Stye
Stye | |
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Other names | Sty, hordeolum |
A stye, also known as a hordeolum, is a bacterial infection of an
The cause of a stye is usually a
Often a stye will go away without any specific treatment in a few days or weeks.
Signs and symptoms
The first sign of a stye is a small, yellowish spot at the center of the bump that develops as pus and expands in the area.[7]
Other stye symptoms may include:
- A lump on the top or bottom eyelid
- Localized swelling of the eyelid
- Localized pain
- Redness
- Tenderness
- Crusting of the eyelid margins
- Burning in the eye
- Droopiness of the eyelid
- Scratchy sensation on the eyeball(itching)
- Blurred vision
- Mucous discharge in the eye
- Irritation of the eye[8]
- Light sensitivity
- Tearing
- Discomfort during blinking[9]
- Sensation of a foreign body in the eye
Complications
Stye complications occur in very rare cases. However, the most frequent complication of styes is progression to a chalazion that causes cosmetic deformity, corneal irritation, and often requires surgical removal.[10] Complications may also arise from the improper surgical lancing, and mainly consist of disruption of lash growth, lid deformity or lid fistula. Large styes may interfere with one's vision.
Eyelid cellulitis is another potential complication of eye styes, which is a generalized infection of the eyelid. Progression of a stye to a systemic infection (spreading throughout the body) is extremely rare, and only a few instances of such spread have been recorded.[11]
Cause
A stye is caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria are
Prevention
Stye prevention is closely related to proper hygiene. Proper hand washing can reduce the risks of developing not only styes, but also many other types of infections.
Upon awakening, application of a warm washcloth to the eyelids for one to two minutes may be beneficial in decreasing the occurrence of styes by liquefying the contents of the
To prevent styes, cosmetics and cosmetic eye tools should not be shared among people. Like with all infections, regular hand washing is essential, and the eyes should not be rubbed or touched with unclean hands. Contaminated eye makeup should be discarded and sharing of washcloths or face towels should be curtailed, to avoid spreading the infection between individuals.[15][16] Breaking the stye may spread bacteria contained in the pus and should be avoided.[17]
Treatment
Most cases of styes resolve on their own within one to two weeks, without professional care.[3] The primary treatment is application of warm compresses.[medical citation needed] As a part of self-care at home, people may cleanse the affected eyelid with tap water or with a mild, nonirritating soap or shampoo (such as baby shampoo) to help clean crusted discharge. Cleansing must be done gently and while the eyes are closed to prevent eye injuries.[18]
People with styes should avoid eye makeup (e.g., eyeliner), lotions, and wearing contact lenses, since these can aggravate and spread the infection (sometimes to the cornea).
Antibiotics
Evidence to support the use of
Antibiotics are normally given to people with multiple styes or with styes that do not seem to heal, and to people who have blepharitis or rosacea.
Procedures
Incision and drainage is performed if resolution does not begin in the next 48 hours after warm compresses are started. Medical professionals will sometimes lance a particularly persistent or irritating stye with a needle to accelerate its draining.[22]
Surgery is the last resort in stye treatment. Styes that do not respond to any type of therapies are usually surgically removed. Stye surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist, and generally under local anesthesia. The procedure consists of making a small incision on the inner or outer surface of the eyelid, depending if the stye is pointing externally or not. After the incision is made, the pus is drained out of the gland, and very small sutures are used to close the lesion. Sometimes the removed stye is sent for a histopathological examination to investigate possibility of skin cancer.
Alternative medicine
A 2017 Cochrane review found low-certainty evidence that acupuncture helps in hordeolum compared with antibiotics or warm compresses.[23] There was also low-certainty evidence that acupuncture plus usual treatment may increase the chance of hordeolum getting better, though they could not rule out placebo or observer effect, since the studies reviewed either had no positive control, were not blinded, or both.[23]
Prognosis
Although styes are harmless in most cases and complications are very rare, styes often recur. They do not cause intraocular damage, meaning they do not affect the eye. Styes normally heal on their own by rupturing within a few days to a week causing the relief of symptoms, but if one does not improve or it worsens within two weeks, a doctor's opinion should be sought. Few people require surgery as part of stye treatment. With adequate treatment, styes tend to heal quickly and without complications.
The prognosis is better if one does not attempt to squeeze or puncture the stye, as infection may spread to adjacent tissues. Also, patients are recommended to call a doctor if they encounter problems with vision, the eyelid bump becomes very painful, the stye bleeds or reoccurs, or the eyelid or eyes becomes red.[24]
Etymology
The word stye (first recorded in the 17th century) is probably a back-formation from styany (first recorded in the 15th century),[25] which in turn comes from styan plus eye,[26] the former of which in turn comes from the old English stīġend, meaning "riser", from the verb stīgan, "to rise". The older form styan is still used in Ulster Scots today.
The homonym sty found in the combination pigsty has a slightly different origin, namely it comes from the Old English stiġ-fearh—fearh (farrow) is the Old English word for "piglet"—where stiġ meant "hall" (cf. steward), possibly an early Old Norse loanword, which could be cognate with the word stīgan above.[27]
The synonymous late Latin expression is hordeolum, a modulation of the word hordeolus, which is related to hordeum ("barley"), after its resemblance to a barleycorn. In Czech, a sty is called ječné zrno (from ječmen "barley" and zrno "seed or grain"); in German, it is called Gerstenkorn (barleycorn). In Hebrew it is called שעורה Seh-oh-Ráh ("barley"). In Polish it is called jęczmień ("barley"). In Hungarian it is called árpa ("barley").
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Hordeolum (Stye)". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9780323448383. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-10-18.
- ^ PMID 28068454.
- ^ a b c "Eyelid Disorders Chalazion & Stye". NEI. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ PMID 26176369.
- ^ PMID 23601478.
- ^ "What are the signs and symptoms of a sty?". Medicinenet. Archived from the original on 2010-04-07. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ "Stye Symptoms". Archived from the original on 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ "Symptoms". Archived from the original on 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ "Hordeolum and Stye: Follow-up". Archived from the original on 2010-04-09. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ "What is the prognosis (outcome) of a sty?". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- PMID 29083787.
- ISBN 978-0-8036-2505-1.
- ^ "Prevention". Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ "VisionWeb". Archived from the original on September 9, 2017.
- ^ "BBC - Health - Ask the doctor - Styes". Archived from the original on February 1, 2010.
- ^ "Merck Manual - Treat Your Sty". Archived from the original on 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
- ^ "Medical Treatment". Archived from the original on 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ a b "Merck Manual - Chalazion and Stye (Hordeolum)".
- ^ "Medscape: Medscape Access". Emedicine.com. 2018-11-19. Archived from the original on 2008-08-04.
- ^ eMedicine - Periorbital Infections : Article by R Gentry Wilkerson, MD. Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sty (Stye, Hordeolum) Causes, Infection Symptoms and Treatment by MedicineNet.com Archived 2007-05-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ PMID 28181687.
- ^ "Eyelid bump". Archived from the original on 2010-04-10. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
- ^ sty, n.4: "sty". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "styan". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ sty, n.3: "sty". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
External links
- Merck Manual
- Willmann, D.; Guier, C. P.; Patel, B. C.; Melanson, S. W. (2021). "Stye". NIH - StatPearls - Stye. StatPearls. PMID 29083787.