white-armed Hera. There is a certain Nysa, a mountain most high and richly grown with woods, far off in Phoenice, near the streams of Aegyptus..."
Semele was worshipped at Athens at the Lenaia, when a yearling bull, emblematic of Dionysus, was sacrificed to her. One-ninth was burnt on the altar in the Hellenic way; the rest was torn and eaten raw by the votaries.[32]
A unique tale, "found nowhere else in Greece" and considered to be a local version of her legend,[33] is narrated by geographer Pausanias in his Description of Greece:[34] after giving birth to her semi-divine son, Dionysus, fathered by Zeus, Semele was banished from the realm by her father Cadmus. Their sentence was to be put into a chest or a box (larnax) and cast in the sea. Luckily, the casket they were in washed up by the waves at Prasiae.[35][36] However, it has been suggested that this tale might have been a borrowing from the story of Danaë and Perseus.[37][38]
Semele was a tragedy by Aeschylus; it has been lost, save a few lines quoted by other writers, and a papyrus fragment from Oxyrhynchus, P. Oxy. 2164.[39]
In Etruscan culture
Semele is attested with the Etruscan name form Semla, depicted on the back of a bronze mirror from the fourth century BC.[citation needed]
In Roman culture
In
"There was a grove: known either as Semele's or Stimula's: |
|
The Greek cult of Dionysus had flourished among the
In the classical tradition
In the
In the 18th century, the story of Semele formed the basis for three operas of the same name, the first by John Eccles (1707, to a libretto by William Congreve), another by Marin Marais (1709), and a third by George Frideric Handel (1742). Handel's work, based on Congreve's libretto but with additions, while an opera to its marrow, was originally given as an oratorio so that it could be performed in a Lenten concert series; it premiered on February 10, 1744.[49] The German dramatist Schiller produced a singspiel entitled Semele in 1782. Victorian poet Constance Naden wrote a sonnet in the voice of Semele, first published in her 1881 collection Songs and Sonnets of Springtime.[50] Paul Dukas composed a cantata, Sémélé.
Genealogy
|
Music
- Élisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre, Sémélé, cantata (1715) EJG 37
- Nikolaus Strungk, Semele, opera (1681)
- John Eccles, Semele, opera (1706)
- Marin Marais, Sémélé, tragédie en musique (1709)
- Fracesco Mancini, Sémélé, opera (1711)
- Antonio de Literes, Jupiter et Sémélé, opera (1718)
- André Cardinal Destouches, Sémélé, cantata (1719)
- Georg Friedrich Haendel, Semele, oratorio (1743)
- Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon, Sémélé, opera
- Paul Dukas, Sémélé, cantata (1889)
Notes
- ^ Although Dionysus is called the son of Zeus (see The cult of Dionysus : legends and practice Archived 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, Dionysus, Greek god of wine & festivity, The Olympian Gods Archived 2007-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Archived 2013-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2007, etc.), Barbara Walker, in The Woman's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets, (Harper/Collins, 1983) calls Semele the "Virgin Mother of Dionysus", a term that contradicts the picture given in the ancient sources: Hesiod Archived 2008-01-06 at the Wayback Machine calls him "Dionysus whom Cadmus' daughter Semele bare of union with Zeus", Euripides Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine calls him son of Zeus, Ovid tells how his mother Semele, rather than Hera, was "to Jove's embrace preferred", Apollodorus says that "Zeus loved Semele and bedded with her".
- ^ Martin Nillson (1967).Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion, Vol I. C. H. Beck Verlag. München p. 378
- ISBN 978-0140449082., to the present day is a period of about 1000 years only; ...
But from the birth of Dionysus, the son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus
- ^ Herodotus, Histories, II, 2.145
- ^ Kerenyi 1976 p. 107; Seltman 1956
- Slavonic zemlya:earth, Lithuanianžemýna: the earth goddess: Martin Nillson (1967).Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion, Vol I. C. H. Beck Verlag. München p. 568;
- Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch: root *dgem. Compare Damia and "Demeter" (mother earth).
- ^ Ann, Martha and Myers Imel, Dorothy. (1993). Goddesses in World Mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
- ^ Gimbutas, Marija. "The Living Goddesses".
- ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
- ^ Walter Burkert (1985), Greek Religion, p. 163
- ^ M.L.West, Indoeuropean poetry and myth, p.174-175 Oxford University Press. p.174
- ^ Laurinkiene, Nijole. "Gyvatė, Žemė, Žemyna: vaizdinių koreliacija nominavimo ir semantikos lygmenyje". In: Lituanistika šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2004. pp. 285–286.
- ISBN 978-1-136-14172-0.
- ISSN 0236-0551.
- Studia Mythologica Slavica 17 (October). Ljubljana, Slovenija. p. 22. https://doi.org/10.3986/sms.v17i0.1491.
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 7.110-8.177 (Dalby 2005, pp. 19–27, 150)
- Fabulae167.
- Metamorphoses III.308–312; Hyginus, Fabulae 179; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8.178-406
- Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.1137; Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods 9; compare the birth of Asclepius, taken from Coronison her funeral pyre (noted by L. Preller, Theogonie und Goetter, vol I of Griechische Mythologie 1894:661).
- Hyginus, Astronomy 2.5; Arnobius, Against the Gentiles 5.28 (Dalby 2005, pp. 108–117)
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8.407-418
- ISBN 978-90-04-33465-6
- ^ Fabulae 167.1
- ^ (Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 4. 5, quoted in the Theoi.com collection of Zagreus sources])
- ^ Callimachus, Fragments, in the etymol. ζαγρεὺς, Zagreos; see Karl Otfried Müller, John Leitch, Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology (1844), p.319, n.5
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24. 43 ff — translation in Zagreus
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 7.110–128
- ^ Semele was "made into a woman by the Thebans and called the daughter of Kadmos, though her original character as an earth-goddess is transparently evident" according to William Keith Chambers Guthrie, Orpheus and Greek Religion, rev. ed. 1953:56. Robert Graves is characteristically speculative: the story "seems to record the summary action taken by Hellenes of Boeotia in ending the tradition of royal sacrifice: Olympian Zeus asserts his power, takes the doomed king under his own protection, and destroys the goddess with her own thunderbolt." (Graves 1960:§14.5). The connection Semele=Selene is often noted, nevertheless.
- ^ Kerenyi 1976 p 193 and note 13
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.37; Plutarch, Isis and Osiris 35 (Dalby 2005, p. 135)
- ^ Graves 1960, 14.c.5
- ^ Holley, N. M. “The Floating Chest”. In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies 69 (1949): 39–40. doi:10.2307/629461.
- ^ Beaulieu, Marie-Claire. "The Floating Chest: Maidens, Marriage, and the Sea". In: The Sea in the Greek Imagination. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. pp. 97-98. Accessed May 15, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt17xx5hc.7.
- ^ Pausanias (1918). "24.3". Description of Greece. Vol. 3. Translated by W. H. S. Jones; H. A. Ormerod. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; William Heinemann – via Perseus Digital Library.-4.
- ^ Larson, Jennifer. Greek Heroine Cults. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. pp. 94-95.
- ^ Larson, Jennifer. Greek Heroine Cults. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. p. 95.
- ^ Timothy Gantz, "Divine Guilt in Aischylos" The Classical Quarterly New Series, 31.1 (1981:18-32) p 25f.
- ^ CIL 6.9897; R. Joy Littlewood, A Commentary on Ovid's Fasti, Book 6 (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 159.
- ^ W.H. Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94), vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 226–227.
- ^ Ovid, Fasti, 6.503ff.
- De Civitate Dei4.11.
- Ab Urbe Condita39.12.
- ^ Littlewood, A Commentary on Ovid, p. xliv. See particularly the paintings of the Villa of the Mysteries.
- ^ Littlewood, A Commentary on Ovid, p. xliv.
- ^ Michael Lipka, Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach (Brill, 2009), pp. 18–19.
- ^ Henry Moore, A Platonick Song of the Soul (1647), as discussed by Alexander Jacob, "The Neoplatonic Conception of Nature," in The Uses of Antiquity: The Scientific Revolution and the Classical Tradition (Kluwer, 1991), pp. 103–104.
- ISBN 0-19-315203-7.
- ^ Naden, Constance (1894). The Complete Poetical Works of Constance Naden. London: Bickers & Son. p. 137.
References
- ISBN 0-674-36280-2
- ISBN 0-89236-742-3)
- Graves, Robert, 1960. The Greek Myths
- Kerenyi, Carl, 1976. Dionysus: Archetypal Image of the Indestructible Life, (Bollingen, Princeton)
- Kerenyi, Carl, 1951. The Gods of the Greeks pp. 256ff.
- Seltman, Charles, 1956. The Twelve Olympians and their Guests. Shenval Press Ltd.
See also
External links
- Homeric Hymns
- On Thyone
- The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Semele)
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 616.
- Naden's poem 'Semele'