Monterey Bay Aquarium: Difference between revisions

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Monterey Bay Aquarium’s [[consumer]]-based Seafood Watch program encourages [[sustainable seafood]] purchasing from [[Fishery|fisheries]] that are "well managed and caught or farmed in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hiolski |first=Emma |date=October 5, 2016 |title=Carmel woman to be honored by White House |url=http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20161005/NEWS/161009807 |work=The Monterey County Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209150222/http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20161005/NEWS/161009807 |archive-date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |ref=harv |deadurl=no}}</ref> It began in 1999 as a result of a popular component of a temporary exhibition and has grown to consist of a website, six regional pocket guides, and mobile apps that allow consumers to check the [[sustainability]] ratings of specific fisheries. The program has expanded to include business collaborations, local and national restaurant and grocer partnerships, and outreach partnerships—primarily other public aquariums and zoos. Large-scale business and grocer affiliations include [[Aramark]], [[Compass Group]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], and [[Whole Foods Market]].<ref name="bundle_seafoodpartners" /> In both 2009 and 2015, Seafood Watch was reportedly playing an influential role in the development of sustainable business practices within the global [[fishing industry]].<ref>{{harvnb|Parsons|2015}}; {{harvnb|Reynolds|2009}}.</ref> According to the aquarium, the program's efficacy is driven by its work with both businesses and consumers, and is supported by the aquarium's expanding science and ocean policy programs.{{sfn|Spring|2018|pp=159, 161–162}}
Monterey Bay Aquarium’s [[consumer]]-based Seafood Watch program encourages [[sustainable seafood]] purchasing from [[Fishery|fisheries]] that are "well managed and caught or farmed in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hiolski |first=Emma |date=October 5, 2016 |title=Carmel woman to be honored by White House |url=http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20161005/NEWS/161009807 |work=The Monterey County Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209150222/http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20161005/NEWS/161009807 |archive-date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |ref=harv |deadurl=no}}</ref> It began in 1999 as a result of a popular component of a temporary exhibition and has grown to consist of a website, six regional pocket guides, and mobile apps that allow consumers to check the [[sustainability]] ratings of specific fisheries. The program has expanded to include business collaborations, local and national restaurant and grocer partnerships, and outreach partnerships—primarily other public aquariums and zoos. Large-scale business and grocer affiliations include [[Aramark]], [[Compass Group]], [[Target Corporation|Target]], and [[Whole Foods Market]].<ref name="bundle_seafoodpartners" /> In both 2009 and 2015, Seafood Watch was reportedly playing an influential role in the development of sustainable business practices within the global [[fishing industry]].<ref>{{harvnb|Parsons|2015}}; {{harvnb|Reynolds|2009}}.</ref> According to the aquarium, the program's efficacy is driven by its work with both businesses and consumers, and is supported by the aquarium's expanding science and ocean policy programs.{{sfn|Spring|2018|pp=159, 161–162}}


By 2014, fifteen years after its inception, Seafood Watch had produced more than 52 million printed pocket guides. Its mobile apps were downloaded over one million times between 2009 and 2015.{{sfn|Parsons|2015}} In 2003, the program's website was granted a MUSE Award from the [[American Alliance of Museums]] for use of media and technology in science. [[Bon Appétit|''Bon Appétit'' magazine]] awarded its Tastemaker of the Year award to Seafood Watch in 2008 and, in 2013, [[Sunset (magazine)|''Sunset'' magazine]] described it as one of "the most effective consumer-awareness programs".<ref name="bundle_seafoodawards" />
In the late-2000s, Seafood Watch was likely the most known and most widely distributed sustainable seafood guide out of around 200 internationally.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roheim |first=Cathy A. |date=2009 |title=An Evaluation of Sustainable Seafood Guides: Implications for Environmental Groups and the Seafood Industry |url=http://cels.uri.edu/urissi/docs/08%20ROHEIM%20THAL%2024-3.pdf |journal=Marine Resource Economics |volume=24 |pages=301–302}}</ref> By 2014, fifteen years after its inception, the program had produced more than 52 million printed pocket guides. Its mobile apps were downloaded over one million times between 2009 and 2015.{{sfn|Parsons|2015}} In 2003, the program's website was granted a MUSE Award from the [[American Alliance of Museums]] for use of media and technology in science. [[Bon Appétit|''Bon Appétit'' magazine]] awarded its Tastemaker of the Year award to Seafood Watch in 2008 and, in 2013, [[Sunset (magazine)|''Sunset'' magazine]] described it as one of "the most effective consumer-awareness programs".<ref name="bundle_seafoodawards" />


In September 2016, the [[United States Agency for International Development]] announced it was cooperating with the aquarium to improve [[fisheries management]] in the [[Asia-Pacific]].<ref name="usaid_2016">{{cite web |url=https://2012-2017.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/sep-12-2016-usaid-partners-monterey-bay-aquarium-combat-illegal-fishing |title=USAID Partners with Monterey Bay Aquarium to Combat Illegal Fishing and Promote Sustainable Fisheries in Southeast Asia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 12, 2016 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002942/http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/sep-12-2016-usaid-partners-monterey-bay-aquarium-combat-illegal-fishing |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
In September 2016, the [[United States Agency for International Development]] announced it was cooperating with the aquarium to improve [[fisheries management]] in the [[Asia-Pacific]].<ref name="usaid_2016">{{cite web |url=https://2012-2017.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/sep-12-2016-usaid-partners-monterey-bay-aquarium-combat-illegal-fishing |title=USAID Partners with Monterey Bay Aquarium to Combat Illegal Fishing and Promote Sustainable Fisheries in Southeast Asia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=September 12, 2016 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925002942/http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/sep-12-2016-usaid-partners-monterey-bay-aquarium-combat-illegal-fishing |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:22, 28 March 2018

Monterey Bay Aquarium
giant kelp
Three smokestacks come out of a glass ceiling above the aquarium's main entrance with white, windowed façades on either side
Main entrance in 2016
Map
36°37′06″N 121°54′05″W / 36.618253°N 121.901481°W / 36.618253; -121.901481
SloganTo inspire conservation of the oceans[2]
Date openedOctober 20, 1984
LocationCannery Row, Monterey, California
Floor space322,000 square feet (29,900 square meters)[1]
No. of animals35,000
No. of speciesmore than 550
Volume of largest tank1.2 million U.S. gallons (4.5 million liters)
Total volume of tanks2.3 million U.S. gallons (8.7 million liters)
Annual visitors2 million
MembershipsAssociation of Zoos and Aquariums[3]
Major exhibitsKelp Forest, Sea Otters, Jellies, Open Sea
Public transit accessMonterey–Salinas Transit
Websitemontereybayaquarium.org

Monterey Bay Aquarium is a

marine habitats of Monterey Bay, the aquarium was the first to exhibit a living kelp forest. Its biologists have pioneered the animal husbandry of jellyfish and, as of 2016, it remains the only public aquarium to have successfully exhibited a great white shark. The aquarium's research and conservation efforts also focus on sea otters, various birds, and tunas. Seafood Watch, the aquarium's seafood consumer awareness program, has influenced the discussion surrounding sustainable seafood
.

Proposals to build a public aquarium in

Monterey County were not successful until a small group of marine biologists revisited the concept in the late-1970s. Following seven years of construction, Monterey Bay Aquarium's original facility opened in 1984 at the site of a defunct sardine cannery. The facility has received three awards from the American Institute of Architects, recognizing the significance of its architecture and design in its capacity as a public aquarium. Along with its architecture, the aquarium has won numerous awards for its exhibition of marine life, ocean conservation efforts, and educational programs. Leadership of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums—Monterey Bay Aquarium's accrediting
organization—has recognized the aquarium's ability to satisfy visitors and its efforts to collaborate with other institutions.

Around two million people visit the aquarium each year, totaling more than 50 million through 2016. As a tourist destination, Monterey Bay Aquarium produces hundreds of millions of dollars for the economy of Monterey County, which has led to the revitalization of

PBS Nature
documentaries, the aquarium has appeared in multiple film and television productions in popular culture. In lists of tourist attractions published by media and travel outlets, the aquarium has been highly ranked.

History and facility

Three separate proposals for aquariums in

US$7 million for the construction of the building. After seven years of construction and US$47 million more from Packard, totaling US$54 million, Monterey Bay Aquarium opened on October 20, 1984 as the largest public aquarium in the United States.[6] Approximately 2.4 million people visited the aquarium within the following year.[7] Five years after the aquarium opened, it was reported in the Los Angeles Times that it was one of California's most popular visitor attractions. By 1994, it was the most popular aquarium in the United States by number of visits.[8]

The aquarium is known for its regional focus on Monterey Bay and its display of marine life communities. While public aquariums at the time typically exhibited individual species, the work of marine biologist Ed Ricketts inspired an ecological approach to the layout of Monterey Bay Aquarium's original facility.[9] EHDD, the aquarium's architectural firm, was awarded a National Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1988 for the design of the original facility.[10] The institute's state chapter in California gave the aquarium its Twenty-five Year Award in 2011[11] and, in 2016, Monterey Bay Aquarium was awarded the institute's national Twenty-five Year Award, described as "a benchmark and role model for aquariums everywhere."[1]

Panoramic view of the aquarium's public decks overlooking Monterey Bay, with building walls on either side consisting mostly of windows and stadium seating to the right overlooking a man-made tide pool
Public decks span the rear of the aquarium, which was designed to be half over land and half over Monterey Bay. According to the national Twenty-five Year Award jury, the inclusion of broad windows "blurs the line between museum and natural habitat".[12]

In 1996, the aquarium opened a second wing of aquarium exhibits called the Outer Bay that focuses on the pelagic habitat 60 miles (97 km) offshore of Monterey Bay. Costing US$57 million and taking seven years to develop, the wing almost doubled the aquarium’s public exhibit space.[13][14] A US$19 million renovation in 2011 added components to the wing and its name was changed to the Open Sea.[15] Other smaller additions and modifications have been made to the aquarium's facility.[16][17] Since the late‑1980s, the aquarium has also developed numerous temporary exhibitions.

Monterey Bay Aquarium developed a program in 1999 that provides consumers eating seafood the ability to choose species based on the sustainability rating of each fishery. This program has continued to evolve and has placed the aquarium in an influential position, impacting both fisheries management and the public discussion regarding seafood sustainability.[18] In discussing the aquarium's conservation and education programs, its track record for entertaining visitors, and its reputation for collaboration, the head of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums described the aquarium as "a definite leader".[19]

Aquarium exhibits

Aquarium visitors gaze up through large windows into the 28-foot-tall Kelp Forest exhibit, containing giant kelp and a few schools of fishes
Main viewing area of the 320,000-US-gallon (1,200,000 L)[20] Kelp Forest exhibit, seen from ground level.

Monterey Bay Aquarium displays 35,000 animals belonging to over 550 species in 2.3 million U.S. gallons (8,700,000 L) of water.

exhibits at 2,000 US gallons (7,600 L) per minute.[22] At night, unfiltered seawater (or "raw seawater") is used for the Kelp Forest exhibit to maintain its realistic appearance. The use of unfiltered seawater allows animals to grow in the aquarium's plumbing so it must occasionally be cleaned with tools called pigs, which blast through the pipes under pressure to remove organisms and debris.[23] Control systems that maintain this seawater system and other life support components for the animals are mostly automated, tracking various chemical parameters and reducing the likelihood for human error during repetitive tasks such as filter media backwashing.[24] The seawater system is controlled by more than 10,000 data points.[22]

In 2014, the aquarium stated that it takes no official position on the controversy of

captive killer whales or other cetaceans. The aquarium was not constructed to house cetaceans, instead utilizing the 27 species of marine mammals that live in or travel through Monterey Bay as one of its exhibits by offering the opportunity to see wild marine mammals from decks that overlook the bay.[25]

Kelp Forest exhibit

At 28 feet (8.5 m) tall and 65 feet (20 m) long, the Kelp Forest exhibit is the focal point of Monterey Bay Aquarium's Ocean's Edge wing.

indigenous to Monterey Bay, including rockfishes and leopard sharks.[1]

Open Sea wing

Visitors look through a very large window into an aquarium containing a school of Pacific sardines and mahi-mahi
The million-gallon Open Sea community exhibit contains a school of Pacific sardines that, in 2011, numbered 14,000 individuals.[31]

Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Open Sea wing consists of three separate galleries: various

pelagic, large community exhibit; and "ocean travelers", featuring tufted puffins and sea turtles.[32] When the exhibition opened in 1996, the San Francisco Chronicle reported the aquarium had the most jellyfish on exhibit in the world.[33] In 1997, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums awarded the wing its Exhibit Award.[34]

Holding 1.2 million US gallons (4,500,000 L), the wing's Open Sea community exhibit is the aquarium's largest tank.

California barracuda.[13] Six great white sharks were displayed in the Open Sea exhibit between 2004–2011, an effort contested by some but generally described as having a positive scientific and educational impact. Prior to the display of the first white shark for six months before its release, the longest length of time that a white shark survived in an aquarium was 16 days.[37]

A 10-month, US$19 million renovation of the wing concluded in July 2011 to refurbish the Open Sea community exhibit. Turbulent swimming patterns of 300-pound (140 kg) tunas were dismantling the exhibit's structural glass tiles, which the sea turtles were subsequently eating, so the exhibit was drained after all 10,000 animals were caught. Supplemental exhibits were added as part of this renovation featuring artwork that highlights current issues in

ocean conservation, including overfishing and plastic pollution.[32]

Other permanent exhibits

In 2014, the aquarium had almost 200 exhibits with live animals organized into various galleries. Monterey Bay Aquarium was the first public aquarium to have its interior mapped on Google Street View, creating a virtual walking tour.[38]

  • A long sturgeon swims above anemones in a large aquarium
    A
    plumose anemones in a 90-foot-long (27 m)[6]
    exhibit on the habitats of Monterey Bay.
  • An assortment of colorful invertebrates with striking whites, deep reds, and bright purples
    Plumose anemones, a
    bat star
    , sponges, and other cold-water invertebrates native to Monterey Bay
  • Shorebirds forage in sand and in pools of water
    Local
    shorebird species in the aviary
  • Some colorful fishes swim in front of living corals
    Pacific coral reef community containing living corals
  • A penguin poses sideways, looking at the camera
    African penguins on exhibit
  • Visitors stand in a tall room underneath sardines swimming in a circle around them
    A circular exhibit at the entrance to the Open Sea wing contains schooling Pacific sardines.
  • A visitor stands in front of a school of Pacific mackerel that are swimming by an aquarium window with a faint blue light
    An exhibit demonstrates the streamlined bodies of Pacific mackerel.
  • Children look at orange jellyfish in front of a vividly blue background
    Pacific sea nettles in a long kreisel tank

Temporary exhibitions

Monterey Bay Aquarium began creating temporary exhibitions (or "special exhibitions") in order to display animals that are found outside of Monterey Bay. The first of these, titled "Mexico's Secret Sea", focused on the

global warming on habitats and animals.[44] Its content was successfully accessible and compelling to the public, but the exhibition was criticized for its narrow "consumerist approach" to climate change communication—promoting individual, marketplace-based actions rather than collective political ones.[45] The aquarium displayed terrestrial animals for the first time—including a tarantula, a snake, and a scorpion—in a US$3.8 million exhibit on ecosystems of Baja California that opened in 2016.[46]

At least three exhibitions have been devoted entirely to displaying jellyfish. In 1989, the aquarium's second temporary exhibition, titled "Living Treasures of the Pacific", included three

moon jellies four years earlier in 1985. In 1992, the aquarium opened its first temporary exhibition for jellyfish called "Planet of the Jellies", the success of which prompted a permanent jellyfish gallery within the Open Sea wing in 1996. Within 20 years of opening Planet of the Jellies, the aquarium created two more temporary exhibitions centered on jellyfish. The final one of the three exhibitions opened in 2012, and displayed around 16 species of jellyfish from around the world in "a psychedelic theme from the 1960s". Aquarium staff members attribute the organization’s fascination with jellyfish to their visual appeal, primitive biology, and reputed calming effect on visitors.[47]

Research and conservation

A pink-colored jellyfish with purple accents floats sideways in front of a blue background
A purple-striped jelly (Chrysaora colorata) in the Open Sea wing, which the aquarium has been recognized for breeding.

Monterey Bay Aquarium helped create momentum for the establishment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in 1992, one of the largest marine protected areas in the United States.[48] In 2004, the aquarium created a formal division to become involved in United States ocean policy and law, working with the Pew Charitable Trusts and the United States Commission on Ocean Policy at the onset.[49] Aquarium researchers have authored scientific publications involving sea otters, great white sharks, and bluefin tunas, which are important species in the northern Pacific Ocean.[43][50] In addition to other animals,[51][52] the aquarium has published work in the areas of veterinary medicine,[53] visitor studies, and museum exhibition development.[54][55][56]

The Association of Zoos and Aquariums has awarded the aquarium with two awards for its efforts in propagating captive animals—including one for purple-striped jellies in 1992—and also its general conservation award for the aquarium’s Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program.[34] In October 2017, the aquarium received the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Conservation Award for its "commitment to ocean protection and public awareness".[57]

Marine life

Two sea otters rest on their back in front of an aquarium window
Rehabilitated sea otters on exhibit

Monterey Bay Aquarium's Sea Otter Research and Conservation program began in 1984 to research and

southern sea otters. As of October 2017, more than 800 individuals had completed the rehabilitation program and researchers have collected data on wild sea otter populations using electronic tags. An otter rescued in 2001 began the aquarium's surrogacy program, in which adult female sea otters that have been rehabilitated but cannot be released act as surrogate mothers to stranded sea otter pups. The aquarium was the only sea otter rehabilitation site in California until The Marine Mammal Center began expanding a program for sea otters in 2017.[58] On October 16, 2013, PBS Nature aired a documentary about the aquarium's work with sea otters titled "Saving Otter 501".[59]

Shorebirds, such as the threatened western snowy plover, are also rehabilitated and released. Since around 1998, the aquarium has worked with Point Blue Conservation Science to rescue western snowy plover eggs and raise them until they are independent enough for release. The two organizations released 180 individuals in 2012, and about 100 individuals in 2013.[60] The aquarium's endangered African penguins are part of an Association of Zoos and Aquariums species survival plan, a program that identifies genetically important birds and allows specific breeding activity to occur. Five chicks have hatched in the aquarium's penguin colony as of 2014 and some of those have been sent to other accredited institutions.[61][31] Beginning in June 2007, the aquarium offers a public presentation with its rehabilitated Laysan albatross that has a wingspan of 6 feet (1.8 m). The program's goal is to inform visitors of the dangers that ocean plastic pollution causes for animals, especially the 21 species of albatrosses.[62][48]

Pacific bluefin and yellowfin tunas have been historically displayed in the aquarium's Open Sea community exhibit, some reaching more than 300 pounds (140 kg). In 2011, three dozen fishes of the two species were on exhibit.[32] Prior to opening the Open Sea wing in 1996, the aquarium established the Tuna Research and Conservation Center in 1994 in partnership with Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station. Aquarium researchers and Barbara Block—professor of marine sciences at Stanford University—have tagged wild Pacific bluefin tunas to study predator-prey relationships, and have also investigated tuna endothermy with captive tunas at the center.[63][64] To improve international collaboration of bluefin tuna management, Monterey Bay Aquarium and Stanford University hosted a symposium in January 2016 in Monterey. Over 200 scientists, fisheries managers, and policy makers gathered to discuss solutions to the decline of Pacific bluefin tuna populations.[65]

flapjack octopuses and the vampire squid.[72]

Great white sharks

A juvenile great white shark swims in the aquarium's Open Sea exhibit in 2006.

In 1984, Monterey Bay Aquarium's first attempt to display a great white shark lasted 11 days, ending when the shark died because it did not eat.[73] Through a later program named Project White Shark, six white sharks were exhibited between 2004 and 2011 in the aquarium's Open Sea community exhibit,[48] which was constructed in the 1990s. Researchers at universities in California attributed the aquarium's success at exhibiting white sharks to the use of a 4-million-US-gallon (15,000,000 L) net pen, which gave the sharks time to recover from capture prior to transport. A 3,200-US-gallon (12,000 L) portable tank used to transport the fish to the aquarium allowed the sharks to continuously swim, which they must do in order to respire.[74] These endeavors led to the first instance of a white shark eating in an aquarium.[75]

At least one organization—the Pelagic Shark Research Foundation based in Santa Cruz, California—criticized the aquarium for attempting to keep white sharks in captivity, questioning the significance of possible scientific research and the ability to educate visitors.[76] However, several independent biologists expressed approval for Project White Shark because of its logistical design, educational impact, and scientific insights. Regarding its educational impact, a white shark researcher from Australia stated in 2006 that "the fact people can come and see these animals and learn from them is of immeasurable value."[77] The first captive white shark—on exhibit in 2004 for more than six months—was seen by one million visitors, and another million visitors saw either the second or third white sharks on display.[78] In 198 days, the first white shark grew more than 17 inches (43 cm) and gained over 100 pounds (45 kg) prior to its release.[79] As of 2016, Monterey Bay Aquarium is the only public aquarium in the world to have successfully exhibited a white shark for longer than 16 days.[80]

The aquarium's attempts to display captive white sharks ended in 2011 due to the project's high resource intensity. Captive white sharks also incurred injuries and killed other animals in the exhibit after becoming increasingly aggressive,[81] and the final shark died due to unknown reasons immediately following its release.[82][73] Although no longer on exhibit for the public, aquarium scientists have continued to conduct research on white sharks. Collaborating with Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in June 2016, aquarium scientists created cameras attached to harmless dorsal fin tags in an attempt to study the behavior of white sharks during their gathering known as the White Shark Café.[83][84]

Seafood program

Further information: Seafood Watch

Monterey Bay Aquarium’s consumer-based Seafood Watch program encourages sustainable seafood purchasing from fisheries that are "well managed and caught or farmed in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife."[85] It began in 1999 as a result of a popular component of a temporary exhibition and has grown to consist of a website, six regional pocket guides, and mobile apps that allow consumers to check the sustainability ratings of specific fisheries. The program has expanded to include business collaborations, local and national restaurant and grocer partnerships, and outreach partnerships—primarily other public aquariums and zoos. Large-scale business and grocer affiliations include Aramark, Compass Group, Target, and Whole Foods Market.[86] In both 2009 and 2015, Seafood Watch was reportedly playing an influential role in the development of sustainable business practices within the global fishing industry.[87] According to the aquarium, the program's efficacy is driven by its work with both businesses and consumers, and is supported by the aquarium's expanding science and ocean policy programs.[88]

In the late-2000s, Seafood Watch was likely the most known and most widely distributed sustainable seafood guide out of around 200 internationally.[89] By 2014, fifteen years after its inception, the program had produced more than 52 million printed pocket guides. Its mobile apps were downloaded over one million times between 2009 and 2015.[90] In 2003, the program's website was granted a MUSE Award from the American Alliance of Museums for use of media and technology in science. Bon Appétit magazine awarded its Tastemaker of the Year award to Seafood Watch in 2008 and, in 2013, Sunset magazine described it as one of "the most effective consumer-awareness programs".[91]

In September 2016, the

Asia-Pacific.[92]

Political advocacy

Monterey Bay Aquarium plays an active role in federal and state politics, from sponsoring governmental legislation about the ocean

single-use plastic grocery bags.[96] The aquarium is a founding member of a partnership between 20 public aquariums for collaborating on policy-based conservation efforts. This partnership, called the Aquarium Conservation Partnership, hosted a plastic pollution conference at Monterey Bay Aquarium in December 2016.[97]: 36  In July 2017, the aquarium and other members of the partnership began eliminating their own plastic products.[98]

The aquarium is a founding partner of

2017 United Nations Ocean Conference.[49][102][103] In March 2017, Monterey Bay Aquarium publicly endorsed the March for Science, a series of rallies and marches that occurred around the world on Earth Day the following April. Penguins at the aquarium marched in their own miniature demonstration.[104][105]

Educational efforts

Each year approximately 75,000 students, teachers, and chaperones from California access Monterey Bay Aquarium for free. An additional 1,500 low-income students, 350 teenagers, and 1,200 teachers participate in structured educational programs throughout the year. Between 1984 and 2014, the aquarium hosted more than 2 million students.

climate change to the public.[106]

A 13,000-square-foot (1,200-square-meter), US$30 million education center being developed by the aquarium is expected to open in 2018, and will double the number of students and teachers the aquarium is able to work with each year.

Silicon Valley Business Journal awarded the aquarium with a Community Impact Award for its efforts to "shape a new generation of ocean conservation leaders."[108]

Community and economic influence

Tourist shops and historical remnants of the sardine canning industry line both sides of Cannery Row, which is busy even though it is raining. Two bridges that are labeled with the company names of defunct sardine canneries stretch over the street, connecting buildings on either side.
The aquarium revitalized Monterey's Cannery Row when it opened in 1984, following the decline of the sardine canning industry in the United States.[110]

Monterey Bay Aquarium employed over 500 people and had 1,200 active volunteers in 2015.[111] Between 1984 and 2014, 8,500 volunteers donated 3.2 million community service hours to the aquarium.[48] The aquarium attracts around 2 million visitors each year and, through 2016, over 50 million people had visited. Out of the 51 accredited public aquariums in the United States in 2015, Monterey Bay Aquarium's 2.08 million visitors ranked it second by number of visits, behind Georgia Aquarium.[112] In 2015, the aquarium served 290,000 annual members.[108][1]

Free admission programs are offered for Monterey County residents including "Shelf to Shore", with the county's free library system, and "Free to Learn", with local nonprofit organizations and Monterey–Salinas Transit.[113][114] Additionally, the aquarium offers free admission to Monterey County residents during a weeklong event in December, which grew from almost 17,000 visitors in 1998 to 50,000 visitors in 2013. In 2014, the program was expanded to include neighboring Santa Cruz and San Benito counties.[115] An annual event called "Día del Niño" offers bilingual feeding presentations (in Spanish), activities, and free admission for children under the age of 13.[116] Between 2002 and 2014, over 700,000 people visited the aquarium for free through its outreach programs.[117]

In 2013, the aquarium’s operational spending and its 2 million visitors generated US$263 million to the economy of Monterey County.[111] In August 2016, an evening event at Monterey Bay Aquarium raised over US$110,000 for the Community Foundation for Monterey County’s drive to provide relief for the Soberanes Fire.[118]

In media and popular culture

Monterey Bay Aquarium has been featured in two documentaries on

Big Little Lies, which aired in 2017, was filmed at the aquarium.[122]

After comparing the aquarium's visitor feedback to the feedback of other attractions, the media and the travel industry have awarded the aquarium with top accolades. In 2014,

TripAdvisor ranked it as the number one public aquarium in the world and, in 2015, it ranked second.[123][124] In 2015, it was listed by Parents magazine as the top public aquarium in the United States and the highest rated destination on the West Coast.[125] Frommer's travel guide lists Monterey Bay Aquarium as "exceptional", the highest rating on its three-tier system.[126]

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ The Hovden Cannery closed in 1973, but a large exhibit in the aquarium displays the cannery's original boilers.[5]
  2. ^ The Open Sea community exhibit's 54-foot (16 m) long and 14.5-foot (4.4 m) tall viewing window was reportedly the largest aquarium window in the world when it was installed in 1996.[13]
  3. ^ In 2009, the jellyfish expert at the aquarium expected "three good stings" every week.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Gerfen 2016.
  2. ^ a b Brincks 2009.
  3. ^ "Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  4. ^ Jaret 2011.
  5. ^ Duggan 2013.
  6. ^ a b Lokken 1985.
  7. ^ Brincks 2009; Perlman 2004.
  8. ^ McNulty 1989; Ortiz, Catalina (November 20, 1994). "A Beauty by the Bay : Science: 17 million visitors have made the Monterey Bay Aquarium the nation's most popular". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Thomas 2014; Cooper 2014 and Pridmore 1991; Ryce, Walter (June 2, 2016). "A Monterey Bay Aquarium founder asks, What would Steinbeck and Ricketts say?". Monterey County Weekly. Seaside, California. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
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  11. ^ "The American Institute of Architects, California Council, Announces Monterey Bay Aquarium as the 2011 Twenty-Five Year Award Recipient". The American Institute of Architects California Council. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "2016 Twenty-five Year Award" 2016.
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  15. ^ Taylor, Dennis (June 24, 2011). "Monterey Bay Aquarium's $19M renovation unveiled". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Rudolph and Sletten Completes Renovation of Monterey Bay Aquarium, Adds Skywalk and 8,000 Square Feet of Space". Business Wire. July 13, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |website= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Yollin, Patricia (March 14, 2008). "New look for Monterey Aquarium Splash Zone". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Parsons 2015; Reynolds 2009: "with its advice on what seafoods consumers should eat and chefs should serve, the aquarium has taken an influential role in the debate over sustainable fishing practices."
  19. ^ Reynolds 2009: "'They are a definite leader,' says Kristin Vehrs, executive director of the Maryland-based Assn. of Zoos & Aquariums, which accredits aquariums. 'They do a great job of balancing the crowd-pleasing with the rigor of the education and conservation programs. They've also been good at sharing' expertise with other institutions."
  20. ^ Watanabe & Phillips 1985.
  21. ^ Animal counts and water volume:
  22. ^ a b c d Reynolds 2009.
  23. ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: events occur at 12:17 and 13:48.
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  26. ^ Thomas 2014; Watanabe & Phillips 1985.
  27. ^ Lokken 1985; Pridmore 1991; Brincks 2009; Dickey, Gwyneth (September 29, 2009). "Kelp forest gets first-class stamp". The Monterey County Herald. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006 (at 9:45): "This is a living kelp forest, and its creation flew in the face of professionals who thought it was a losing bet. Nobody had ever successfully grown kelp on this scale, but there were also more pressing concerns. The exhibit was intended to recreate a key habitat of the Monterey Bay, and critics scoffed that nobody would be interested. The public rendered its verdict quickly: they were enthralled."
  29. ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: event occurs at 10:41.
  30. ^ Pridmore 1991; Watanabe & Phillips 1985.
  31. ^ a b Cooper 2011.
  32. ^ a b c d Rogers 2011a.
  33. ^ McCabe 1996: "The aquarium holds the largest permanent collection of jellyfish species in the United States and displays more of them than does any other facility in the world."
  34. ^ a b c AZA award pages:
  35. ^ Miller, Steven H. (October 2013). "Monterey Bay Aquarium: New Digitally-Fabricated Aquarium Tank Liner Can Stand the Test of the Giant Tuna" (PDF). Waterproof!. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  41. ^ Other temporary exhibitions:
  42. ^ a b Tentacles temporary exhibition:
  43. ^ a b Spring 2018, p. 159.
  44. ^ Phillips, Ari (December 11, 2013). "Why Aquariums Are Obsessed With Climate Change". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  48. ^ a b c d e Cooper 2014.
  49. ^ a b Spring 2018, p. 160.
  50. ^ Lists of aquarium research publications:
  51. ISSN 1448-6059
    .
  52. ISSN 1469-7769
    .
  53. ^ Murray, Michael J. (2002). "Fish Surgery" (PDF). Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine. 11 (4): 246–257 – via Amazon Web Services.
  54. ISSN 2151-6952
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  56. ISSN 2151-6952
    .
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  58. ^ Sea otter rehabilitation:
  59. ^ a b PBS Nature documentaries featuring the aquarium:
  60. ^ Mariana, Barrera (August 8, 2013). "Monterey Bay: Biologists release tiny snowy plovers into the wild". The Monterey County Herald. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  63. ^ Research efforts with the bluefin tuna:
  64. ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: event occurs at 41:20.
  65. ^ Bluefin Futures Symposium, January 2016:
  66. ^ McCabe 1996; "Oceans in Glass" 2006 (at 5:23): "The jelly collection at the aquarium is the largest in the world."
  67. ^ Yollin 2012: "The Monterey Bay Aquarium pioneered the display of jellyfish in North America and spawned a trend of jelly exhibits around the United States."
  68. ^ Reynolds 2009: "... and it has pioneered the display of jellyfish and ..."
  69. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2015.09.008
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  73. ^ a b Hopkins 2016.
  74. ^ Squatriglia 2006; Rogers 2011b.
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  76. ^ Speizer, Irwin; Cone, Marla (March 14, 2005). "Captive great white kills 2 sharks". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  84. ^ "Monterey researchers hope to solve great white shark mystery". KSBW. June 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |website= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  85. ^ Hiolski, Emma (October 5, 2016). "Carmel woman to be honored by White House". The Monterey County Herald. Archived from the original on December 9, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ Seafood Watch business partnerships:
  87. ^ Parsons 2015; Reynolds 2009.
  88. ^ Spring 2018, pp. 159, 161–162.
  89. ^ Roheim, Cathy A. (2009). "An Evaluation of Sustainable Seafood Guides: Implications for Environmental Groups and the Seafood Industry" (PDF). Marine Resource Economics. 24: 301–302.
  90. ^ Parsons 2015.
  91. ^ Awards received by Seafood Watch:
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  95. ^ Spring 2018, p. 164.
  96. ^ Support of California Proposition 67 (2016):
  97. ^ "2016 Global Ocean Science Education Workshop" (PDF). The College of Exploration. June 13–15, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ Rogers, Paul (July 10, 2017). "Plastic to be phased out at major American aquariums". The Mercury News. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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Watanabe, JM; Phillips, RE (1985). Establishing a captive kelp forest: Developments during the first year at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. American Academy of Underwater Sciences. p. 11. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2013. {{cite conference}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Yin, Steph (August 11, 2016). "Growing Comb Jellies in the Lab Like Sea-Monkeys". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Yollin, Patricia (April 1, 2012). "Monterey aquarium jellies jam to psychedelic beat". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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