Tamil Genocide

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Tamil Genocide
Part of Sri Lankan Civil War
May 15, 2009 handout photo provided by Sri Lankan army shows the massacre in no-fire zone in Mullivaikkal, Sri Lanka.
LocationSri Lanka
Date1948[1]-present[2][3][4][5][6][7]
TargetEelam Tamils
Attack type
Genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, mass shooting, hate crime
forced disappearance, denial of humanitarian aid, summary execution, rape, land grabbing, colonization
Deaths
  • 1956-2001: 79,155 Tamil civilians killed: 54,044 killed + 25,266 disappeared forever (TCHR, 2004) [8]
  • 2002-2007: 3,810 Tamil civilians killed: 2,925 killed + 885 disappeared forever (NESHOR, 2007) [9][10]
  • 2009 Jan-May: 169,796 Tamil civilians killed (ITJP, 2021) [11]
  • 2009 Jan-May Tamil civilians unaccounted & killed: 70,000 (UN, 2012)[12][13] to 146,000 (Bishop Joseph, 2011)[14][12]
Injured1956-2004: 61,132 Tamil civilians[8]
Victims1956-2004: Tamil civilians[8]
  • Raped: 12,437 women
  • Arrest/Torture: 112,246
  • Displaced: 2,390,809
Perpetrators
Sri Lankan government, Sri Lanka Police, Sinhalese mobs, Muslim Home Guards,[15][16] Sri Lankan Muslim mobs [17][18][19]
MotiveAnti-Tamil sentiment, Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, Sinhalisation
Part of a series on
Genocide
Issues
15th–19th century genocides
Early 20th century genocides
World War II (1939–1945)
Cold War (1940s–1991)
Contemporary genocides
Related topics
Category

Tamil Genocide, also known as the Sri Lankan Tamil Genocide, or Eelam Tamil Genocide are terms that encapsulate a series of devastating events suffered by the Sri Lankan Tamil also known as Eelam Tamil people leading to, during, and following the Sri Lankan Civil War. Acts of genocide against the Eelam Tamils started in 1948, as soon as Sri Lanka gained its independence, and were perpetrated through Sinhala-Buddhist centric government policies, pogroms, land grabs and ethnic cleansing.[20][21] It spanned several decades with an intense phase from 1981[22][23][24] to 2009 and thereafter until to date with colonization,[5] land grabbing[3] and arrests[2] are a manifestation of the on-going genocide against Tamil people.[25][26][4][27]

The term "genocide" in this context is used to describe the systematic and widespread targeting of Tamil civilians, combatants, and political figures by the Sinhalese dominated [28] Sri Lankan government forces, committing atrocities including mass killings, enforced disappearances, land grabbing, colonization and sexual violence. The conflict and its brutal end have sparked international debate and led to calls for accountability and justice.[1]

History

Land Grabbing and Colonization

Main article: Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonisation schemes

The State-sponsored colonization is the Sri Lankan government program of settling mostly Sinhalese farmers from the densely populated wet zone into the sparsely populated areas of the dry zone. This has taken place since the 1950s near

reservoirs being built in major irrigation and hydro-power programs such as the Mahaweli project.[29] The forced Sinhala colonization began in 1952 in Gal Oya[30][31] Sinhala Buddhist nationalists within the Sri Lankan government, Buddhist clergy and Mahaweli department have deliberately targeted the Tamil majority northeast for state sponsored Sinhala colonisation, with the explicit intention to take the land into "Sinhala hands" away from the Tamils,[32] and to disrupt the Tamil-speaking continuity between the north and east.[33] This resulted in a significant demographic shift, with the resettled farmers contributing to an increase in the Sinhalese population in the northeast dry zone, thus promoting Sinhala-Buddhist hegemony in the area.[34] Sinhalese settlers were provided with preferential access to land by the state in these regions, whilst the local Tamil speaking people were excluded from this privilege,[35] making them minorities in their own lands.[36]

Demographic Changes

Massacres and killings

Forced Disappearances

Premediated Pogroms

Main articles: 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom, 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom, 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, 1981 anti-Tamil pogrom, and Black July

Gang rapes and sexual violence

Main article:
1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms.[39][40][41]

Following the

Sri Lankan Police.[50][51][43]

Mullivaikkal massacre

Main articles: Mullivaikkal massacre and White Flag incident

Mullivaikkal massacre was the mass killing of tens of thousands of

Red Cross ship by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] [64][65][66][67] During the final days of the war, the army also engaged in indiscriminate executions of Tamils, civilians as well as fighters who surrendered waving white flag.[68]

Destruction of evidence of crimes

Resistance Movement

The build-up to the genocide can be understood through the lens of post-colonial strife and ethnic nationalism. The independence of Sri Lanka in 1948 marked the beginning of heightened ethnic tensions, as policies implemented by the Sinhalese-dominated government marginalized the Tamil population, leading to social, economic, and political disenfranchisement. This systemic discrimination sowed the seeds of unrest. There were civil disobedience which was followed by armed struggle against Sri Lanka state to form a independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam.[1]

Civil Disobedience

Armed Struggle

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

The failure of the civil disobedience led to the formation of several armed Tamil resistance movements, the most prominent of which was the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), aiming to create an independent Tamil state in the north and east of the island called Tamil Eelam.[1] This war was known the Sri Lankan Civil War or Eelam War.

National and international media coverage

International Reactions

In 2022, The Parliament of Canada made May 18 as the Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day.[69][70] On an official letter addressing the Tamils who have suffered through the genocide, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, along with other supportive statements, wrote

“In October 2022, we joined our international partners in adopting an United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) resolution that calls on the Sri Lankan government to address the human rights, economic, and political crises in the country. Canada has been a global leader in the adoption of other UNHRC resolutions calling for freedom of religion, belief, and pluralism in Sri Lanka – essential elements to secure peace and reconciliation in the years to come – and we will continue our work to safeguard human rights across the world. And in January 2023, our government imposed sanctions against four Sri Lankan government officials in response to human rights violations on the island."[71]

A rally commemorating the Tamil Genocide in Melbourne, Australia

The letter was titled: Statement by the Prime Minister on the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day. It was written on May 18, 2023, as the day Tamils across the world acknowledge as Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day. It is a remembrance day observed by Eelam Tamil people to remember those who died in the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War.[72][70]

Protests

Members of the Tamil diaspora community gathered opposite 10 Downing Street in Whitehall to commemorate the beginning of the Black July in Sri Lanka forty years ago in 1983

UN Response

Aftermath

The aftermath of the conflict has been characterized by a contentious and painful process of reconciliation, with ongoing debates over accountability, human rights investigations, and efforts to heal a deeply divided nation. Nonetheless, the path towards reconciliation and justice remains fraught with challenges, as political, ethnic, and historical complexities continue to influence the discourse around the Tamil Genocide.[73]

Sri Lanka's Denial of the Genocide

Sri Lanka has responded to the statements which have been made by several world leaders including primarily Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. In certain Sri Lankan government websites such as the one for the high commission of Sri Lanka in Singapore the government has stated Sri Lanka rejects the reference to Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day by the Canadian Prime Minister and that it is a distorted narrative of the past conflict in Sri Lanka is aimed solely at achieving local vote-bank electoral gains, and is not conducive to broader goals of communal harmony.[74]

Recognition of Genocide

The international community's response to the Tamil Genocide has been varied, with some countries and international bodies recognizing the events as constituting acts of genocide or war crimes, and calling for comprehensive investigations and accountability measures. However, the acknowledgment and classification of these events as "genocide" remain controversial and are subject to political and diplomatic considerations.[75]

Countries such as Canada and the state of Tamil Nadu in India have been vocal in acknowledging the genocide of the Tamil people, advocating for international investigations into war crimes and human rights violations. The United Nations has also been involved, publishing reports and resolutions calling for accountability and justice for the victims of the conflict.[76]

Recognition of Black July as a Genocide

Main article: Black July

The late Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi declared the Black July massacre to be a genocide against the Tamil people on August 14, 1983.[77][78] However, she was not prepared to intervene or exert pressure on Sri Lanka.

In December 1983, The Review, a publication of the International Commission of Jurists said:[79]

"The evidence points clearly to the conclusion that the violence of the Sinhala rioters on the Tamils amounted to acts of genocide."

Tamil Genocide Education Week in Canada

In June 2020, Toronto District School Board (TDSB) approved a motion calling on the Ministry of Education to incorporate Genocide education as compulsory learning unanimously.[80] In this genocide education, Tamil genocide was included as a complimentary component.[81]

Protests arose by Sinhalese groups. They all failed. The TDSB was going forth with the Tamil genocide being taught in schools

Around the same time Vijay Thanigasalam, by Progressive Conservative MPP, tabled bill 104, which is an Ontario bill called Bill 104, Tamil Genocide Education Week Act. During Bill states: 

"The seven-day period in each year ending on May 18 is proclaimed as Tamil Genocide Education Week. During that period, all Ontarians are encouraged to educate themselves about, and to maintain their awareness of, the Tamil genocide and other genocides that have occurred in world history."

This Bill was not taken lightly by Sinhalese groups who staged even more protests. They yet again failed as the Ontario judge, Justice Jasmine Akbarali, upheld Bill 104 in battle ‘over who gets to write the history of the war'. The court examined evidence and heard arguments from all parties in order to better determine whether or not what occurred amounted to a genocide of Tamils. Justice Jasmine Akbarali stated "The dominant characteristic of the law is to educate the public about what the Ontario Legislature has concluded is a Tamil genocide.” [82]

Tamil Genocide Memorial and its History

The Tamil Genocide Memorial commemorates the lives lost during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly in its final stages in the area of Mullivaikkal.

Sri Lanka

Mullivaikkal memorial Jaffna prior to distruction.

In Jaffna, the northern province of Sri Lanka, a statue was erected to honor the memory of the victims of the conflict, particularly the events that unfolded in Mullivaikkal in May 2009. This statue served not only as a memorial but also as a symbol of the Tamil community's resilience and mourning. However, the memorial faced significant opposition and was destroyed, reflecting ongoing tensions and the contentious nature of memorializing the conflict within Sri Lanka.

The destruction of the statue sparked protests and outcry both locally and internationally, highlighting the deep scars left by the conflict and the importance of memorialization in the healing process. Efforts were made to rebuild the statue, namely public sit in protests and hunger protests. This act of reconstruction not only restored the physical monument but also served as a reaffirmation of the community's commitment to remembering the past and seeking justice. The rebuilding of the statue in Jaffna stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of the Tamil people and their continued struggle for recognition and reconciliation.

Canada

A Tamil Genocide Memorial to be built in Chinguacousy Park, in Brampton, Canada by 2025, the design was finalised in February 2024, after 3 years of delay.[83][84]

Canadian Mayor Patrick Brown promised to build a monument after the Mullivaikkal memorial in Sri Lanka was torn down in January 2021. In recognition of the importance of memorialization for the Tamil diaspora, a proposal was made to build a Tamil Genocide Memorial in Brampton, Canada. The proposal aimed to provide a space for reflection, remembrance, and education, acknowledging the community's loss and resilience.

The initiative to erect the memorial in Brampton was met with both support and criticism. Proponents argue that it serves as a necessary acknowledgment of the atrocities faced by the Tamil population and as an educational tool for future generations. Critics, however, raise concerns about the potential for such memorials to foster division or impact diplomatic relations. Patirck Brown stated "While there might be some people trying to 'whitewash' history in Sri Lanka and rewrite history — we can't stand for that."

India

Illuminated sculpture of Tamil Paavai (Tamil Goddess/Tamil Mother), at the entrance of Mullivaikal Muttram

The Mullivaikkal Memorial or Mullivaikkal Muttram is a memorial dedicated to the

Pazha Nedumaran and the World Tamil Confederation Trust he heads are the founders.[86]

Mauritius

Memorial Pillar at Mauritius

In honor of the Tamil citizens and LTTE soldiers, the mayor of

Beau Bassin Rose Hill, Louis Andre Toussaint, in Mauritius
, has constructed a pillar. It was constructed in response to the Mauritius Tamil Temple Federation's (MTTF) requests. The memorial's epitaph says:

"THIS MEMORIAL IS DEDICATED TO THOSE 146,679 TAMILS WHO LOST THEIR LIVES INNOCENTLY AND 40,000 REPORTED LOST IN DEFENCE OF THEIR BELOVED MOTHERLAND IN SRI LANKA"

On top, the memorial has the Eelam Tamil ethnic National Flag on which it is written "Tamil Eelam" in Tamil letters. This memorial is located cated within the Beau Bassin Rose Hill Municipal Council's grounds, a short distance from the mayor's office.[87]

Acts of commemoration

May 18th Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day

Mullivaikkal Remembrance day, 2016: Eelam Tamil women and children can be seen grieving in Mullivaikkal
Main article:
Sri Lankan Tamil people to remember those who died in the genocide during the Sri Lankan Civil War. It is held each year on 18 May, the date on which the civil war ended in 2009, and is named after Mullivaikkal, a village on the north-east coast of Sri Lanka
which was the massacre scene of the final battle of the civil war.

Art

Pop Culture Influences

Documentaries

Notes

  1. ^ Rasika Kobbekaduwa, a former Sri Lankan military police officer told a UK court that he was taught to 'humiliate' opponents of the government regime through 'organised sexual assaults'.[46]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Waldock, Charlotte (26 June 2022). "The Tamilian Struggle For Justice In Sri Lanka: Acknowledging The Tamil Genocide". Human Rights Pulse. Human Rights Pulse, Make justice a priority. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (26 March 2022). "Tamils fear prison and torture in Sri Lanka, 13 years after civil war ended". The Observer.
  3. ^ a b ""If We Raise Our Voice They Arrest Us"". Human Rights Watch. 18 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Sri Lanka's State Responsibility for Historical and Recent Tamil Genocides". 24 July 2020.
  5. ^ a b https://pearlaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/State-Sponsored-Sinhalization-of-the-North-East-March-2022.pdf
  6. ^ "Lest We Forget" (PDF). North East Secretariat on Human Rights (NESOHR). Karadipokku Junction, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka. Statistical Centre for North East (SNE). July 2007.
  7. ^ "Lest We Forget -Volume II" (PDF). North East Secretariat on Human Rights (NESOHR). Karadipokku Junction, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka. 2008.
  8. ^ a b c "Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances". www.tchr.net. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  9. ^ https://tamilnation.org/tamileelam/nesohr/080105_2007_Annual_Report_on_Human_Rights.pdf
  10. ^ https://tamilnation.org/tamileelam/nesohr/070912HR_Report_for_August_2007.pdf
  11. ^ Death Toll In Sri Lanka's 2009 War https://itjpsl.com/assets/ITJP_death_toll_A4_v6.pdf
  12. ^ a b "Report of the Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka". United Nations. November 2012. p. 14. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  13. ^ Macrae, Callum (3 September 2013). "Sri Lanka: Slaughter in the no fire zone". The Guardian. London, U.K. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  14. ^ Haviland, Charles (11 January 2011). "Sri Lanka's war panel arouses strong emotions". BBC News. London, U.K. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  15. ^ "State and Muslims Desecrate Ancient Tamil Village". Northeastern Herald. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  16. JSTOR 25742041
    .
  17. JSTOR 4374389
    .
  18. S2CID 39675436
    .
  19. ^ Hoole, Rajan (2014-11-14). "The East Erupts: Mossad Again?". Colombo Telegraph. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  20. ^ Thanigasalam, Vijay. "Bill 104, Tamil Genocide Education Week Act, 2021". Legislative assembly of Ontario. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  21. ^ "Sri Lankas Genocide Against Tamils - UN Treaty Body Database". ohchr. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
  22. ^ "Book Burning in 1933 and 1981 – Ilankai Tamil Sangam".
  23. ^ "In Retrospect: Burning of Jaffna library and the genocide thread".
  24. ^ "History in flames: Remembering the burning of Jaffna Library | Tamil Guardian".
  25. ^ "Still No Justice on Sri Lanka War Anniversary | Human Rights Watch". 16 May 2023.
  26. ^ https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/country-document/2023-03/JS19_UPR42_LKA_E_Main.pdf
  27. ^ "Emerging Voices: Sri Lanka's Tamils Need Genocide Recognition and Innovative Justice Mechanisms". 15 August 2019.
  28. ^ "The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020". 31 August 2020.
  29. ^ Bart Klem & Thiruni Kelegama (2020) Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka’s post-war frontier, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47:2, 346-365, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
  30. ^ Kanagasundram, Ajit. "The Gal Oya Project 60 years on - Part I". The Island. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  31. ^ "Sinhala Colonisation".
  32. ^ Bart Klem & Thiruni Kelegama (2020) Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka’s post-war frontier, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47:2, 346-365, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
  33. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  34. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  35. ^ International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Shahul H. Hasbullah and Urs Geiser (2019), Negotiating access to land in eastern Sri Lanka, p.9
  36. ^ Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75 https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
  37. ^ Tarzie Vittachi – Emergency '58: The story of the Ceylon race riots (1959), Andre Deutsch
  38. ^ Neil De Votta – Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka, p127
  39. ^ Library, Lanka Free (2019-10-15). "Sansoni Commission 1980". Lanka Free Library. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  40. ^ Brian Eads – The Cover Up That Failed – The Prohibited Report From Colombo, London Observer – 20 September 1981
  41. ISBN 0 9510073 0 0
    ), 1984, Appendix A
  42. ^ "Sri Lanka - Ethnic Composition of the Armed Forces". www.country-data.com. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  43. ^
    S2CID 154539643
    .
  44. ^ Katherine W. Bogen, April 2016, Rape and Sexual Violence: Questionable Inevitability and Moral Responsibility in Armed Conflict, Scholarly Undergraduate Research Journal at Clark, Volume 2
  45. ^ ""We Will Teach You a Lesson": Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces". Human Rights Watch. 2013-02-26.
  46. ^ Alexander, Stian (25 Mar 2016). "Massage from hell for 21-year-old woman as convicted bus flasher gets job at parlour and sniffs her". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  47. ISSN 1874-6306
    .
  48. ^ Amnesty International, January 2002, SRI LANKA Rape in custody, AI Index: ASA 37/001/2002 p.3
  49. ^ Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (8 July 2001). "Sexual Violence Against Tamil Women". The Sunday Leader.
  50. ^ Amnesty International on human rights violations before and after the Indo-Sri Lanka accord – Tamil Times, June 1988, p6-7
  51. ^ "Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka". 2015-10-29. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  52. ^ "How the UN failed Tamil civilians in 2009".
  53. ^ "Sri Lanka justice: leaked UN document casts doubts". Channel 4. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  54. ^ "The broken survivors of Sri Lanka's civil war". Frances Harrison. BBC. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  55. ^ "Sri Lanka: Satellite imagery of safe zone". BBC News. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  56. ^ "UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe". Lyse Doucet. BBC. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  57. ^ "UN calls for Sri Lanka war crimes court to investigate atrocities". The Guardian. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  58. Wall Street Journal
    . 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  59. ^ "Tamil leaders honor dead from Sri Lankan war at battle zone". Krishan Francis. Yahoo News. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  60. ^ "British envoy banned in war without witnesses". The Independent. 14 February 2009. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  61. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
    . 11 August 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  62. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka" (PDF). United Nations. November 2012. p. 28. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  63. ^ "Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka" (PDF). United Nations Digital Library. United Nations. November 2012. p. 11. Retrieved 3 January 2022. The COG had prepared a casualty sheet which showed that a large majority of the civilian casualties recorded by the UN had reportedly been caused by Government fire
  64. ^ "Gotabhaya Rajapaksa: The wartime strongman who wants to run Sri Lanka". 30 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  65. ^ "Sri Lanka: UN says army shelling killed civilians". BBC News. 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  66. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2020-08-20.
  67. ^ Darusman, Marzuki; Sooka, Yasmin; Ratner, Steven R. (31 March 2011). Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka (PDF). United Nations.
  68. ^ "Sri Lanka Tamil killings 'ordered from the top'". Channel 4 News. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015.
  69. ^ "Statement by the Prime Minister to mark 40 years since Black July". Prime Minister of Canada. 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  70. ^ a b "Canada committed to building future free of hate: Justin Trudeau on Sri Lanka Black July". EconomyNext. 2023-07-24. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  71. ^ "Statement by the Prime Minister on the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day". Prime Minister of Canada. 2023-05-17. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  72. ^ Trudeau, Justin (17 May 2023). "Statement by the Prime Minister on the first Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day". pm.gc.ca. The government of Canada. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  73. ^ Trudeau, Justin (20 July 2023). "Statement by the Prime Minister to mark 40 years since Black July". www.pm.gc.ca. Canada Government. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  74. ^ The High commission of Sri Lanka in Singapore. "Sri Lanka rejects the reference to Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day by the Canadian Prime Minister". Lanka. Sri Lanka. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  75. ^ Day, Martyn. "Sri Lankan Tamils and Human Rights Volume 742: debated on Tuesday 5 December 2023". Uk parliament. UK government. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  76. ^ United Nations, United Nations (17 September 2015). "UN officials outraged at accounts of Sri Lanka war crimes, stress need for accountability". UN News Global perspective Human stories. United Nations. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  77. ^ "TamilNet".
  78. ^ "Black July of 1983 Revisited".
  79. ^ "Black July of 1983 Revisited".
  80. ^ Shari Schwartz-Maltz. "TDSB Trustees Call on Province to Incorporate Genocide Education as Compulsory Learning". TDSB. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  81. ^ Pilkey, Robin. "Committee of the Whole Report No. 19" (PDF). tdsb.ca. Toronto district school board. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  82. ^ Keung, Nicholas (28 June 2022). "Ontario judge upholds Tamil Genocide Education Week in battle 'over who gets to write the history of the war'". Toronto Star. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  83. ^ Bhugra, Saloni (Feb 28, 2024). "After 3-year delay, Brampton finalizes design for Tamil monument to honour lives lost in Sri Lankan civil war Tamil Genocide Memorial to be built in Chinguacousy Park by 2025". CBC.
  84. ^ Jabakhanji, Sara (Jan 24, 2021). "Brampton mayor vows to build Tamil monument". CBC.
  85. ^ "A monument to remember the Eelam war". The Times of India. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  86. ^ "Pro-Tamil leaders inaugurate Mullivaikal memorial even as police wait to challenge court order". The Times of India. Times of India. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  87. ^ "Mauritius honors martyrs of Eelam war".
  88. ^ "'We did not come from fire, we were born in it' - in Conversation with Shan Vincent de Paul | Tamil Guardian".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_Genocide&oldid=1221237512"