Soto (food)

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Soto (also known as sroto, tauto, saoto, or coto) is a traditional Indonesian soup mainly composed of broth, meat, and vegetables. Many traditional soups are called soto, whereas foreign and Western influenced soups are called sop.

Soto is sometimes considered Indonesia's

Because of the proximity and significant numbers of Indonesian migrants working and settling in the neighbouring countries, soto can also be found in Singapore and Malaysia, thus becoming a part of their cuisine.

Introduced to Suriname by Javanese migrants, it is part of the national cuisine of that country as well, where it is spelled saoto.^[6]

History

In the

In 2018, soto was officially recognised by the Indonesian government as one of the country's five national dishes: the others are nasi goreng, sate, rendang, and gado-gado.^[2] Also in 2018, soto is promoted in Asian Festival in Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex during 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta as a dish that represent the diversity of Indonesia. With the theme "Unity in Diversoto" presented in the food court, visitors had the opportunity to samples various regional sotos of Indonesia, thus it has become visitors' favourite in Asian Festival during 2018 Asian Games.^[13]

Varieties

The spread of soto in Indonesian archipelago was followed by the localization of Soto's recipe, according to available ingredients and distinctive local taste.^[9] As the result, myriad soto recipes and variations can be found throughout Indonesia.

By regions

Some sotos are named based on the town or region where they are created:

• Soto Ambon – made of chicken and broth, flavoured and coloured with turmeric, ginger, galangal, garlic, lemongrass, and loads of spices. Served with rice, the toppings are blanched bean sprouts, shredded chicken, vermicelli, chopped celery leaves, golden fried shallots, fried potato sticks, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), hot sauce, and potato croquettes.
• Soto Bandung – a clear beef soto that has pieces of meat, white radish, and fried soybeans.^[14]
• Soto Bangkalan or soto mera – a soto with red colour broth. It consists of beef and the intestine, and fried peanuts. It is served with slices of lontong rice cake, sprinkled with scallions and fried shallots.^[15]
• Soto
  lemongrass, and sour hot sambal, served with potato cakes.^[14]
• Soto Banjarnegara or soto Krandegan – a beef soto in a yellow coconut milk soup and eaten with ketupat.^[16]
• Soto
  Banyumas, sroto Banyumas or sroto Sokaraja – made special by its peanut sambal, usually eaten with ketupat.^[17]
• Soto
  Banyuwangi or rujak soto – a beef soto with beef tripe, vegetables, peanut sauce, and beef broth.^[18]
• Soto Betawi – made of beef or beef offal, cooked in a cow milk or coconut milk broth, with fried potato and tomato.^[17]
• Soto Blora, or soto klethuk – there are shredded chicken, bean sprouts, vermicelli, eggs, fried onions, and the most important thing is klethuk (cassava cut into small squares, then fried until really crisp and golden brown in color)^[19]
• Soto Kebumen also known as soto Tamanwinangun – a duck soto in peanut-based broth.^[20]
• Soto Kediri – a chicken soto in coconut milk.
• Soto Kudus – made with water buffalo meat due to local taboos of the consumption of beef.
• Soto
  Lamongan – a popular street food in various Indonesian metropolitan areas, a variation of the Madura soto. The dish uses koya as a condiment that is made from finely ground prawn crackers.^[17]
• Soto
  Madura or soto Sulung/soto Ambengan – made with either chicken, beef or offal, in a yellowish transparent broth.^[17]
• Soto
  coto Makassar – a beef and offal soto boiled in water used to wash rice, with fried peanut.^[21]
• Soto Medan – a chicken/pork/beef/prawn/innards soto with added coconut milk and served with potato croquette (perkedel). The meat pieces are fried before being served or mixed. The spice is similar to soto Betawi with addition of cardamom.^[17]
• Soto
  Pacitan – chicken soto in light spicy soup, served with beansprouts, rice vermicelli, cabbages, celery, fried shallot, and fried peanuts.^[22]
• Soto Padang – a beef broth soto with slices of fried beef, bihun (rice vermicelli), and perkedel kentang (fried mashed potato).^[21]
• Soto Pangkalan Bun or coto manggala – a chicken soto mixed with cassava.^[23]
• Soto Pekalongan or tauto Pekalongan^[24] – spiced with tauco (a fermented miso-like bean paste).
• Soto
  candlenut, mixed with rice, perkedel, tempe, and often eaten with sate kerang (cockles on a stick) or tripes and quail eggs. One of the pioneers of Soto Semarang is Soto Bangkong, named after Bangkong crossroad in Semarang.^[25]
• Soto Solo also known as soto kwali – in Javanese and Indonesian language kwali or kuali means "cauldron". This beef brisket soto in clear beef broth soup served with beansprouts, celery and bawang goreng.^[26]
• Soto Sumedang or soto bongko – a soto consists of bongko (rice cake), tofu, chayote, and bean sprouts in a coconut milk soup.^[27]
• Soto
  Tegal or Sauto Tegal, almost same with Pekalongan soto spiced with tauco (a fermented miso
  -like bean paste). Sauto can be chicken soto, beef soto, or even beef offal.
• Soto Ungaran or soto gudangan Ungaran, a beef soto rice with veggies and grated coconut.^[28]

By primary ingredient

Other sotos are named based upon their chief ingredient:

• cellophane noodles.^[30][31]
  , boiled eggs, lime juice and beansprouts
• Soto babat – a cow's or goat's tripe, served in yellow spicy coconut milk soup with vermicelli, potato, and vegetables, usually eaten with rice. It is commonly found throughout Indonesia.
• Soto babi – a
  Hindu majority Bali island.^[32]
• Soto bebek – a duck soto, specialty of Klaten, Central Java.^[33]
• Soto ceker – a chicken foot soto, served in rather clear yellowish spicy broth soup, which uses spices including shallot, garlic, lemongrass, and turmeric that add the yellowish colour, served with of cabbage, celery, rice noodles, and garnished to taste with sambal, lime and soy.^[34] Soto ceker is one of the popular street food in Jakarta, Bali, and most of major cities in Java. In street side warung or humble restaurants, soto ceker is usually offered as a variation of soto ayam.^[35]
• Soto kaki (lit. "foot soto") – made of beef cow's trotters; tendon and cartilage taken from cow's feet, served in yellow spicy coconut milk soup with vermicelli, potato, vegetables, and krupuk, commonly eaten with rice. It is a Betawi food and can be found in Jakarta, Indonesia.
• Soto kerbau – made of water buffalo meat instead of beef, specialty of Kudus regency, Central Java.^[17]
• Soto lenthok – a specialty of Yogyakarta which is chicken soto served with lenthok or fried mashed cassava akin to potato perkedel.^[36]
• Soto mi (spelled mee soto in Singapore and Malaysia) – a yellow spicy beef or chicken broth soup with noodles,^[37] commonly found in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Bogor
  , Indonesia, is famous for its soto mi made with beef broth, kikil (cow's cartilage), noodles, and sliced risoles spring rolls.
• Soto ranjau or also known as soto tulang – chicken soto served with its bones. Ranjau in Indonesian means landmine, which actually refer to chicken bones. Usually soto are served with shredded boneless chicken meat. Soto ranjau however, is served as soup of chicken bones with some pieces of remaining meats, cartilage and skin.[38]
• Soto tangkar – also Betawi specialty soto made of chopped goat or beef ribs (Betawi:tangkar) and beef brisket cooked in coconut milk soup spiced with turmeric, garlic, shallot, chili, pepper, candlenut, cumin, galangal, coriander, cinnamon, Indonesian bay leaf (daun salam), and kaffir lime leaf.^[39]
• Soto udang – use shrimps and coconut milk soup.^[40]

Accompaniments

The following accompaniments are often eaten alongside soto:

• Stewed quail eggs or chicken eggs
• Cockles on a stick (sate kerang)
• Skewered grilled
  tripes
  (sate babat)
• Skewered grilled chicken giblets, such as intestine, gizzard, and liver satay (sate ati ampela dan usus)
• Fried chicken giblets
• Prawn crackers
  , sometimes crushed and mixed with crushed fried garlic as koya in Madura or Lamongan soto
• Gnetum seed crackers (emping
  )
• Fried tofu or tempeh
• Mashed potato patties (perkedel)
• Mung bean sprouts
  (tauge/kecambah)
• Hot chili sauce (sambal)
• Sweet soy sauce
• Fried shallot (bawang goreng)
• Spicy fried grated coconut (serundeng)
• Crackers (krupuk)
• Lime juice, sometimes replaced with vinegar
• Potato chips
  (Keripik kentang)
• Cabbage

Ingredients

The meats that are most commonly used are

Hindu majority Bali, soto babi (pork soto) can be found.^[32] The soup is usually accompanied by rice or compressed rice cakes (lontong, ketupat or burasa). Offal is considered as a delicacy: the rumen (blanket/flat/smooth tripe), reticulum (honeycomb and pocket tripe), omasum

(book/bible/leaf tripe), and the intestines are all eaten.

Other ingredients of soto include soun alternatively spelled as sohun or bihun (

salt, candlenut, and pepper

.

The colour, thickness and consistency of soto soup could vary according to each recipes. Soto can have a light and clear broth just like soto bandung, a yellow transparent broth (coloured with turmeric) like the one that can be found in soto ayam, or a rich and thick coconut milk or milk broth just like those in soto kaki or soto betawi.

Soto in Malaysia and Singapore has a certain expected clear-soup look made of chicken broth, with spicy taste mixed with rice cubes.^[41] It seems that soto served there derived from common soto ayam type with a clear and slightly yellow-coloured broth, pretty much similar to East Javanese soto lamongan or soto madura. Like many dishes, it may have been brought into the country by the many Javanese migrants in the early 20th century.

Gallery

• 
  Soto ayam, chicken soto in soup with turmeric and spices
• 
  Soto ambengan
• 
  Soto babat, tripe soto
• 
  Soto babi, pork soto, a specialty of Balinese cuisine
• 
  Soto ceker, chicken feet soto
• 
  Soto Bandung, beef in clear broth with white radish and fried soy nuts
• 
  Soto kaki mencos (cow's foot tendons soto), a Betawi specialty
• 
  Soto Kudus, a type of chicken soto
• 
  Soto

  egg
• 
  Soto Sapi, beef soto from

  Yogyakarta
• 
  Sauto

  Tegal

  , chicken soto
• 
  Tauto Pekalongan
• 
  Soto Purwokerto
• 
  Sroto Sokaraja,

  Banyumas
• 
  Soto Kediri
• 
  Soto

  Padang

  , beef soto
• 
  Soto Medan
• 
  Soto Banjar
• 
  Coto Makassar

  , beef soto
• 
  Soto kambing, goat soto
• 
  Soto mie Bogor, noodle soup dish

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soto.

• Soto ayam
• Sop saudara, spicy Bugis-Makassar beef soup.
• Konro, Bugis-Makassar spicy cow's ribs soup, similar or related to ribs soto
• Tongseng, Javanese spicy mutton soup also related to soto
• Gulai, the Javanese gulai is soupy, similar to mutton or goat soto but slightly different in spices
• Empal gentong
• List of Indonesian soups
• List of soups

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Indonesian Chicken Noodle Soup (Soto Ayam)". Food.com. September 26, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
2. ^ ^{a b} Media, Kompas Cyber. "Kemenpar Tetapkan 5 Makanan Nasional Indonesia, Ini Daftarnya - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2018-04-18.
3. ^ "A Soto Crawl". Eating Asia. March 21, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
4. ^ "Indonesia - Soto Ayam at Malioboro Country". Chowhound. October 29, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
5. ^ Sompotan, Johan (January 1, 2012). "Soto Siap Susul Rendang". Okezone.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
6. ^ "Saoto Soup (Surinamese-Javanese)". multiculticooking.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
7. ^ Frederik, Claudine (30 June 2002). "Varieties of 'soto' to please all types of palates". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
8. OCLC 25747241
   .
9. ^ ^{a b} Windratie (3 December 2014). "Jejak Akulturasi dalam Semangkuk Soto" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
10. ^ Simatupang, Lono. Universitas Gadjah Mada Anthropology
11. ^ "'Cipratan' Luar Ke Dalam" (in Indonesian). Femina. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
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13. ^ "Warga Asian Games menyukai soto di Asian Fest". Antara News Yogyakarta (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-03-25.
14. ^
    ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9
    . Retrieved February 1, 2015.
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18. ^ Aisyah, Yuharrani. "6 Kuliner Khas Banyuwangi dari Rujak Soto sampai Botok Tawon". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 September 2022.
19. ^ Syaefudin, Arif (28 December 2017). "Kriuk Renyah Soto Klethuk yang Unik dari Blora". detikfood (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 September 2022.
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21. ^
    ISBN 978-979-22-3106-9
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23. ^ Misyuwe, Misyuwe. "Coba Resep Kuliner Coto Manggala Khas Pangkalan Bun". kalteng.go.id (in Indonesian). Government of Central Kalimantan. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
24. ISBN 978-979-22-3908-9
    . Retrieved February 1, 2015.
25. ^ "Bertahan Sejak Zaman Belanda, Soto Bangkong Kini Jadi Ikon Kuliner di Semarang". Tribun Jateng (in Indonesian). 6 December 2016.
26. ^ Basoni, Sonia. "Gurihnya Soto Kwali Khas Solo Langganan Megawati di Cipayung". detikfood (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-09-14.
27. ^ Apriyanti, Helma. "Soto Bongko". pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 November 2022.
28. ^ "Menikmati Kuliner Unik Soto Gudangan Ungaran". jatengprov.go.id (in Indonesian). Central Java Government. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
29. ISBN 978-1-4629-0535-5
    . Retrieved February 1, 2015.
30. ISBN 978-1-74045-413-1
    . Retrieved Feb 1, 2015.
31. ^ "kumpulan resep soto ayam" (in Indonesian). resepsotoayam.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
32. ^ ^{a b} "Sup Babi ( Pig Soup ), Babi Guling Bu Rai Beras Merah" (in Indonesian). December 5, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
33. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2017-02-08). "Soto Ayam Sudah Biasa, Cicipi Soto Bebek Bu Siswo Khas Klaten Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-09-15.
34. ^ "Soto Ceker Kuta Is a Local Legend". Qraved. January 21, 2015.
35. ^ "Gandaria street food satisfies palates of all". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 7 November 2015.
36. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2021-11-21). "Resep Soto Lenthok Khas Yogyakarta, Kuah Beningnya Segar Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-09-14.
37. ISBN 978-1-4629-0893-6
    . Retrieved February 1, 2015.
38. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2008-05-27). "Awas, Soto Ranjau!!". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-09-14.
39. ^ "Resep Soto Tangkar" (in Indonesian). Bango. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
40. ^ "Resep Soto Udang Khas Medan". indozone.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 April 2023.
41. ^ Ariffin, Nadge (2 January 2009). "The Authoritative Soto". Friedchillies.com. Retrieved 2 February 2015.