Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
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The
The foremost sources are the biblical books of Daniel and Revelation. Jesus' statements in Matthew 24 for instance, as well as many other Bible verses are also used. The classic Adventist commentary on the end-times was Uriah Smith's Daniel and the Revelation. The writings of Ellen G. White have also been highly influential, particularly the last part of her book The Great Controversy. "Prophecy seminars", developed since the mid-20th century, have been a key popular source.
Basis
Fundamental beliefs
The
- 24. Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary
- 25. Second Coming of Christ
- 26. Death and Resurrection
- 27. Millennium and the End of Sin
- 28. New Earth
According to a 1985 survey, 29% of North American Adventist lecturers nominated eschatology as the area of greatest contribution by Adventists to then-current theology. This ranked second only to wholism.[3]
Biblical basis and perspectives
Seventh-day Adventism derives its eschatological teachings in large part from its interpretation of the
A 2004 official statement remarks: Adventists' "sense of identity and calling grows from an understanding of Bible prophecies, especially those concerning the time immediately preceding the return of Jesus."[5]
Hermeneutics
Adventists believe the Christian church is the historical continuation of the Old Testament Israel as God's people, centered around Jesus, and that Old Testament end-time prophecies about Israel will be fulfilled more broadly.[6] (This stands in contrast to dispensationalism, a popular conservative Christian view, which sees a prominent place for the nation of Israel in the end-times). Adventist hermeneutics categorically rejects preterism, futurism and idealism as proper hermeneutical systems of interpretation of Bible prophecy.
Ellen White and SDA pioneers
The writings of Ellen G. White have been highly influential in the formation of Seventh-day Adventist eschatology, particularly the final chapters of her book The Great Controversy.
The classic interpretation was Uriah Smith's book, known by its abbreviated title as Daniel and the Revelation. It was affirmed by Ellen White,[7] "and had an unrivaled influence on [Adventist] prophetic teaching."[8] It was based on his earlier works Thoughts, Critical and Practical, on the Book of Revelation (1867), and Thoughts, Critical and Practical, on the Book of Daniel (1873).[9] The book was revised several times during Smith's life and afterwards.[8] The Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia states, "Although a creative writer, he also borrowed from contemporary and early expositors for his materials, especially in his interpretations of prophecy."[8]
Historicist interpretation of prophecy
Prophecies of Daniel
Adventists teach that
Image of Daniel 2
The background to Adventist eschatology is found in the
Chapter | Parallel sequence of prophetic elements as understood by SDA Historicists[15][16] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | ||||
Daniel 2 | Head Gold (Babylon) |
Chest & 2 arms Silver (Media-Persia) |
Belly and thighs Bronze (Greece) |
2 Legs Iron (Pagan Rome & Papal Rome) |
Feet & Toes Clay & Iron (Present Global Power) |
Rock God's unending kingdom left to no other people |
This interpretation is not unique to Adventists and was held by many expositors in the 18th and 19th centuries.[17]
Since iron and clay are materials that cannot form a durable structure, Adventist scholars interpret this as the many short-lived attempts throughout European history to form a large empire such as the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleonic France, Nazi Germany, The European Union.
Chapter 7 - The 4 beasts and Judgement
Paraphrase of the prophecy of Daniel 7 by arranging prophecy phrases parallel to given interpretation.
- Survey of prophecy
This survey section consists of paraphrases and quotations of the significant texts. During the reign of Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon, Daniel experiences a dream or vision.[18] It has been fifty years since the vision of chapter 2.[19]
Comparison of Daniel 2, 7 and 8
Chapter | Parallel sequence of prophetic elements as understood by Historicists[15][16] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | Present | Future | ||||
Daniel 2 | Head Gold (Babylon) |
Chest & 2 arms Silver |
Belly and thighs Bronze |
2 Legs Iron |
2 Feet with toes Clay & Iron |
Rock God's unending kingdom left to no other people |
Daniel 7 | Winged Lion | Lopsided Bear | 4 Headed / 4 Winged Leopard |
Iron toothed beast w/Little Horn |
Judgment scene Beast slain |
A son of man comes in clouds Given everlasting dominion He gives it to the saints.[20] |
Daniel 8 | 2-horned Ram (Media-Persia) |
Uni- / 4-horned Goat 4 Winds (Greece) |
Little Horn A Master of Intrigue |
Cleansing of Sanctuary Leads to: |
(Kingdom of God) |
Eschatological events
In traditional mainstream Adventist teaching, the end times consists of four distinct episodes:
- The Investigative Judgment, beginning in 1844 and ending at the close of probation
- The "time of trouble", beginning at the close of probation and ending at the second coming of Jesus
- The millennium
- The destruction of sinners and new earth
Events prior to 1844
The
The empire continued several centuries into the Christian era, when it was ultimately replaced by the
The "1,260 days", "42 months" or "time, times and dividing of time" of apocalyptic prophecy are equated, and are interpreted as 1260 years, based on the day-year principle. This has traditionally been held to be the period AD 538 to 1798, as the era of papal supremacy and oppression as prophesied in Revelation 12:6, 14–16.
After the end of the 1260 days, and prior to 1844, several significant events took place. In 1755 a massive earthquake hit Lisbon. On May 19, 1780, northeastern America experienced a day of extraordinary darkness followed by a blood-red moon that night. On November 13, 1833, a spectacular Leonids meteor shower occurred. These three events were thought to be a fulfillment of Revelation 6:12, paving the way for the final events of history.[28]
Three Angels' Messages
During the 1830s and 1840s the
The Investigative judgment
The
The completion of the investigative judgment marks the "close of probation". In Adventist teaching, this is a crucial moment when sinners will no longer be able to repent and be forgiven, because Christ will have ceased his intercessory ministry.
Then Jesus ceases His intercession in the sanctuary above. He lifts His hands and with a loud voice says, "It is done;" and all the angelic host lay off their crowns as He makes the solemn announcement: "He that is unjust, let him be unjust still: and he which is filthy, let him be filthy still: and he that is righteous, let him be righteous still: and he that is holy, let him be holy still." Revelation 22:11. Every case has been decided for life or death."
— Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy[29]
The time of trouble
- Note: This section describes the traditional view of the church.
Following the close of probation will be a "time of trouble," a brief but intense period of time immediately preceding the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Adventists believe the
Ultimately, the
In contrast to those who choose to obey the "Sunday law," and therefore receive the "mark of the beast," people who observe the
As the Sabbath has become the special point of controversy throughout Christendom, and religious and secular authorities have combined to enforce the observance of the Sunday, the persistent refusal of a small minority to yield to the popular demand will make them objects of universal execration. It will be urged that the few who stand in opposition to an institution of the church and a law of the state ought not to be tolerated; that it is better for them to suffer than for whole nations to be thrown into confusion and lawlessness. ... This argument will appear conclusive; and a decree will finally be issued against those who hallow the Sabbath of the fourth commandment, denouncing them as deserving of the severest punishment and giving the people liberty, after a certain time, to put them to death. Romanism in the Old World and apostate Protestantism in the New will pursue a similar course toward those who honor all the divine precepts.
— Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy[29]
Despite being almost overwhelmed by persecution, the people of God will be delivered by the
The "time of trouble" has also been known as the "Time of Jacob's Trouble," described as "a brief period of extreme tribulation" just before the Second Coming, and after the close of probation. It is contemporaneous with the seven
Recent arguments claim an allusion from Revelation 14:7 in the three angels' messages to Exodus 20:11 in the fourth of the Ten Commandments. Thus in the end time, the battle over worship will include the Sabbath.[41]
The Second Coming
Seventh-day Adventists believe the
Adventists reject an
The Millennium
The Second Coming of Jesus Christ marks the beginning of the Millennium, according to Adventist teaching. At the second coming, the righteous dead will be resurrected (the "first resurrection", Revelation 20:5), and both they and the righteous living will be taken to heaven to reign with Christ for 1000 years. The rest of mankind (the wicked, or unrighteous) will be killed at the second coming, leaving the earth devoid of human life.
During the millennium, Satan and his angels will occupy the desolate earth; this is how Adventists interpret the "binding" of Satan described in chapter 20 of the Book of Revelation. The millennium will be the time when the wicked will be judged. Satan and his angels will be loosed at the end of the millennium when the wicked, or unrighteous are brought back to life to face judgement.
The destruction of sinners and new earth
At the close of the Millennium, Adventists believe that Christ will again return to earth together with the righteous and the "Holy City" (the New Jerusalem, Revelation 21:10) to implement His judgment on the wicked. He will then raise the wicked (the "second resurrection"), who will surround the New Jerusalem along with Satan. At this point Satan, his angels, and wicked humanity will suffer
Finally, God will create a new earth where the redeemed will enjoy eternal life free of sin and suffering.
Additional interpretations
Ellen White's book (The Great Controversy) has been a frequent evangelistic handout. While much of it presents Christian and Adventist church history, the later chapters describe end-time events. Her views expressed in the book represent the mainstream opinion in Adventism. Some alternative views about eschatology have been proposed by individuals and groups in the Adventist church.[44]
Critics[45][46] have written on issues regarding the book The Great Controversy.[47] One critic has stated "There can be little doubt that the Roman church courted much of the antagonism it received." [...] "incredibly arrogant and contemptuous of democratic principles" in the U.S. "The Roman Catholic Church of those days was a contemptuous and contemptible organization, rightly perceived as a threat to the nation and the world." "But those days are over. The world has changed. The United States has changed. And even the Roman Catholic church has changed, in the second half of our century, having reconciled itself with progress, liberalism and modern civilization. It is no longer the Bible-suppressing, science-resisting, liberty-opposing, Protestant-hating, culture-ignoring, Latin-mumbling, obscurantism-loving ecclesiastical organization of former years, intent on ruling the world from Rome. Vatican Council II transformed all that."[48]
However Ellen White stated...
The Roman Church now presents a fair front to the world, covering with apologies her record of horrible cruelties. She has clothed herself in Christlike garments; but she is unchanged. Every principle of the papacy that existed in past ages exists today. The doctrines devised in the darkest ages are still held. Let none deceive themselves. The papacy that Protestants are now so ready to honor is the same that ruled the world in the days of the Reformation, when men of God stood up, at the peril of their lives, to expose her iniquity. She possesses the same pride and arrogant assumption that lorded it over kings and princes, and claimed the prerogatives of God. Her spirit is no less cruel and despotic now than when she crushed out human liberty and slew the saints of the Most High.
— The Great Controversy, Ellen White, p. 571
Opinions vary in regards to this topic.[49][50]
Prophetic interpretation of Revelation
Traditionally, Adventists interpret the letters to the seven churches of Asia in Revelation 2 and 3 as fulfilled in consecutive periods of church history.
According to mainstream Adventist thought, prophecies usually have only a single fulfillment. For instance Gerhard Hasel argued apocalyptic prophecy has only "one fulfillment for each symbol." "General" or "classical" prophecy may have dual or multiple fulfillments only if Scripture itself points to this, for instance with the virgin birth (Isaiah 7:14 / Matthew 1:22–23), and the latter rain (Joel 2 / Acts 2).[51] In contrast, a minority have argued for multiple fulfillments of other prophecies.[52] Some Progressive Adventists advocate multiple diverse possible fulfillments of prophecy, and some try to include Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the Seleucid king who conquered Israel, as a preliminary fulfillment. Most Adventists disagree with this.[27][53]
The themes of Revelation are heavily grounded in the Old Testament, so Adventist scholarship first looks to this background before attempting interpretation. The context and overall literary structure are important for interpretation. For instance Revelation is not always chronological (e.g. Jesus' death in Revelation 12:10,11 cannot follow 11:15 where He reigns; and Babylon's activities in chapter 17 cannot follow its destruction in chapter 16), but many visions are parallel, and progressively illuminate themes. In addition to parallels, there are contrasts such as the Lamb and the beast; and the seal of God and the mark of the beast. Revelation shows a typological connection between ancient Israel's history, and church history.[54]
Cosmic signs
Great cosmic signs have traditionally been interpreted as the fulfillment of Bible prophecy and signs of the nearing Second Coming, such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in Portugal,[55] New England's Dark Day of 1780,[56] and a spectacular meteor shower in 1833.[57] This is based on the sixth seal (Revelation 6:12–17) of the "seven seals", and Jesus' end-times sermon in Matthew 24:29 and Mark 13:24–25 (see also Luke 21). Adventists had argued the Dark Day was a supernatural sign. Critics claim that it occurred from natural causes due to forest fires.[58] The interpretations are still commonly held by Adventist, although some have challenged the interpretations.[59][60]
Some[who?] state there were bigger earthquakes before Lisbon[original research?]. Still, they remain highly significant events in history. They believe people were led to God, and these are preliminary signs, but not the ultimate cosmic signs bring in the Second Coming.[61][62]
Many believe their occurrence towards the end of papal supremacy (1798) is significant, and that the order of events matches the biblical prediction.[63] Some believe the context of Jesus' end-times sermon indicates the period stretches from the destruction of Jerusalem (AD 70) to the seven last plagues prior to the Second Coming.[61] Jon Paulien claims they are signs of the age, not signs of the end; they do instruct us to keep watch.[64] The events are the "day of the Lord" foretold in Old Testament prophecy.
Spiritualism
Ellen White was critical of spiritualism (which she believed to be communication with evil spirits). Many Adventists see the spreading social acceptance of the belief in evil spirits and their powers such as in witchcraft, the occult, as evidenced in the prominent films, books, and society along with the spread of Spiritual Formation in modern-day churches, and the acceptance of communicating with spirits in modern-day churches in Montanism style movements which have emerged from the late 19th century as an indication of the fulfillment of the prediction.
World empires
The traditional teaching is that Rome was the last world empire prophesied in Daniel 2 and 7, which divides up into the nations of Europe.
Adventists predicted that in WWII, Hitler's forces would not conquer Europe, based on Daniel 2:43 which states the toes of the statue [interpreted as the nations of Europe] would not remain united.
Ottoman Empire
In 1838, Millerite preacher Josiah Litch had predicted the fall of the Ottoman Empire in August 1840, based on Revelation 9.[66] This was regarded as being fulfilled on August 11, 1840, when Turkey responded to an ultimatum by European powers, which affirmed the Millerites' beliefs. [Note: this occurred during the Millerite movement before the start of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, of which Litch did not become a member].[67]
New World Order
Eschatological expectations have prompted some Adventists to closely observe current
"Not only does the Bible not predict one world government before the kingdom of God; it denies it. "Just as you saw that the feet and toes were partly of baked clay and partly of iron, so this will be a divided kingdom" (Daniel 2:41). The Bible does however warn of "an alliance between church and state (see Revelation 17:3ff)."[69]
"The prophecy of Revelation 13 declares that the power represented by the beast with lamblike horns shall cause "the earth and them which dwell therein" to worship the papacy—there symbolised by the beast "like unto a leopard."[70]
He was granted power to give breath to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak and cause as many as would not worship the image of the beast to be killed. He causes all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads, and that no one may buy or sell except one who has the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
— Revelation 13:15-17 NKJV
The beast with two horns is also to say "to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast;" and, furthermore, it is to command all, "both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond," to receive the mark of the beast. Revelation 13:11-16. It has been shown that the United States is the power represented by the beast with lamblike horns,[71] and that this prophecy will be fulfilled when the United States shall enforce Sunday observance,[72] which Rome claims as the special acknowledgement of her supremacy. But in this homage to the papacy the United States will not be alone. The influence of Rome in the countries that once acknowledged her dominion is still far from being destroyed. And prophecy foretells a restoration of her power. "I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast." Verse 3. The infliction of the deadly wound points to the downfall of the papacy in 1798. After this, says the prophet, "his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast." Paul states plainly that the "man of sin" will continue until the second advent. 2 Thessalonians 2:3-8. To the very close of time he will carry forward the work of deception. And the revelator declares, also referring to the papacy: "All that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life." Revelation 13:8. The papacy will receive homage in the honour paid to the Sunday institution, that rests solely upon the authority of the Roman Church."[73]
Antichrist
For the mainstream view, see Day of the Dragon by Clifford Goldstein.
A minority view by Samuele Bacchiocchi has suggested expanding the Antichrist concept to include also Islam. However the majority Adventist view today disagrees and holds to the traditional Adventist view of the papacy as the Antichrist.[77][78]
Roman Catholicism
Modern "mainstream" Adventist literature continues to express the traditional Adventist teaching that Roman Catholicism, in coalition with other churches, will perpetrate religious oppression during a final end-time crisis, and that the
Seventh-day Adventists are convinced of the validity of our prophetic views, according to which humanity now lives close to the end of time. Adventists believe, on the basis of biblical predictions, that just prior to the second coming of Christ this earth will experience a period of unprecedented turmoil, with the
seventh-day Sabbath as a focal point. In that context, we expect that world religions--including the major Christian bodies as key players--will align themselves with the forces in opposition to God and to the Sabbath. Once again the union of church and state will result in widespread religious oppression. (official statement)
666: Vicarius Filii Dei
Revelation 13: VERSE 18. “Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast; for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six." Some Adventists have interpreted the number of the beast, 666, as corresponding to the title
- The pope wears upon his pontifical crown in jeweled letters, this title: "Vicarius Filii Dei," "Viceregent of the Son of God;" the numerical value of which title is just six hundred and sixty-six The most plausible supposition we have ever seen on this point is that here we find the number in question. It is the number of the beast, the papacy; it is the number of his name, for he adopts it as his distinctive title; it is the number of a man, for he who bears it is the "man of sin."[80]
Prominent Adventist scholar
We noted that contrary to some Catholic sources who deny the use of Vicarius Filii Dei as a papal title, we have found this title to have been used in official Catholic documents to support the ecclesiastical authority and temporal sovereignty of the pope. Thus the charge that Adventists fabricated the title to support their prophetic interpretation of 666, is unfair and untrue.
— ' Samuele Bacchiocchi,[87] slide 116
The
Sunday law
Traditionally, Adventists teach that right at the end times the message of the Ten Commandments and in particular the keeping of the seventh day of the week, Saturday, as Sabbath will be conveyed to the whole world and there will be a reaction from those who hold to Sunday as the day of worship. Adventists have taught that a persecuting "Sunday law" will be enacted at some stage in the future, as part of the final events of earth's history before Jesus returns, as stated in significant publications such as Questions on Doctrine (1957),[88] Seventh-day Adventists Believe… (1988),[89] and Ellen White's classic The Great Controversy.[90] Jon Paulien has argued for a parallel between Revelation 14 and the fourth of the Ten Commandments (the Sabbath), in Exodus 20. He hence argues the Bible features Sabbath in the end-times.
Some progressive Adventists,[91] including a few scholars,[92] disagree with specific traditional views about the "time of trouble.".
Armageddon
Adventists believe in a future final battle prior to Jesus' return.
This battle is termed "Armageddon" in Revelation 16:16, a term which occurs only once in the Bible. It derives from the Hebrew for "Mountain of Megiddo", and occurs only in Revelation 16:16 in the Bible. Modern Adventist scholarship believes it refers not to a physical battle in the Middle East, but is a metaphor for a spiritual battle. There is no mountain called "Megiddo", but the city Megiddo, now ruined, lies in the Jezreel Valley, at the foot of Mount Carmel which was the site of Elijah's conflict with the prophets of Baal (1 Kings 18). Based in this imagery, Armageddon is understood as a worldwide 'spiritual' battle – a battle for the mind. Paulien believes it is not literal fire, and not literally on Carmel, but likely false prophets and false Christs performing miracles in the world (Matthew 24:24). The Euphrates river is equated with the "many waters" the prostitutes sits on, which the Bible identifies as peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages. Thus the drying of the river is the removal of the political powers supporting Babylon.[93] (Earlier, Uriah Smith viewed the drying of the Euphrates river (Revelation 16:12) as the shrinking of Turkey, the nation occupying most of the river; however today this is Iraq. He saw Armageddon as a literal battle at Megiddo in Israel due to its strategic military location, and the three unclean spirits as spiritism.[94])
Sources
Prophecy Seminars
A "prophecy seminar" is a common form of outreach used by Adventist ministers, in which Bible prophecies such as those in the books of Daniel and Revelation are presented.
In 1969 George Knowles developed a small group seminar. He joined It Is Written, and together with George Vandeman prepared a day-long seminar, which developed into the It Is Written Revelation Seminar by 1975. Soon others ran their own seminars. A resource center founded in Texas in 1980 was named Seminars Unlimited in 1986, and by the 1990s was distributing evangelistic materials to Adventists worldwide.[95]
Some currently used seminars are:
- Prophecy Seminar. USA: Seminars Unlimited, 1989. 32 studies
- Revelation Seminar. Review and Herald / Revelation Seminars (by Seminars Unlimited of Keene, Texas), 1983. 24 studies
- Focus on Prophecy. Voice of Prophecy, 2000. 21 studies, consisting of Focus on Daniel (studies 1–7) and Focus on Revelation (studies 8–20); number 21 is a summary, The Prophecies of Daniel and Revelation
- Daniel. Victoria: Australian Union ConferenceResource Centre, 2004. 16 studies
The seminar Revelation: Hope, Meaning, Purpose was written primarily by Jon Paulien and Graeme Bradford, and "published under the guidance of the Biblical Research Committee of the South Pacific Division [...]" in 2010. It consists of 24 sessions, available as printed booklets and also on 12 DVDs.[96]
Daniel and Revelation Committee Series
The Daniel and Revelation Committee Series (DARCOM) is one of the foremost Adventist sources, and consists of the following volumes:[97]
- Vol. 1 Selected Studies on Prophetic Interpretation by William H. Shea (publisher's page)
- Vol. 2 Symposium on Daniel, edited by Frank B. Holbrook (publisher's page Archived 2002-07-26 at the Wayback Machine)
- Vol. 3 70 Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy, edited by Frank B. Holbrook
- Vol. 4 Issues in the Book of Hebrews, edited by Frank B. Holbrook
- Vol. 5 Doctrine of the Sanctuary, edited by Frank B. Holbrook
- Vol. 6 Symposium on Revelation-Book I, edited by Frank B. Holbrook
- Vol. 7 Symposium on Revelation-Book II, edited by Frank B. Holbrook
Evangelists
Adventist evangelists such as
Comparison to other Christian views
The
Seventh-day Adventism's eschatological teaching may be contrasted with:
- Dispensational Premillennialism, which teaches that a rapture of Christians will occur prior to a Great Tribulation of seven years' duration; this will be followed by a millennial reign of Christ on earth. Dispensational premillennialism is held by many evangelicals in the United States.
- second comingof Christ will occur after the millennium. Postmillennialism has declined in popularity in the twentieth century.
- Oriental Orthodox and the Assyrian Church of the East.
See also
- Biblical Research Institute
- Christian eschatology
- Daniel's 70 Weeks prophecy
- William Miller (preacher)
- Millerites
- Pre-advent judgment
- Prophecy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church
- Seventh-day Adventist theology
- Teachings of Ellen White (End times)
- The Pillars of Adventism
Footnotes
- ^ "A Brief Statement from the Ellen G. White Estate Regarding the Consistency of Ellen White's Statements on End-Time Events - Executive Committee". Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Seventh-day Adventist Church. (n.d.). Fundamental Beliefs. Retrieved 24 August 2020, from www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental-beliefs/
- ISSN 0890-0264. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ a b Holbrook, F. (1983). "What Prophecy Means to This Church". Biblical Research Institute. Biblical Research Institute (originally published in Ministry). Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
- ^ "www.adventist.org/articles/values Seventh-day Adventist Church. (n.d.). Values. Retrieved on 24 August 2020 from www.adventist.org". Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. LaRondelle, H. (1997). Understanding Israel in Prophecy. Ministry, 70:6, p 5-8. LaRondelle, H. (2007). Israel in Biblical Prophecy. Ministry 79:1, p. 17-21.
- ^ White, statements compiled in Colporteur Ministry, chapter "Chap. 20 – Our Large Message Books", p123. An early minister A. C. Bordeau claimed White had a vision that God is "leading his mind by His Spirit, and an angel is guiding his hand in writing" the book (quoted in a letter from J. S. Washburn to Meade MacGuire on February 18, 1923; as quoted on a website). The White Estate states this is "seriously undercut by the historical facts." "Statements Mistakenly Attributed to Ellen G. White", accessed April 2010
- ^ a b c "Uriah Smith". Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia, p1355–1356. Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald, rev edn, 1976. As reproduced on a website
- ^ Thoughts on Daniel [...] 2nd edn (1883) online
- ^ "Articles". Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ "part 1". Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 14:2 (Fall 2003), p15–43; "part 2". JATS 17:1 (Spring 2006), p180–208. Hans LaRondelle, "The Heart of Historicism". Ministry 77:9 (September 2005), p22–23,25–27. Kai Arasola, The End of Historicism: Millerite Hermeneutic of Time Prophecies in the Old Testament. Uppsala: University of Uppsala, 1990
- ^ The Sanctuary Doctrine – Asset or Liability? Part 6 by Raymond F. Cottrell
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe. Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. pp. 357, 370.
- ^ a b Seventh-day Adventists believe. Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. p. 376.
- ^ a b Smith 1944
- ^ a b Anderson 1975
- ^ For example, see Isaac Newton's expositions of Daniel; or Canon Edward Hoare of Canterbury Cathedral, Rome, Turkey and Jerusalem. Hatchards, 1876
- ^ Smith 1897, p. 105.
- ^ Maxwell 1981, p. 107.
- ^ Daniel 7:13–27 see verses 13, 14, 22, 27
- ISBN 1-57847-041-2.
- ^ The Great Controversy by Ellen White, p266. "Chap. 15 - The Bible and the French Revolution"
- ISBN 1-57847-041-2.
- ^ The Great Controversy by Ellen White, p439. "Chap. 25 - God's Law Immutable"
- Victor Emmanuel II of Italy captured Rome; "But there is no reason to debate over which of the two dates (1798 or 1870) have affected more adversely the papacy, because neither of the two events have significantly weakened the worldwide influence of the papacy." He interprets the healing of the wound as the Lateran Treaty with Italian Prime Minister Mussoliniin 1929
- ^ For instance the Adult Bible Study Guide, The Gospel, 1844, and Judgment, 3rd quarter 2006, lesson 4 "Daniel 7", section "Time, Times, and Dividing of Time" for July 19, p34. Quote: "If we date the beginning of papal Rome to the late fifth, early sixth century, 1,260 years later brings us to the late eighteenth, or early nineteenth, century."
- ^ a b "Biblical Perspectives is coming soon". Biblical Perspectives is coming soon.
- ISBN 1-57847-041-2.
- ^ a b The Great Controversy, Ellen G. White, chapter 39
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe (2nd ed). Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. pp. 185, 382.
- ^ Dwight Nelson (1998-10-31). "Beauty and the Beast (NeXt Millennium series, lecture 17)". Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ^ Dwight Nelson (1998-01-11). "When the Clock Runs Out on America and the New World Order (NeXt Millennium series, lecture 18)". Retrieved 2007-04-05.
- ^ For instance Loren Seibold, "Letting Roman Catholics Off the Hook: Seven Reasons for Rethinking Our Enemies List Archived 2010-01-17 at the Wayback Machine". Adventist Today (Winter 2010), p22–23. Preview posted online on 4 January 2010
- ^ John N. Andrews, Thoughts on Revelation XIII and XIV, Review and Herald, May 19, 1851, p. 81.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe. Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. p. 296.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe. Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. pp. 194–197, 296.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine. Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C. 1957. p. Chapter 18 "Historic Concept of the Mark of the Beast.".
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe (2nd ed). Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. p. 284.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists believe (2nd ed). Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 2005. p. 382.
- Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia. Commentary Reference Series vol. 10 (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1966), ed. Don Neufeld
- ^ Jon Paulien, ""Revisiting the Sabbath in the Book of Revelation". Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2010-10-24.". Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 9:1–2 (1998), p179–186. Also Paulien and Bradford's Revelation seminar
- ^ General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. "Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed, 2005)". Pacific Press Publishing Association: 374–378.
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(help) - ^ Fundamental Belief#25 The Second Coming of Christ. "The second coming of Christ is the blessed hope of the church, the grand climax of the gospel. The Saviour's coming will be literal, personal, visible, and worldwide. When He returns, the righteous dead will be resurrected, and together with the righteous living will be glorified and taken to heaven, but the unrighteous will die. The almost complete fulfillment of most lines of prophecy, together with the present condition of the world, indicates that Christ's coming is near. The time of that event has not been revealed, and we are therefore exhorted to be ready at all times. (Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21; John 14:1-3; Acts 1:9-11; 1 Cor. 15:51-54; 1 Thess. 4:13-18; 5:1-6; 2 Thess. 1:7-10; 2:8; 2 Tim. 3:1-5; Titus 2:13; Heb. 9:28; Rev. 1:7; 14:14-20; 19:11-21.)"
- ^ Historian George Knight has outlined two approaches to Jesus' return: a sense of "immediacy" or expectation, and "occupying" or establishment. The danger of taking the former to an extreme is date-setting, which has often occurred in the church; and the danger of the latter is living in practice as if Jesus were not coming soon, as with the postmillennial belief (which is rejected by Adventists). The sensationalism of some approaches has brought people attention or money. He advocates balance, arguing from Jesus' end-times message in Matthew 24 and 25. 24:1-41 promotes the "expectancy" side of the picture, whereas the rest promotes the "waiting and occupying aspect of the tension." Of the five parables in this section, the first three emphasize watching (24:42- 25:13), the fourth on the talents emphasizes working while watching (25:14-30), and the final one on the sheep and the goats (25:31-46) emphasizes the social concern and nature of the working. He concludes "The ideal, of course, is to live responsibly in the interim." See George R. Knight, "Adventist Approaches to the Second Coming". Ministry 73:6/7 (June–July 2000), p28–32
- ^ Adventist Today special issue (1:3) "Sacred Texts: Cast Iron or Free Form? How Should We use The Great Controversy?" rejects "literalistic reading" which ignores context (Bible or EGW). Principles extracted and reaffirmed in the reader's context.See Fred Veltman, "Text and Community in Dynamic Relationship". Adventist Today 1:3 (September 1993), p16, 19
- ^ One lecturer claims "The symbolic, apocalyptic prophecies have always been a playground for egomaniacs, charlatans, and the sincerely misguided who play upon human fascination for a knowledge of the future, for soothsaying and fortunetelling. Prophetic exploiters motivate through fear and apprehension." He recommends instead: using sound judgment rather than being swayed by charisma, "safety in consensus", and loyal opposition (possibly) but not fault-finding. The prophecies are given to show "God's hand in history", to be "mindful that time is 'short'", the great controversy, and to remind "that Christ will triumph over evil" – we should not fear but hope for his return. See Steven Vitrano, "Prophecy: A Blessing and a Danger". Adventist Today 1:3 (September 1993), p17
- ^ "The World of E. G. White and the End of the World" by Jonathan Butler. Spectrum 10:2 (August 1979), p2–13. See responses Archived 2008-08-29 at the Wayback Machine in Spectrum 11:1 (July 1980), p24–34 by Harold E. Fagal, Thomas A. Norris, W. Larry Richards, and a reply from Butler
- ^ Paul J. Landa, "American Anti-Catholicism: History and Evaluation". Adventist Today 1:2 (July–August 1993), p12, 18
- ^ Clifford Goldstein, "The Great Controversy Vindicated". Adventist Today 1:2 (July–August 1993), p10. An excerpt from Day of the Dragon
- ^ Donald Casebolt, "Is Ellen White's Interpretation of Biblical Prophecy Final?" Spectrum 12:4 (June 1982), p2–9
- ^ Gerhard Hasel, "Fulfillments of Prophecy", p288–322 in 70 Weeks, Leviticus, Nature of Prophecy
- ^ c. 1919. As cited in Hook, p34, 37 footnote 17
- ^ Ford, Daniel, p172–174, 186–188. Ford has written an article on the "apotelesmatic principle" of multiple fulfillments, c. 2008, and see his commentaries on Daniel and Revelation. See also: Raymond Cottrell. "Exegesis of Daniel".. A critical perspective is Roberto Ouro, "The Apotelesmatic Principle: Origin and Application".. Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 9:1–2 (1998), p326–342
- ^ Hans LaRondelle, "The End-Time Message in Historical Perspective". Ministry 69:12 (December 1996), p10–13. "An approach to Revelation 12–14"
- ^ "A Great Earthquake". Bible Universe.
- ^ "Sun Turned Into Darkness". Bible Universe.
- ^ "Stars Fall From Heaven". Bible Universe.
- ^ Merton E. Sprengel, "The Dark Day Plus 200 Years". Adventist Review 157:26 (May 22, 1980), p5–8; DjVu version, PDF version also. Series: May 29, and June 5. Kenneth Wood, "The Dark Day" editorial, p13–14 in the former issue
- ^ MORE THAN A PROPHET. by Dr. Graeme Bradford, page 138
- ^ For instance Donald Casebolt, "Is Ellen White's Interpretation of Biblical Prophecy Final?" Spectrum 12:4 (June 1982), p2–9
- ^ a b Hans LaRondelle, "Viewpoint: The Application of Cosmic Signs in the Adventist Tradition". Ministry 71:9 (September 1998), p25–27
- ^ George R. Knight, Matthew. Nampa, Idaho: Pacific Press, 1994, p236–237; as cited by LaRondelle
- C. Mervyn Maxwell, God Cares. Nampa, Idaho: Pacific Press, 1985, vol. 1, p214. As quoted by LaRondelle
- ^ Jon Paulien, What the Bible Says about the End Time. Hagerstown, Md: Review and Herald, 1994), p157
- ^ Carlos Espinosa (September 29, 2006). "The Adventist Message and the Book of Daniel". Spectrum website.
- ^ Josiah Litch, The Probability of the Second Coming of Christ About A.D. 1843 (1838)
- ^ "Litch, Josiah (1809–1886)" in Gary Land, Historical Dictionary of Seventh-day Adventists, p170–171. See Ellen White, The Great Controversy, p334. Some scholars today such as Casebolt are critical of this history
- ISBN 0-912145-08-0.
- ^ "Liberty Magazine". www.libertymagazine.org.
- ^ "The Other Woman | Bible Study Guides". Amazing Facts.
- ^ "The USA in Bible Prophecy | Bible Study Guides". Amazing Facts.
- ^ "The Mark of the Beast | Bible Study Guides". Amazing Facts.
- ^ The Great Controversy Chapter entitled: Liberty of Conscience Threatened by Ellen G. White
- ^ "Who is the AntiChrist? | 666 | The Mark of the Beast". 666 Truth.
- ^ "Reformed Eschatology (Amillennial) Since the Reformation". www.mountainretreatorg.net.
- ^ "Antichrist Today". www.presenttruthmag.com.
- ^ Islam and The Papacy in Prophecy Archived 2013-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, Endtime Issues no. 86, 6 July 2002.]
- ^ "Biblical Perspectives is coming soon". Biblical Perspectives is coming soon.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, 223
- ^ Uriah Smith, The United States in the Light of Prophecy. Battle Creek, Michigan: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association (1884), 4th edition, p.224.
- ^ The Three Angels of Revelation XIV. 6-12, p.109. 1877 reprint. Cited from Adventist Bible Commentary
- ISBN 978-0-8280-1170-9, pgs. 823-824 (from Vol. 7, Philippians to Revelation)
- ISBN 978-88-209-6068-1.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Biblical Perspectives is coming soon". Biblical Perspectives is coming soon.
- ^ "Biblical Perspectives is coming soon". Biblical Perspectives is coming soon.
- ^ "Biblical Perspectives is coming soon". Biblical Perspectives is coming soon.
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 18 "Historic Concept of the Mark of the Beast"
- ^ Seventh-day Adventists Believe: A Biblical Exposition of 27 Fundamental Doctrines, Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1st edition 1988, 2nd edition 2005; and chapter 2
- ^ Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy, chapter 38; chapter 36; chapter 25; chapter 38; chapter 36; chapter 38
- ^ One author states progressive Adventists generally believe "true Christians can and do worship on Sunday, and Sunday observance is not now, or later to become, the Mark of the Beast, nor is keeping the Seventh-day Sabbath to be the Seal of God." See Ron Corson, "[1]". Adventist Today, 2002
- ^ "Biblical Perspectives is coming soon". Biblical Perspectives is coming soon.
- ^ William H. Shea. "The Location and Significance of Armageddon in Rev 16:16". Andrews University Seminary Studies. pp. 157–162.
- ^ Smith, Daniel and the Revelation, p691–701. See also LaRondelle, "Armageddon: History of Adventist Interpretations" in Symposium on Revelation–Book 2, Daniel and Revelation Committee Series 7. Silver Spring, MD: Biblical Research Institute, 1992, p444–449
- ^ "Revelation Seminar" in Historical Dictionary of Seventh-day Adventists by Gary Land, p246
- ^ Quote from the printed sessions. Website is RevelationHope.com
- ^ Biblical Research Institute - Biblical Research Institute Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine One review is Desmond Ford, "Daniel Committee: A Response to the Daniel & Revelation Committee"
- ISBN 1-878046-55-1
- ISBN 1-883012-37-6
- ISBN 0-9720888-3-0
References
- Anderson, Roy Allan (1975). Unfolding Daniel's Prophecies. Pacific Press Pub. Association. ISBN 0816301808.
- Smith, Uriah (1944). Daniel and Revelation. Southern Publishing Association.
- Swearingen, Marc Alden (2006). Tidings out of the Northeast. Coldwater, Michigan: Remnant Publication. p. 272. ISBN 1-933291-02-8.
Further reading
- Roy Allan Anderson, Unfolding Daniel and Unfolding Revelation; reprinted as the single volume Unveiling Daniel and Revelation. Pacific Press, 2006; ISBN 0-8163-2151-5
- Reinder Bruinsma, Seventh-day Adventist Attitudes Toward Roman Catholicism 1844–1965, Berrien Springs, Michigan, 1994; ISBN 1-883925-04-5
- Jacques B. Doukhan, Secrets of Daniel. Review and Herald, 2000; ISBN 0-8280-1645-3
- Desmond Ford, Crisis: A Commentary on the Book of Revelation Volumes 1–3, 1982. Daniel commentaries: Daniel, 1978; Daniel and The Coming King, 1996; In the Heart of Daniel: An Exposition of Daniel 9:24–27, 2007; and others
- Le Roy Froom, The Prophetic Faith of Our FathersDjVu (4 volumes), the classic in-depth study
- ISBN 0-8163-1148-X
- Norman Gulley, Satan's Trojan Horse: God's End-Time Victory. Review and Herald, 2004; ISBN 0-8280-1746-8
- Hans LaRondelle. How to Understand the End-Time Prophecies of the Bible (Sarasota, Florida: First Impressions, 1997)
- Ministerial Association: "Christ's Ministry in the Heavenly Sanctuary" (chapter 23), "The Second Coming of Christ" (chapter 24), "Death and Resurrection" (chapter 25), "The Millenium and the End of Sin" (chapter 26) and "The New Earth" (chapter 27) in ISBN 0-8280-0466-8. See the "Prophecy" entry on p390 of the index
- V. Norskov Olsen, ed., The Advent Hope in Scripture and History. Review and Herald, 1987
- ISBN 0-8163-2373-9
- Gerhard Pfandl, Daniel: The Seer of Babylon. Review and Herald
- Ron du Preez, ed., Prophetic Principles. Review and Herald, 2008; ISBN 0-9786054-3-8
- G. Edward Reid, Sunday's Coming. Fulton, MD: Omega (distributed by Review and Herald), 1994. Rev edn Review and Herald, 2005; ISBN 0-9711134-3-2. A popular, and conservative perspective
- William H. Shea. Daniel (publisher's page)
- Uriah Smith, Daniel and the Revelation (reprint), the classic work on eschatology amongst the Adventist pioneers
- Ranko Stefanovic,Revelation of Jesus Christ (publisher's page Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine). Andrews University Press
- Zdravko Stefanovic, Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise; publisher's page Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy. (See also the compilation: White, Last Day Events. Pacific Press, 2001; ISBN 0-8163-1879-4)
- Russell Earl Kelly, Exposing Seventh-day Adventism, 0-595-36342-3 [www.tithing-russkelly.com/sda]
See also "Prophecy Archived 2010-04-03 at the Wayback Machine" books from AdventistBookCenter.com
External links
- "Prophecy" articles Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine from the Biblical Research Institute
- Ministry 73:6/7 (June–July 2000), special issue Archived 2012-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Current Issues in Eschatology – 2007 Adventist Theological SocietySymposium
- Traditional Interpretation on Daniel 2
- Traditional Understanding Of The Mark Of The Beast for Adventists
- "Traditional Interpretation Of The United States In Bible Prophecy For Adventists
- "Eschatology" and "End"[permanent dead link] articles as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI)