2016 in paleontology

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palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science

. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2016.

Flora

Plants

Fungi

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Cultoraquaticus^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strullu-Derrien in Strullu-Derrien et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Chytridiomycetes. The type species is C. trewini.
Dennisiellinites^[3]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bannister, Conran & Lee	Eocene	Pikopiko Fossil Forest	New Zealand	A fungus. Genus includes new species D. pikopikoensis .
Gerontomyces^[4]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe (Baltic Sea coast)	A gilled mushroom. The type species is G. lepidotus.
Hypoxylonites foyelensis^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bianchinotti, Martínez & Saxena in Martínez et al.	Paleogene (probably Eocene)	Troncoso Formation	Argentina	A fungus described on the basis of spores.
Monodictysporites^[6]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Klymiuk	Ypresian	Allenby Formation Princeton Chert	Canada ( British Columbia)	A ascomycotan fungal spore taxon. The type species is M. princetonensis. Likely hosted on Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata
Paleocadus^[7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Cretaceous	Burmese amber	Myanmar	An Eccrinaceous fungus. Type species P. burmiticus.
Pluricellaesporites patagonicus^[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bianchinotti, Martínez & Saxena in Martínez et al.	Paleogene		Argentina	A fungus described on the basis of spores resembling those of members of the genus Bactrodesmium.
Trewinomyces^[8]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Krings, Taylor & Martin	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus of uncertain phylogenetic placement, showing similarities to Macrochytrium (Chytridiomycota) and Blastocladiella (Blastocladiomycota) species. The type species is T. annulifer.

Cnidarians

Research

Yunnanoascus haikouensis, previously thought to be a member of Ctenophora, is reinterpreted as a crown-group medusozoan by Han et al. (2016).^[9]
A study on the fossil corals from the Late Triassic (Norian) outcrops in Antalya Province (Turkey), indicating that the corals lived in symbiosis with photosynthesizing dinoflagellate algae, is published by Frankowiak et al. (2016).^[10]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aphyllum pachystele^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Munson & Jell	Silurian (late Wenlock )	Jack Formation	Australia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Tryplasmatidae.
Aulokoninckophyllum potyi^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Somerville, Rodríguez & Said	Carboniferous	Azrou-Khenifra Basin	Morocco	An aulate coral.
Axuolites higoensis^[13]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko	Ludlow )	Fukami Formation	Japan	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Favositida and the family Coenitidae.
Bjarmia^[14]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Grazhdankin	Late Ediacaran (~550 Ma)	Erga Formation	Russia	A jellyfish-like organism, a possible relative of scyphomedusae. Genus includes new species B. cycloplerusa.
Byronia jaegeri^[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Estonia	A possible thecate scyphozoan.
Calceola collini^[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wright, Plusquellec & Gourvennec	Devonian (Eifelian)	Saint-Fiacre Formation	France	An operculate coral belonging to the family Calceolidae; a species of Calceola.
Cambroctoconus coreaensis^[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Park et al.	Cambrian	Daegi Formation	South Korea	A stem-cnidarian.
Caninophyllum charli^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Yılanlı Formation	Turkey	A rugose coral belonging to the family Bothrophyllidae; a species of Caninophyllum.
Cystodactylon^[19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Denayer & Webb	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Gudman Formation	Australia	A rugose coral. Genus includes new species C. orbum.
Dokophyllum hillae^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Munson & Jell	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Jack Formation	Australia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Ketophyllidae.
Edaphophyllum zhaotongense^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao & Ma	Devonian (Emsian)		China	A rugose coral.
Eoaequorea^[21]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A member of Hydrozoa of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Eoaequorea xingi.
Eosiderastrea^[22]	Gen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Löser	Cretaceous (late Valanginian to Santonian)		Austria France Germany Greece Iran Italy Japan Mexico Poland Spain Ukraine United States Uzbekistan	A Phyllocoenia" cotteaui Orbigny (1850), "Diploastrea" crassa Kuzmicheva (1980), "Diploastrea" crassicostata Morycowa & Masse (1998), "Phyllocoenia" cyclops Felix (1891), "Confusastrea" dollfusi Prever (1909), "Confusastrea" felixi Prever (1909); "Stephanocoenia" grandipora Orbigny (1849), "Diploastrea" harrisi Wells (1932), "Diploastrea" hilli Wells (1933), "Montastraea" nagaoi Eguchi (1951), "Pleurocora" reussi Milne Edwards (1857), "Diplocoenia" splendida Prever (1909), "Diploastrea" vaughani Wells (1933) and "Plesiofavia" villaltai Reig Oriol (1991), as well as new species E. paragrandipora Löser (2016) and E. stefani Löser (2016).^[23]
Famastraea^[24]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Berkowski, Zapalski & Wrzołek	Devonian (Famennian)		Poland	A coral belonging to the group Rugosa and the family Campophyllidae. The type species is Famastraea catenata.
Fomichevella najafi^[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Badpa et al.	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Sardar Formation	Iran	A member of Rugosa belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Kleopatrinidae.
Gertholites haikawai^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Fujikawa	Early Carboniferous	Akiyoshi Limestone Group	Japan	A tabulate coral.
Gerviphyllum^[16]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wright, Plusquellec & Gourvennec	Early Devonian (likely late Lochkovian to early Pragian)		France	An operculate coral belonging to the family Calceolidae; a new genus for "Calceola" gervillei Bayle (1878).
Gudmania^[19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Denayer & Webb	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Gudman Formation	Australia	A rugose coral. Genus includes new species G. darumbalae.
Heintzella fluegeli^[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Badpa et al.	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Sardar Formation	Iran	A member of Rugosa belonging to the group Stauriida and the family Kleopatrinidae.
Kullingia rotadiscopsis^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A member of Hydrozoa of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a species of Kullingia.
Madrepora mitsukurii^[27]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko, Suzuki & Taguchi	Miocene	Katsuta Group	Japan	A madrepore .
Marekostragulum grafi^[28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Plusquellec, Galle & Franke	Devonian (Emsian)		Germany	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Hyostragulidae.
Mesoconularia (?) lukesi^[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl, Ferrova & Frýda	Devonian (late Emsian)	Suchomasty Limestone	Czech Republic	A member of Conulariida, possibly a species of Mesoconularia.
?Michelinia vinni^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zapalski, Berkowski & Wrzołek	Devonian (late Famennian)		Poland	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Micheliniidae; possibly a species of Michelinia.
Multicarinophyllum vepreculatum^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Munson & Jell	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Jack Formation	Australia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Amsdenoididae.
Oligophylloides maroccanus^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weyer	Devonian (late Famennian)		Morocco	A member of Heterocorallia.
Palaeosiderofungia^[22]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Löser	Cretaceous (Aptian to Santonian)		Austria Czech Republic France Germany Greece Serbia	A stony coral belonging to the family Siderastreidae; a new genus for "Thamnasteria" exigua Reuss (1854).
Parostragulum^[28]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Plusquellec, Galle & Franke	Devonian (Emsian)		Germany	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Hyostragulidae. The type species is P. problematicum.
Pleurodictyum goldfussi^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Plusquellec & Franke	Devonian (Emsian)	Wiltz Beds	Germany Luxembourg	A tabulate coral belonging to group Favositida and to the family Micheliniidae.
Pleurodictyum pruemensis^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Plusquellec & Franke	Devonian (Emsian)	Wiltz Beds	Germany	A tabulate coral belonging to group Favositida and to the family Micheliniidae.
Potyphyllum^[33]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Coen-Aubert	Devonian (late Frasnian)		Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Poland Russia United Kingdom	A rugose coral belonging to the family Phillipsastreidae. The type species is "Cyathophyllum" ananas Goldfuss (1826); genus also includes "Pseudoacervularia" dybowskii Różkowska (1953), "Pseudoacervularia" intercellulosa (Phillips, 1841) sensu Pickett (1967), "Schlüteria" lyskovensis Ermakova (1957), "Acervularia" macrommata Roemer (1855), "Phillipsastrea" plantana Różkowska (1979), "Cyathophyllum" profundum Michelin (1845), "Phillipsastrea" rozkowskae Scrutton (1968), "Pseudoacervularia" cf. smithi (Różkowska, 1953) sensu Pickett (1967), "Phillipsastrea" ananas veserensis Coen-Aubert (1974) and "Phillipsastrea" zerda Galle, 1992 in Hladil et al. (1992).
Preisingerella^[34]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kossovaya, Novak & Weyer	Early Permian		Slovenia	A coral similar to members of the genus Caninia. The type species is P. stegovnikensis.
Ptychophyllum variatum^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Munson & Jell	Silurian (late Gorstian to Ludfordian)	Jack Formation	Australia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Ptychophyllidae.
Pycnostylus polyphyllodus^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Munson & Jell	Silurian (late Wenlock )	Jack Formation	Australia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Pycnostylidae.
Sokolovia^[35]	Gen. et sp. nov	Junior homonym	Tsyganko	Late Devonian (Famennian)		Russia ( Komi Republic)	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pachyporidae. The type species is Sokolovia pershinae. The generic name is preoccupied by Sokolovia Ilovaisky (1934) and Sokolovia Shishkinskaya (1964).
Spinaxon^[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Weyer	Devonian (late Frasnian)		France Germany	A member of Rugosa belonging to the family Petraiidae. The type species is Spinaxon potyi.
Syringopora hilarowiczi^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zapalski, Berkowski & Wrzołek	Devonian (late Famennian)		Poland	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Syringoporidae; a species of Syringopora.
Syringopora kowalensis^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zapalski, Berkowski & Wrzołek	Devonian (late Famennian)		Poland	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Syringoporidae; a species of Syringopora.
Talfania^[37]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Peel & McDermott	Ordovician (Katian)	Sholeshook Limestone Formation	United Kingdom	A solitary coral. The type species is Talfania calicula.
Thamnoptychia mistiaeni^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zapalski, Berkowski & Wrzołek	Devonian (late Famennian)		Poland	A tabulate coral belonging to the family Pachyporidae; a species of Thamnoptychia.
Turbinolia (Turbinolia) deformis^[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky in Berezovsky & Berezovsky	Eocene		Ukraine	A stony coral.
Turbinolia (Turbinolia) emendata^[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berezovsky in Berezovsky & Berezovsky	Eocene		Ukraine	A stony coral.
Utaratuia yunnanensis^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao & Ma	Devonian (Eifelian)		China	A rugose coral.
Vassiljukia^[39]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Denayer & Ogar	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Turkey Ukraine	A colonial rugose coral; a new genus for "Lithostrotion" columnariformis Vassiljuk (1960).
Vesicospina^[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Munson & Jell	Silurian (Ludfordian)	Jack Formation	Australia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Kyphophyllidae. The type species is V. julli.
Vulykhia^[40]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Late Ordovician		Mongolia	An anthozoan belonging to the superfamily Heliolitoidea; a replacement name for Concavites Bondarenko & Minzhin (1981).

Arthropods

Bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Anisotrypa kjarkiensis^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		Armenia	A Trepostomata and the family Anisotrypidae .
Beisselina skyscanica^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Belarus	A bryozoan belonging to the group Ascophora and the family Tessaradomidae; a species of Beisselina.
Celleporaria pirabasensis^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muricy et al.	Oligocene-Miocene	Pirabas Formation	Brazil	A Cheilostomata and the family Lepraliellidae .
Celleporaria triangulavicularis^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muricy et al.	Oligocene-Miocene	Pirabas Formation	Brazil	A Cheilostomata and the family Lepraliellidae .
Dybowskiella hupehensiformis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China	A member of Cystoporata belonging to the family Fistuliporidae .
Dyscritella lii^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the family Dystritellidae .
Ehrhardina^[45]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid^[46]	Martha & Taylor	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		France Germany United Kingdom	A bryozoan belonging to the group Flustrina and the family Onychocellidae. The type species is Ehrhardina voigti; genus also includes Ehrhardina pikeae.
Eridotrypella danzikensis^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan	A Trepostomata and the family Eridotrypellidae .
Etherella tibetensis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China	A member of Cystoporata belonging to the family Etherellidae .
Fistuliphragma moniliformis^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cystoporida.
Fistuliphragma sibirica^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cystoporida.
Fistulipora sakagamii^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China Thailand	A member of Cystoporata belonging to the family Fistuliporidae .
Fistulipora salairiensis^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cystoporida.
Fistuliramus fasciculus^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cystoporida.
Fistulocladia cincinnata^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia	A bryozoan belonging to the group Cystoporida.
Margaretta amplipora^[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sonar & Gaikwad	Cenozoic		India	An ascophoran belonging to the family Margarettidae.
Margaretta guhai^[49]	Nom. nov	Valid	Sonar & Gaikwad	Cenozoic		India	An ascophoran belonging to the family Margarettidae.
Margaretta hariparensis^[49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sonar & Gaikwad	Cenozoic		India	An ascophoran belonging to the family Margarettidae.
Metastenodiscus^[50]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Ernst, Schäfer & Grant-Mackie	Late Triassic		New Caledonia New Zealand	A trepostome bryozoan. A new genus for "Stenodiscus " zealandicus Schäfer & Grant-Mackie (1994) and "Stenodiscus" kawhiae Schäfer & Grant-Mackie (1994).
Nikiforopora arpaensis^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		Azerbaijan	A Trepostomata and the family Stenoporidae .
Pachydermopora grodnoensis^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Pakhnevich	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Belarus	A bryozoan belonging to the group Ascophora and the family Tessaradomidae; a species of Pachydermopora.
Petalotrypa myunkhbalaensis^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan	A Trepostomata .
Planicellaria walsariensis^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sonar & Pawar	Cenozoic		India	A Cheilostomata and the family Calloporidae .
Protoretepora irregularis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China	A member of Fenestrata belonging to the family Polyporidae.
Pyriporella charopadiensis^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sonar & Pawar	Cenozoic		India	A Cheilostomata and the family Calloporidae .
Pyriporella vadsariensis^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sonar & Pawar	Cenozoic		India	A Cheilostomata and the family Calloporidae .
Rectifenestella famenniensis^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Devonian (Famennian)		Azerbaijan	A bryozoan belonging to the family Fenestellidae.
Rectifenestella kadrluiensis^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Devonian (Famennian)		Armenia	A bryozoan belonging to the family Fenestellidae.
Stenophragmidium buckhornensis^[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Boggy Formation	United States ( Oklahoma)
Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) heltzelae^[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Boggy Formation	United States ( Oklahoma)
Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) parviformis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China	A member of Cryptostomata belonging to the family Hyphasmoporidae.
Tabuliporella nakhichevanica^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tolokonnikova	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		Azerbaijan	A Trepostomata and the family Crustoporidae .
Tibetiporella^[44]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Zongba Formation	China	A member of Fenestrata belonging to the family Polyporidae. The type species is T. ornata.
Timanotrypa australis^[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Permian	Noonkanbah Formation Rat Buri Limestone Zongba Formation	Australia China Thailand	A member of Cryptostomata belonging to the family Timanodictyidae.
Zigzagopora^[53]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wilson & Taylor	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Bromide Formation	United States ( Oklahoma)	A cyclostome bryozoan. Genus includes new species Z. wigleyensis.

Brachiopods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acritosia ogamensis^[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa et al.	Early Permian (Kungurian)	Nabeyama Formation	Japan
Acrosaccus scutatus^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Discinidae.
Anathyris (Anathyris) calestiennensis^[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mottequin et al.	Devonian (Frasnian)	Nismes Formation	Belgium
Angulispirifer^[57]	Gen. et comb. nov	Junior synonym	Waterhouse	Permian		Australia	A member of Spiriferida. Genus includes "Spirifer" phalaena Dana (1849). Lee et al. (2023) subsequently considered the genus Angulispirifer to be a junior synonym of the genus Sulciplica.^[58]
Anisopleurella antiqua^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sowerbyellidae.
Apatobolus anoskelidion^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Obolidae.
Atansoria australis^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Obolidae.
Atryparia (Costatrypa) agricolae^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Halamski & Baliński in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Atrypidae.
Aulacothyris maendlii^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sulser	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)		Switzerland	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Zeilleriidae.
Aulacothyris waikatoensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Bellimurina fluctuosa^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Strophomenidae.
Biernatia pseudoplana^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Engelbretsen in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Biernatiidae.
Biernatia wrighti^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Engelbretsen in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Biernatiidae.
Biernatium minus^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baliński in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Mystrophoridae.
Buxtonia inexpletucosta^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	Mexico	A member of Productoidea.
Canalilatus musculosus^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival, Engelbretsen & Peng	Cambrian	Huaqiao Formation	China	A lingulate brachiopod belonging to the family Zhanatellidae.
Centreplicatus^[65]	Gen. nov	Valid	Zeng，Zhang & Han in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Cerasinella^[66]	Nom. nov	Valid	Copper	Silurian (Llandovery)	Merrimack Formation	Canada ( Quebec)	An atrypoid brachiopod; a replacement name for Cerasina Copper (1995) (preoccupied).
Chapinella belkovskensis^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Sokiran & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Nerpalakhsk Formation	Sakha Republic )	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Pugnacidae.
Chilcatreta^[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	San Juan Formation	Argentina	A siphonotretid brachiopod. Genus includes new species C. tubulata.
Crispithyris^[62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida. Genus includes new species C. nauarchus.
Cyrtina transcaucasica^[69]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gretchishnikova & Oleneva in Oleneva	Devonian (Givetian)		Azerbaijan	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Cyrtinidae.
Davidsonia enmerkaris^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Halamski in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Davidsoniidae.
Dictyoclostus transversum^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	Mexico	A member of Productoidea.
Disculina mancenidoi^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Dolerorthis nadruvensis^[70]	Sp. nov	Valid	Paškevičius & Hints	Ordovician (Katian)		Lithuania	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Hesperorthidae.
Dulankarella hyrcanica^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Leptellinidae.
Dyoros (Lissosia) maya^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez, Sour-Tovar & Barragán	Permian ( Leonardian )	Paso Hondo Formation	Mexico
Echinocoelia parva^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baliński in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Ambocoeliidae.
Eochonetes maearum^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bauer & Stigall	Late Ordovician		United States ( Wyoming)
Eochonetes minerva^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bauer & Stigall	Late Ordovician		United States ( Texas)
Eochonetes voldemortus^[72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bauer & Stigall	Late Ordovician	Saturday Mountain Formation	United States ( Idaho)
Eoconulus puteus^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Engelbretsen in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Eoconulidae.
Eolingularia^[73]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Bitner & Emig	Carboniferous to Triassic		China Russia Spain	A member of Lingulidae. The type species is "Lingularia " siberica Biernat & Emig (1993).
Experilingula larga^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival, Engelbretsen & Peng	Cambrian	Huaqiao Formation	China	A member of Obolidae.
Flexaria magna^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	Mexico	A member of Productoidea.
Globiella kamiyassensis^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Permian (Wordian)		Japan
Glossella cuyanica^[68]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	San Juan Formation	Argentina
Gondwanorthis^[75]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid^[76]	Benedetto & Muñoz	Early Ordovician		Argentina Iran	A plectorthoid brachiopod. A new genus for "Nanorthis" calderensis Benedetto (2007); genus also includes "Nanorthis" bastamensis Ghobadi Pour, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Popov (2011).
Gowanella^[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hiller	Late Cretaceous (probably Maastrichtian)	Broken River Formation	New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida related to Ostreathyris. The type species is G. capralis.
Grandispirifer qaidamensis^[78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee, Shi & Chen in Shi et al.	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Huaitoulata Formation	China	A member of Spiriferoidea belonging to the family Spiriferidae.
Gretchispirifer^[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Oleneva	Devonian (Emsian–Eifelian)	Sharur Formation	Azerbaijan	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Adolfiidae. The type species is G. dagnensis.
Gundaria^[79]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Angiolini et al.	Permian		Tajikistan	The type species is G. insolita.
Harperoides^[80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the subfamily Mesodouvillininae. The type species is Harperoides alaskensis.
Hemileurus politus^[79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Angiolini et al.	Permian		Tajikistan
Holcothyris campbelli^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Hubeinomena^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Zeng，Chen & Han in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of Coolinia.^[81]
Hustedia shumardi^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez, Sour-Tovar & Barragán	Permian ( Leonardian )	Paso Hondo Formation	Mexico
Inflatia coodzavuii^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (late Mississippian, middle Pennsylvanian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	Mexico	A member of Productoidea.
Iridistrophia (Flabellistrophia)^[82]	Subgen. et comb. sp. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian (late Emsian to Eifelian)		Germany Venezuela?	A member of Orthis " hipponyx Schnur (1851); the subgenus also includes new species Iridistrophia (Flabellistrophia) musculosa and possibly also "Orthis" undifera Schnur (1853) and Iridistrophia dendritica Benedetto (1984).
Ishimia inflata^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Leptellinidae.
Isogramma nakamurai^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Permian (Wordian)		Japan
Jakutoproductus lenensis^[83]	Sp. nov	Valid	Makoshin	Early Permian		Russia
Jakutoproductus talchanensis^[83]	Sp. nov	Valid	Makoshin	Early Permian		Russia
Kjaerina (Kjaerina) gondwanensis^[84]	Sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar	Ordovician (late Sandbian–Katian)	Gabian Formation Glauzy Formation Louredo Formation Portixeddu Formation	France Italy Portugal	A rafinesquinid strophomenid brachiopod, a species of Kjaerina.
Kjaerina (Villasina)^[84]	Subgen. et 3 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Colmenar	Ordovician (Katian)	Cavá Formation Gabian Formation Portilla de Luna Limestones Portixeddu Formation Porto de Santa Anna Formation Punta Serpeddi Formation Rosan Formation	France Italy Portugal Spain	A rafinesquinid strophomenid brachiopod, a subgenus of Kjaerina. The type species of the subgenus is Kjaerina (Villasina) pedronaensis; the subgenus also contains "Hedstroemina" almadenensis Villas (1995), as well as new species Kjaerina (Villasina) meloui and Kjaerina (Villasina) pyrenaica.
Koneviella? fuscina^[64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival, Engelbretsen & Peng	Cambrian	Huaqiao Formation	China	A lingulate brachiopod belonging to the family Zhanatellidae.
Kutchithyris challinori^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Kutchithyris waitomoensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Lacunites jaroslavi^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl & Kraft	Early Ordovician	Klabava Formation	Czech Republic	A paterinate brachiopod.
Lampazarorthis^[75]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid^[76]	Benedetto & Muñoz	Early Ordovician		Argentina	A plectorthoid brachiopod. A new genus for "Eoorthis" bifurcata Harrington (1937); genus also includes "Nanorthis" brachymyaria Benedetto in Benedetto & Carrasco (2002), as well as new species Lampazarorthis alata.
Lepidomena multiplicata^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Leptellinidae.
Leptathyris gornensis^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baliński in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Athyrididae.
Liaous^[86]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	He & Chen in He et al.	Middle Triassic (early Anisian)	Xinyuan Formation	China	A relative of Mentzelia and Paramentzelia. The type species is Liaous shaiwensis.
Loboidothyris awakinoensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Loboidothyris grantmackiei^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Loboidothyris marokopaensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Lyonia rochacamposi^[87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taboada et al.	Early Permian (latest Asselian-earliest Sakmarian)	Taciba Formation	Brazil	A member of Productida belonging to the family Auriculispinidae, a species of Lyonia.
Mendozotreta^[88]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Ordovician	Antelope Valley Limestone Lindero Formation	Argentina United States ( Nevada)	A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae. The type species is "Conotreta" devota Krause & Rowell (1975).
Mesoleptostrophia belli^[89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Earp	Early Devonian	Montys Hut Formation	Australia
Minutella bulgarica^[90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bitner & Motchurova-Dekova	Miocene (Badenian)		Bulgaria
Minutomena^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zeng，Zhang & Han in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of the family Strophomenidae. Genus includes new species M. yichangensis.
Minutorthis^[65]	Gen. nov	Valid	Zeng，Chen & Zhang in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Toxorthidae.
Monelasmina montisjosephi^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baliński in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Draboviidae.
Nasakia^[91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Streng et al.	Cambrian	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	A member of Naukatida . The type species is Nasakia thulensis.
Numericoma rowelli^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Antelope Valley Limestone Ponon Trehue Formation	Argentina United States ( Nevada)	A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Ephippelasmatidae.
Nushbiella kleithria^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Siphonotretidae .
Obliquorhynchia^[92]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Schrøder, Lauridsen & Surlyk	Paleocene (Danian)	Faxe Formation Vigny Formation	Denmark France Sweden	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Pugnacoidea and the family Basiliolidae; a new genus for "Terebratula" flustracea von Buch (1834).
Orthis dehmollaensis^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Orthidae .
Paramirorthis^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Zeng，Wang & Peng in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of the family Dalmanellidae. Genus includes new species P. minuta. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Mirorthis.^[81]
Paraspirifer (Laurentispirifer)^[82]	Subgen. et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Middle Devonian		United States Venezuela	A subgenus of Paraspirifer. The type species is Paraspirifer conradi Godefroid & Fagerstrom (1983); the subgenus also includes "Delthyris" acuminata Conrad (1839), "Terebratula" acuminatissima de Castelnau (1843), "Spirifer" bownockeri Stewart (1927), Paraspirifer halli Godefroid & Fagerstrom (1983) and Paraspirifer clarkei Godefroid & Fagerstrom (1983).
Paraspirifer (Mosellospirifer)^[82]	Subgen. et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian (late Emsian to early Eifelian		Germany Canada? China?	A subgenus of Paraspirifer. The type species is Paraspirifer sandbergeri Solle (1971); the subgenus also includes Spirifer auriculatus Sandberger & Sandberger (1856), Paraspirifer sandbergeri longimargo Solle (1971) (elevated to species rank), Paraspirifer eos Solle (1971) and Paraspirifer sandbergeri nepos Solle (1971). The subgenus might also include Paraspirifer gigantea Su (1976) and Paraspirifer desbiensi Bizzarro & Lespérance (1999).
Parazhanatella^[64]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Percival, Engelbretsen & Peng	Cambrian	Huaqiao Formation	China	A lingulate brachiopod belonging to the family Zhanatellidae. The type species is P. paibia.
Pedderia^[80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Pragian)	Soda Creek Limestone	United States ( Alaska)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Pygmaellidae. The type species is Pedderia fragosa.
Phragmorthis shahrudensis^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Phragmorthidae.
Prospira pseudostruniana^[93]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mottequin & Brice	Devonian (late Famennian)	Etrœungt Formation	France	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferidae.
Psygmakantha^[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Percival in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Ephippelasmatidae. The type species is P. malachiensis.
Punctospirifer gerankalasus^[69]	Sp. nov	Valid	Oleneva	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		Azerbaijan	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Punctospiriferidae.
Qaidamospirifer^[78]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen, Lee & Shi in Shi et al.	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Huaitoulata Formation	China	A member of Spiriferoidea belonging to the family Choristitidae. The type species is Q. elongatus.
Rafinesquina (Mesogeina)^[84]	Subgen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar	Ordovician (Katian)	Bohdalec Formation Fombuena Formation Gabian Formation Lower Ktaoua Formation Porto de Santa Anna Formation Upper Tiouririne Formation Zahorany Formation	Czech Republic France Germany Morocco Portugal Spain	A rafinesquinid strophomenid brachiopod, a subgenus of Rafinesquina. The type species of the subgenus is "Leptaena" pseudoloricata Barrande (1848); the subgenus also includes Rafinesquina pomoides Havlíček (1971), as well as new species Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) gabianensis and Rafinesquina (Mesogeina) loredensis.
Rhipidomella magna^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Permian (Wordian)		Japan
Rogorthis? oriens^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Popov, Kebriaee-Zadeh & Pour	Ordovician (Darriwilian)	Lashkarak Formation	Iran	A member of Orthidae .
Sampo suduvensis^[70]	Sp. nov	Valid	Paškevičius & Hints	Late Ordovician		Lithuania Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast)	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Leptestiidae.
Sartenaerirhynchus^[82]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Jansen	Devonian (middle Siegenian to late Emsian)		Belgium Germany Luxembourg	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Uncinuloidea. The type species is "Terebratula" antiqua Schnur (1853); genus also includes "Uncinulus" frontecostatus Drevermann (1902)
Scaphelasma quadratum^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Engelbretsen in Percival et al.	Ordovician		Australia	A member of Lingulata belonging to the family Scaphelasmatidae.
Schizocrania equestra^[94]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mergl & Nolčová	Ordovician (Katian)	Bohdalec Formation	Czech Republic	A member of Discinoidea belonging to the family Trematidae.
Septaliphoria felberi^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sulser	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)		Switzerland	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Hemithiridoidea and the family Cyclothyrididae.
Siberioproductus^[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Sokiran & Blodgett	Devonian (Famennian)	Chekursk Formation	Sakha Republic )	A member of Rhynchonelliformea belonging to the group Productida and the family Productellidae. The type species is S. boreus.
Sinomena^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Zeng，Chen & Han in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sinomenidae. Genus includes new species S. typica. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Eostropheodonta.^[81]
Skenidioides cretus^[60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Halamski in Baliński, Racki & Halamski	Devonian (Frasnian)		Poland	A member of Skenidiidae .
Spinobolus^[95]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Shuijingtuo Formation	China	A linguloid brachiopod. The type species is Spinobolus popovi.
Tapongaspirifer^[89]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Earp	Early Devonian	Montys Hut Formation	Australia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Filispiriferidae. The type species is Tapongaspirifer melodiae.
Tasmanospirifer^[57]^[58]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Australia	A member of Spiriferida. Genus includes new species T. clarkei, as well as "Spirifer" tasmaniensis Morris (1845).
Taungurungetes^[89]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Earp	Early Devonian	Montys Hut Formation Norton Gully Sandstone	Australia	A possible member of Devonochonetinae. The type species is "Chonetes" taggertyensis Gill (1945) from the Montys Hut Formation; genus also contains second, unnamed species from the Norton Gully Sandstone.
Terebratulina leeae^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Terebratulina putiensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Thaerodonta notabile^[96]	Sp. nov	Valid	Paškevičius	Ordovician (Katian)	Kaimynai Formation	Lithuania
Thulatrypa^[97]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Huang et al.	Silurian		China Norway	An atrypoid brachiopod. The type species is Thulatrypa gregaria; genus also contains "Meifodia" orientalis Rong, Xu & Yang (1974).
Tomteluva^[91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Streng et al.	Cambrian	Stephen Formation	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of Naukatida . The type species is Tomteluva perturbata.
Trentingula^[98]	Gen. et 3 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Posenato	Late Permian and Early Triassic		Hungary Italy United States ( Wyoming)	A member of Lingulidae . The type species is T. lorigae; genus also includes new species T. mazzinensis and T. prinothi, as well as Trentingula borealis (Bittner, 1899).
Triangulospirifer^[78]	Nom. nov	Valid	Lee in Shi et al.	Carboniferous		United Kingdom	A member of Spiriferida. A replacement name for Triangularia Poletaev (2001).
Trimena^[65]	Gen. nov	Valid	Zeng，Wang & Peng in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of Plectambonitoidea belonging to the family Xenambonitidae.
Waddingtonia^[57]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Devonian	Delorme Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida. The type species is "Reticulariopsis" warreni Perry (1984).
Weberproductus^[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Torres-Martínez & Sour-Tovar	Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian)	Ixtaltepec Formation	Mexico	A member of Productoidea. Genus includes new species W. donajiae.
Wenjukovispirifer^[69]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Oleneva	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Cyrtospiriferidae. The type species is "Spirifer" koscharicus Ljaschenko (1959); genus also includes "Spirifer" archiaci Murchison (1840), "Spirifer" brodi Wenjukov (1886) and W. lebedjanicus (Nalivkin, 1947).
Yichangomena^[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Zeng，Zhang & Han in Zeng et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A member of Strophomenida belonging to the family Sinomenidae. Genus includes new species Y. dingjiapoensis. Rong et al. (2019) considered it to be a junior synonym of Eostropheodonta.^[81]
Zeilleria opuatiaensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.
Zeilleria waiohipaensis^[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	MacFarlan	Jurassic		New Zealand	A member of Terebratulida.

Molluscs

Echinoderms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Alternocidaris^[99]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	El Qot, Abdelhamid, & Abdelghany	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian, possibly Turonian)		Egypt	A sea urchin belonging to the group Camarodonta and the family Glyphocyphidae. The type species is "Tiaridia" weldoni Fourtau (1921).
Applinocrinus russelli^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Prairie Bluff Formation	United States ( Mississippi)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Saccocomidae.
Apsidocrinus doreckae^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Konieczyński, Pisera & Fózy	Early Cretaceous		Hungary	A cyrtocrinid crinoid, a species of Apsidocrinus.
Arabicodiadema^[103]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Abdelhamid, El Qot & Abdelghany	Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomanian)		Oman United Arab Emirates	A heterodiadematid sea urchin. The type species is "Trochodiadema" dhofarense Roman (1991); genus also includes new species Arabicodiadema alii.
Atalopegaster^[104]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Guensburg	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Swift Formation	United States ( Montana)	A starfish belonging to the family Stichasteridae. The type species is A. gundersoni.
Bystrowicrinus (col.) depressus^[105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Donovan & Keighley	Late Silurian	West Point Formation	Canada ( Quebec)	A crinoid.
Calliderma lindneri^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niebuhr & Seibertz	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)	Schmilka Formation	Germany	A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae, a species of Calliderma.
Carolinaster^[107]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Mooi & Ciampaglio	Eocene	Castle Hayne Limestone	United States ( North Carolina)	A heart urchin belonging to the family Prenasteridae. Genus includes new species C. varnami.
Comptoniaster michaelisi^[106]^[108]	Nom. nov	Valid	Niebuhr & Seibertz	Late Cretaceous (middle Turonian to middle Coniacian)		Czech Republic Germany Poland	A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae; a replacement name for Asterias schulzii Cotta sensu Roemer (1840, 1841).
Costatocrinus^[100]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Taylor Formation	United Kingdom United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Saccocomidae. The type species is C. brydonei; genus also includes C. mortimorei.
Cultellacrinus^[100]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous		Sweden United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is C. gladius; genus also includes C. labyrinthus.
Cunidentechinus^[109]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Smith	Early Jurassic		United Kingdom	A stem-carinacean sea urchin; a new genus for "Echinus" minutus Buckman in Murchison (1845).
Darwinaster^[110]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hunter, Rushton & Stone	Early Devonian	Fox Bay Formation	Falkland Islands	A brittle star related to members of the genus Protaster. Genus includes new species D. coleenbiggsae.
Echinolampas andalusiensis^[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Mooi & Ciampaglio	Eocene	Moodys Branch Formation	United States ( Alabama)	A sea urchin belonging to the family Echinolampadidae.
Gitolampas twitchelli^[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Mooi & Ciampaglio	Eocene	Santee Limestone	United States ( South Carolina)	A sea urchin belonging to the group Cassiduloida.
Glyptocrinus nodosus^[111]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kallmeyer & Ausich	Ordovician (Katian)	Kope Formation	United States ( Kentucky Ohio)	A camerate crinoid, a species of Glyptocrinus.
Goniopygus macrotuberculatus^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	El Qot, Abdelhamid, & Abdelghany	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Raha Formation	Egypt	A sea urchin belonging to the group Arbacioida and the family Acropeltidae.
Goniopygus subaequalis^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	El Qot, Abdelhamid, & Abdelghany	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Raha Formation	Egypt	A sea urchin belonging to the group Arbacioida and the family Acropeltidae.
Haimea brooksi^[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Mooi & Ciampaglio	Eocene	Ocala Limestone	United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin belonging to the group Oligopygoida.
Hessicrinus^[100]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is H. filigree; genus also includes H. scalaensis.
Hiiumaacrinus^[112]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Hilliste Formation	Estonia	A crinoid. Genus includes new species H. vinni.
Jakeocrinus^[100]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Taylor Formation	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is J. ellisensis.
Lakotacrinus^[113]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hunter et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Pierre Shale	United States ( South Dakota)	A stalked crinoid. The type species is L. brezinai.
Lehmannaster^[114]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre	Ordovician (late Darriwilian)	Traveusot Formation	France	A stenuroid asterozoan. Genus includes new species L. spinosus.
Lopidiaster^[114]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre	Ordovician (Floian)	Garden City Formation	United States ( Utah)	A stenuroid asterozoan. Genus includes new species L. jamisoni.
Loriolidiadema^[103]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Abdelhamid, El Qot & Abdelghany	Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian)		Egypt Portugal Border region between Syria and Lebanon	A heterodiadematid sea urchin. The type species is "Pseudodiadema" libanoticum de Loriol (1887); genus also includes Loriolidiadema sculptile (de Loriol, 1887).
Lucernacrinus^[100]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous		United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is L. woodi.
Maennilocystis^[115]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Paul & Rozhnov	Late Ordovician		Estonia	A cystoid belonging to the family Callocystitidae . The type species is M. heckeri.
Manfredaster praebulbiferus^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niebuhr & Seibertz	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Coniacian)	Dölzschen Formation Schrammstein Formation Strehlen Formation	Germany	A starfish belonging to the group Valvatida and the family Stauranderasteridae.
Mariania comaschicariae^[116]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stara, Borghi & Kroh	Miocene (Aquitanian to early Burdigalian)	Nurallao Formation	Italy	A heart urchin belonging to the superfamily Spatangoidea, a species of Mariania.
Mariania stefaninii^[116]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stara, Borghi & Kroh	Miocene (late Burdigalian to early Langhian)	Pantano Formation	Italy	A heart urchin belonging to the superfamily Spatangoidea, a species of Mariania.
Meturaster^[114]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre	Ordovician (middle Darriwilian)	Lehman Formation	United States ( Nevada)	A starfish. Genus includes new species M. belli.
Monophoraster telfordi^[117]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mooi, Martínez & del Río	Early Miocene	Chenque Formation	Argentina	A sand dollar.
Nucleolites usoi^[118]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner i Valls	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Artoles Formation	Spain	A sea urchin.
Osteocrinus sinensis^[119]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hess, Etter & Hagdorn	Late Triassic (early Carnian)	Xiaowa Formation	China	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida, a species of Osteocrinus.
Pentamerocrinus kosovi^[120]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rozhnov	Ordovician		Russia ( Leningrad Oblast)	A Inadunata, a species of Pentamerocrinus .
Petraster crozonensis^[114]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre	Ordovician (early Katian)	Kermeur Formation	France	A starfish.
Phyllocrinus bersekensis^[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Konieczyński, Pisera & Fózy	Early Cretaceous		Hungary	A cyrtocrinid crinoid, a species of Phyllocrinus.
Placentinechinus^[121]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[122]	Borghi & Garilli	Pleistocene (Gelasian–Calabrian)		Italy	A sea urchin belonging to the family Temnopleuridae. The type species is P. davolii.
Plagiochasma saurai^[118]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner i Valls	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Artoles Formation	Spain	A sea urchin.
Platelicrinus longispinus^[100]	Sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous		United Kingdom	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae.
Protaeropsis^[123]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Paleocene (Thanetian)		Spain	A heart urchin; a replacement name for Sphenaster Jeffery in Smith et al. (1999).
Protaxocrinus estoniensis^[112]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich & Wilson	Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Hilliste Formation	Estonia	A crinoid.
Pseudomilnia^[109]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Smith	Middle Jurassic		France United Kingdom	A salenioidan sea urchin; a new genus for "Acrosalenia" miliaria Paris (1908).
Sagittacrinus^[100]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Taylor Formation	United Kingdom United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Saccocomidae. The type species is S. torpedo.
Salenia buddyi^[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Mooi & Ciampaglio	Eocene	Santee Limestone	United States ( South Carolina)	A sea urchin belonging to the group Salenioida.
Schuchertia sprinklei^[114]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Guensburg & Lefebvre	Ordovician (Dapingian)	Kanosh Shale	United States ( Utah)	A starfish.
Stellacrinus^[100]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid^[101]	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Santonian and Campanian)	Gulpen Formation Taylor Formation Vaals Formation	Netherlands Sweden United Kingdom United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is S. hugesae; genus also includes S. pannosus.
Stomechinus phillipsii^[109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smith	Jurassic		United Kingdom	A sea urchin.
Thinocrinus akanthos^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhenberg, Ausich & Meyer	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Fort Payne Formation	United States ( Kentucky)	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida and the family Actinocrinitidae.
Trochotiara aalensis^[109]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smith	Middle Jurassic		United Kingdom	A sea urchin.
Wrightechnus^[109]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Smith	Middle Jurassic		France United Kingdom	A sea urchin, possibly a stem-salenioidan; a new genus for "Acrosalenia" lycetti Wright (1851).

Conodonts

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Amydrotaxis corniculans truncus^[125]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Cypricriodus^[126]^[127]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Murphy, Carls & Valenzuela-Ríos	Silurian and Early Devonian		Australia United States ( Nevada)	Genus includes "Caudicriodus" hesperius (Klapper & Murphy, 1975).
Eognathodus kuangi^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Earp	Early Devonian		China
Eognathodus sulcatus lanei^[125]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Eognathodus sulcatus sicatus^[125]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Booth Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Gladigondolella okayi^[129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kiliç	Triassic	Kayabaşı Limestone	Turkey
Gondolella wardlawi^[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nestell & Pope in Nestell, Wardlaw & Pope	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Excello Shale	United States ( Iowa)
Heliagnathus^[125]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is H. parvilabiatus.
Icriodus ampliatus^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Icriodus michiganus^[131]	Sp. nov	Valid	Narkiewicz & Bultynck	Devonian (Eifelian)	Michigan Basin	United States
Icriodus praealternatus ferus^[132]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Devonian (Frasnian/Famennian boundary)	Hongguleleng Formation	China	A subspecies of Icriodus praealternatus.
Icriodus plurinodosus^[132]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Devonian (early Famennian)	Hongguleleng Formation	China	A species of Icriodus.
Icriodus stenoancylus junggarensis^[132]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Devonian (early Famennian)	Hongguleleng Formation	China	A subspecies of Icriodus stenoancylus.
Idiognathodus lateralis^[133]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hogancamp, Barrick & Strauss	Carboniferous (early Gzhelian)		China Russia Ukraine United States	Originally described as a species of Idiognathodus, but subsequently transferred to the genus Heckelina.^[134]
Idiognathodus tuberis^[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nestell, Wardlaw & Pope	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Excello Shale	United States ( Iowa)	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Idiognathodontidae.
Neogondolella cuneiforme^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia)
Neogondolella curva^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia) United States ( Nevada)
Neogondolella dilacerata^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia)	Originally described as a species of Neogondolella, but subsequently transferred to the genus Magnigondolella.^[136]
Neogondolella hastata^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia) United States ( Nevada)
Neogondolella indicta^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia) United States ( Nevada)
Neogondolella panlaurentia^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia) United States ( Nevada)
Neogondolella tenera^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia) United States ( Nevada)
Neogondolella vellicata^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golding & Orchard	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		Canada ( British Columbia) United States ( Nevada)
Neopolygnathus huijunae^[132]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Devonian (early Famennian)	Hongguleleng Formation	China	A species of Neopolygnathus.
Neospathodus planus^[137]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Triassic		Slovenia	Originally described as a species of Neospathodus; Bai et al. (2021) argued that it should be reassigned to the genus Triassospathodus.^[138]
Oulodus astriatus^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Booth Limestone	Australia	A member of Prioniodinida belonging to the family Prioniodinidae.
Ozarkodina multistriola^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Ozarkodina scoliciformis^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Ozarkodina selfi cordata^[125]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Ozarkodina selfi lanceola^[125]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Ozarkodina selfi lenticula^[125]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Spathognathodontidae.
Panderodus rhytiodus^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Mountain Dam Limestone	Australia	A member of the family Panderodontidae.
Pelekysgnathus inequalis^[125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mathieson et al.	Early Devonian	Booth Limestone	Australia	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Pelekysgnathus jeppssoni^[139]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nazarova	Devonian (Eifelian)		Russia ( Bryansk Oblast)
Platyvillosus corniger^[137]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Triassic		Slovenia
Polygnathus abaimovae^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Polygnathus beckeri^[140]	Nom. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia	A replacement name for Polygnathus inflexus Baranov (1992).
Polygnathus datnensis^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Polygnathus dogdensis^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Polygnathus novozemelicus^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
"Polygnathus" pseudocommunis^[132]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Devonian (early Famennian)	Hongguleleng Formation	China	Possibly a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus slastenovi^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Polygnathus tarabukini^[140]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov & Blodgett	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Praeicriodus^[126]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Murphy	Silurian		Canada	Genus includes "Pedavis" thorsteinssoni Uyeno (1980).
Siphonodella (Siphonodella) jii^[141]	Nom. nov	Disputed	Becker, Kaiser & Aretz	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Chappel Limestone	United States	A replacement name for Siphonodella (Siphonodella) hassi Ji (1985). Plotitsyn and Zhuravlev (2016) considered S. jii to be a junior synonym of Siphonodella quadruplicata (Branson et Mehl), because they considered the specimen selected as the holotype of S. jii to be more likely to represent an ontogenetic stage of S. quadruplicata.^[142]
Staeschegnathus^[143]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Koike	Triassic	Taho Formation	Japan	An ellisonid conodont. The type species is S. perrii.

Fishes

Amphibians

Research

A study on the histology and growth histories of the humeri of the specimens of Acanthostega recovered from the mass-death deposit of Stensiö Bjerg (Greenland) is published by Sanchez et al. (2016), who argue that even the largest individuals from this deposit are juveniles.^[144]
Fossils of a tetrapod resembling Ichthyostega and a probable whatcheeriid-grade tetrapod are described from two Devonian (Famennian) localities from Belgium by Olive et al. (2016).^[145]
A study on the functional significance of the interpterygoid vacuities (holes in the palate) in temnospondyls is published by Lautenschlager, Witzmann & Werneburg (2016).^[146]
A study on the stress distribution in the skulls of Edingerella madagascariensis and Stanocephalosaurus birdi during the bite, with implications for establishing the ecological niches occupied by these temnospondyls, is published by Fortuny et al. (2016).^[147]
A study on the anatomy, ecological niche and life history of members the population of Eocyclotosaurus appetolatus known from the Tecolotito bonebed (Moenkopi Formation; New Mexico, United States) is published by Rinehart & Lucas (2016).^[148]
A study on the morphology of the skull and braincase of Brachydectes newberryi is published by Pardo & Anderson (2016).^[149]
A study on the locomotor capabilities of Triadobatrachus massinoti is published by Lires, Soto & Gómez (2016).^[150]
A revised description of the holotype of Triadobatrachus massinoti based on X-ray micro-tomography data is published by Ascarrunz et al. (2016).^[151]
The first unambiguous frog fossil from the Jurassic of Asia (an atlantal centrum of a possible member of the genus Eodiscoglossus) is described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Itat Formation (Russia) by Skutschas, Martin & Krasnolutskii (2016).^[152]

New taxa

Temnospondyls

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Cyclotosaurus buechneri^[153]	Sp. nov	Valid	Witzmann, Sachs & Nyhuis	Late Triassic (middle Carnian)	Stuttgart Formation	Germany	A mastodonsauroid temnospondyl, a species of Cyclotosaurus.
Konzhukovia sangabrielensis^[154]	Sp. nov	Valid^[155]	Pacheco et al.	Permian (early Guadalupian)	Rio do Rasto Formation	Brazil
Samarabatrachus^[156]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Novikov	Early Triassic	Sukhorechka Formation	Russia ( Samara Oblast)	A capitosaurid temnospondyl. The type species is S. bjerringi.
Selenocara rossica^[156]	Sp. nov	Valid	Novikov	Early Triassic	Sukhorechka Formation	Russia ( Orenburg Oblast Samara Oblast)	A capitosaurid temnospondyl.
Stanocephalosaurus amenasensis^[157]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dahoumane et al.	Early-Middle Triassic	Zarzaïtine Series, Illizi Basin	Algeria	A mastodonsauroid temnospondyl, a species of Stanocephalosaurus.
Syrtosuchus^[156]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Novikov	Early Triassic	Sukhorechka Formation	Russia ( Orenburg Oblast Samara Oblast)	A benthosuchid temnospondyl. The type species is "Wetlugasaurus" samarensis Sennikov (1981); genus also includes new species S. morkovini.
Tomeia^[158]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Eltink, Da-Rosa & Dias-da-Silva	Early Triassic	Sanga do Cabral Supersequence	Brazil	A mastodonsauroid temnospondyl. The type species is T. witecki.
Yuanansuchus maopingchangensis^[159]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Badong Formation	China	A mastodonsauroid temnospondyl, a species of Yuanansuchus.

Lissamphibians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Hyogobatrachus^[160]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ikeda, Ota & Matsui	Early Cretaceous	Sasayama Group	Japan	A frog. The type species is Hyogobatrachus wadai.
Kiyatriton krasnolutskii^[161]	Sp. nov	Valid	Skutschas	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Itat Formation	Russia ( Krasnoyarsk Krai)	A salamander, a species of Kiyatriton.
Kuruleufenia^[162]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gómez	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian)	Allen Formation	Argentina	A member of Pipidae. The type species is Kuruleufenia xenopoides.
Litoria lundeliusi^[163]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tyler & Prideaux	Pleistocene		Australia	A species of Litoria.
Nuominerpeton^[164]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jia & Gao	Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)	Guanghua Formation	China	A cryptobranchoid salamander of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is N. aquilonaris.
Palaeobatrachus eurydices^[165]	Sp. nov	Valid	Villa et al.	Early Pleistocene (Gelasian)		Netherlands
Phosphotriton^[166]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tissier, Rage, Boistel, Fernandez, Pollet, Garcia and Laurin	Eocene		France	A salamander. The type species is Phosphotriton sigei.
Prospea^[167]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Paleocene	Naranbulak Formation	Mongolia	A member of Scaphiopodidae. The type species is Prospea holoserisca.
Qinglongtriton^[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jia & Gao	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A basal member of Salamandroidea. The type species is Qinglongtriton gangouensis.
Tambabatrachus^[160]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ikeda, Ota & Matsui	Early Cretaceous	Sasayama Group	Japan	A frog. The type species is Tambabatrachus kawazu.

Others

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aytonerpeton^[169]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Otoo, Clack & Smithson in Clack et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Ballagan Formation	United Kingdom	An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is A. microps.
Diploradus^[169]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clack & Smithson in Clack et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Ballagan Formation	United Kingdom	An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is D. austiumensis.
Koilops^[169]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clack & Smithson in Clack et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Ballagan Formation	United Kingdom	An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is K. herma.
Ossirarus^[169]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clack & Smithson in Clack et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Ballagan Formation	United Kingdom	An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is O. kierani.
Perittodus^[169]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clack & Smithson in Clack et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Ballagan Formation	United Kingdom	An early tetrapod of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is P. apsconditus.

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

A study on the respiratory system and paleobiology of caseids is published by Lambertz et al. (2016), who argue that at least some caseids might have been predominantly aquatic and that a homologue of the mammalian diaphragm might have been present in caseids.^[170]
A redescription of the sphenacodontian taxa Palaeohatteria and Pantelosaurus is published by Spindler (2016), who assigns both these taxa to the clade Palaeohatteriidae, but considers it likely that they represent distinct valid taxa.^[171]
A study on the
therapsids is published by Benoit, Manger & Rubidge (2016), who argue that whiskers, body hair coverage and mammary glands might have been present in some non-mammaliaform therapsids.^[172]

A study on the occurrence and size of the
pineal eye is located) in non-mammaliaform therapsids (especially non-mammaliaform eutheriodonts) known from the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa is published by Benoit et al. (2016).^[173]

A study of life histories and growth patterns as indicated by bone tissue microstructure and body size in members of three synapsid groups that survived
cynodonts) and one that didn't (gorgonopsians) is published by Botha-Brink et al. (2016).^[174]

A revision of the systematics of the gorgonopsian subfamily Rubidgeinae is published by Kammerer (2016).^[175]
A study on the anatomy and potential function of the cranial outgrowths of Choerosaurus dejageri is published by Benoit et al. (2016).^[176]
Benoit & Jasinoski (2016) present a digital reconstruction of the lost holotype specimen of the cynodont species Scalopocynodon gracilis (a junior synonym of Procynosuchus delaharpeae).^[177]
A study on the
cynodont Cricodon metabolus is published by Hendrickx, Abdala & Choiniere (2016).^[178]

A description of a new specimen of Massetognathus ochagaviae collected at the Middle Triassic Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone (Brazil) is published by Pavanatto et al. (2016).^[179]
A study comparing the growth patterns of the
cynodont Oligokyphus and the basal mammaliaform Morganucodon is published by O'Meara & Asher (2016).^[180]

Hair-like structures found in a coprolite recovered from the Late Permian Vyazniki site (Russia), which might represent the oldest evidence of hair in the stem group of mammals, are described by Bajdek et al. (2016).^[181]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abdalodon^[182]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer	Late Permian	Beaufort Group (Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone)	South Africa	An early cynodont related to Charassognathus gracilis. The type species is Abdalodon diastematicus.
Bonacynodon^[183]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke	Late Triassic (early Carnian)	Santa Maria Supersequence	Brazil	A member of Probainognathidae. The type species is B. schultzi.
Montirictus^[184]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Matsuoka, Kusuhashi & Korfe	Early Cretaceous (probably Barremian or Aptian)	Kuwajima Formation	Japan	A member of Tritylodontidae. The type species is Montirictus kuwajimaensis. Averianov et al. (2017) considered the genus Montirictus to be a junior synonym of the genus Stereognathus.^[185]
Mupashi^[186]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Huttenlocker & Sidor	Late Permian	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A therocephalian related to Karenites. The type species is Mupashi migrator.
Rastodon^[187]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Boos et al.	Permian (Guadalupian/Lopingian)	Rio do Rasto Formation	Brazil	A dicynodont belonging to the group Bidentalia . The type species is R. procurvidens.
Santacruzgnathus^[183]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martinelli, Soares & Schwanke	Late Triassic (early Carnian)	Santa Maria Supersequence	Brazil	A member of Probainognathia, probably closely related to prozostrodontians. The type species is S. abdalai.
Sauroscaptor^[188]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kammerer, Bandyopadhyay & Ray	Late Permian	Kundaram Formation	India	A dicynodont . The type species is S. tharavati.
Vaughnictis^[189]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Brocklehurst et al.	Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)	Cutler Group	United States ( Colorado)	A member of Eothyrididae; a new genus for "Mycterosaurus" smithae Lewis & Vaughn (1965).
Wantulignathus^[190]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Whitney & Sidor	Permian (Guadalupian)	Madumabisa Mudstone Formation	Zambia	A biarmosuchian. The type species is Wantulignathus gwembensis.

Mammals

Other animals

Research

Traces of a wriggling, mucus-secreting animal are described from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2016), who name a new ichnotaxon Linbotulitaenia globulus.^[191]
New fossils of Ernietta plateauensis are described from the Ediacaran site in southern Namibia by Elliott et al. (2016).^[192]
Embryo-like fossils are described from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) by Yin et al. (2016), who argue that at least some of these fossils represent crown-animal embryos.^[193]
New fossil material of Oesia disjuncta is described by Nanglu et al. (2016), who interpret this species as a primitive acorn worm that inhabited the tubes previously identified as the alga Margaretia.^[194]
A redescription of
Helenodora inopinata and a study of its phylogenetic relationships is published by Murdock, Gabbott & Purnell (2016).^[195]

Description of the anatomy of the fossil
Cretoperipatus burmiticus and a study on its phylogenetic relationships is published by de Sena Oliveira et al. (2016).^[196]

A study on the anatomy of the mouth apparatus of the lobopodian Pambdelurion whittingtoni is published by Vinther et al. (2016), who show that its mouth apparatus was identical to the fossilized feeding apparatus described under the name Omnidens.^[197]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acanthograptus lateralis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Acoelia norica^[199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)		Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida.
Acrograptus tenuiculus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Amblysiphonella aiyongcuoensis^[200]	Sp. nov	Valid	Deng	Permian		China	A sponge.
Annulitubus^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vinn et al.	Devonian (late Emsian)	Ponta Grossa Formation	Brazil	An annelid, possibly a polychaete. The type species is Annulitubus mutveii.
Antennipatus^[202]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Garwood, Edgecombe & Giribet in Garwood et al.	Carboniferous (Stephanian)	Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstätte	France	A velvet worm. The type species is A. montceauensis.
Apoglossograptus uniformis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Archiasterella dhiraji^[203]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gilbert, Hughes & Myrow	Cambrian	Parahio Formation	India
Archiclimacograptus columnus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Baltichaeta^[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[205]	Slater et al.	Cambrian (Stage 4)	File Haidar Formation	Sweden	A member of the total group of Annelida. The type species is B. jormunganda.
Baltiscalida^[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[205]	Slater et al.	Cambrian (Stage 4)	File Haidar Formation	Sweden	A member of the total group of Priapulida. The type species is B. njorda.
Bistella^[206]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A heteractinid sponge belonging to the group Heteractinellida and the family Heterostellidae. The type species is B. inexplicabila.
Bohemograptus praecox^[207]	Sp. nov	Valid	Štorch et al.	Silurian		Czech Republic	A graptolite .
Bolidium bertii^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Bolidium.
Burejospermum punctatum^[210]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLoughlin et al.	Early Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A member of Clitellata of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of fossilized cocoons; a species of Burejospermum.
Burejospermum seymourense^[210]	Sp. nov	Valid	McLoughlin et al.	Early Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A member of Clitellata of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of fossilized cocoons; a species of Burejospermum.
Caelispongia^[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Stellispongiellidae. The type species is C. topukensis.
Camerospongia tuberculata^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Camerospongia.
Camerospongia visentinae^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Camerospongia.
Capsulocyathus petri^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sundukov & Zhuravlev	Cambrian		Russia	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the family Cryptoporocyathidae.
Cavispongia scarpai^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Cavispongia.
Conotheca hensoni^[212]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel et al.	Cambrian	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the group Orthothecida.
Constellatispongia^[213]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Botting & Peel	Early Cambrian	Buen Formation	Greenland	A sponge. The type species is C. canismajorii.
Corallistes multiosculata^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Corallistes.
Cornulites vilcae^[214]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn & Gutiérez-Marco	Late Ordovician (probably late Sandbian)	Probably Calapuja Formation	Peru	A member of Cornulitida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Cornulites.
Cornulites zatoni^[214]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn & Gutiérez-Marco	Late Ordovician (Sandbian)	Calapuja Formation	Peru	A member of Cornulitida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Cornulites.
Coronispongia^[208]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge. The type species is Coronispongia confossa.
Corynites nanus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Crassicoactum^[213]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Botting & Peel	Early Cambrian	Buen Formation	Greenland	A sponge. The type species is C. cucumis.
Daharella triassica^[199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Auriculospongiidae.
Dicranograptus ramosus angustus^[198]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Eoglyptograptus asymmetros^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Goldman & Zhang in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Eolipastrotethya^[215]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Bubarida. The type species is E. picketti.
Erismacoscinus lucanoi^[217]	Sp. nov	Valid	Menéndez et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Pedroche Formation	Spain	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the family Asterocyathidae.
Esakovella^[206]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A tommotiid belonging to the family Kelanellidae. The type species is E. grigorievae.
Fallocyathus accomodatus^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sundukov in Sundukov & Zhuravlev	Cambrian		Russia	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the family Fallocyathidae.
Fallocyathus apheles^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sundukov in Sundukov & Zhuravlev	Cambrian		Russia	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the family Fallocyathidae.
Geodia hopetouni^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Tetractinellida, a species of Geodia.
Haddingograptus cuneatus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Haddingograptus flexibilis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Haddingograptus tarimensis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Hadimopanella incubo^[218]	Sp. nov	Valid^[219]	Streng, Ebbestad & Berg-Madsen	Cambrian		Sweden	A palaeoscolecid worm.
Hadimopanella oelandiana^[218]	Sp. nov	Valid^[219]	Streng, Ebbestad & Berg-Madsen	Cambrian		Sweden	A palaeoscolecid worm.
Hallograptus echinatus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Hamptonia limatula^[213]	Sp. nov	Valid	Botting & Peel	Early Cambrian	Buen Formation	Greenland	A sponge.
Hexactinella clampensis^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Hexactinella.
?Hyalostelia spinula^[206]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A hexactinellid sponge belonging to the group Hexasterophora and the family Hyalostellidae.
Jiangxigraptus? delicatus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Jiangxigraptus ultilis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Kuonamia^{[citation needed]}	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Cambrian Stage 4 to Guzhangian	Holm Dal Formation Kuonamka Formation	Greenland^[220] Sakha Republic )	A sponge; a replacement name for Disparella Fedorov in Fedorov & Pereladov (1987).
Lenica perversa^[213]	Sp. nov	Valid	Botting & Peel	Early Cambrian	Buen Formation	Greenland	A sponge.
Lyrarapax trilobus^[221]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cong et al.	Early Cambrian		China
Milyasa^[199]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Dereköy Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Preperonidellidae. The type species is M. polysiphonata; genus also includes M. askomorpha.
Mimograptus tenuis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Monocrepidium pauli^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Bubarida.
Monocrepidium unispiculatum^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Bubarida.
Nganki namak^[222]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Hughes	Cambrian	Khussak Formation	Pakistan	A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Nganki.
Obscurospongia^[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Basin	Turkey	An inozoid or chaetetid sponge. The type species is O. chaetetiformis
Oepikograptus originalis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Orthograptus paracalcaratus^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Ottoia guizhouensis^[223]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang, Zhao & Zhang	Cambrian	Kaili Formation	China	A stem-group priapulid, a species of Ottoia.
Pachastrella australis^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Tetractinellida.
Pachastrella intermedia^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Tetractinellida.
Palaeoscolex xinglongensis^[224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Cambrian	Wulongqing Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid.
Palaeotubus^[225]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sanfilippo et al.	Permian	Pietra di Salomone limestone	Italy	A polychaete, possibly a relative of serpulids. The type species is P. sosiensis.
Pegmatothylakos^[210]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	McLoughlin et al.	Early Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	A member of Clitellata of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of fossilized cocoons. The type species is Pegmatothylakos manumii.
Phycopsis arbusculum^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Axinellida.
Preperonidella asymmetrica^[199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Preperonidellidae.
Proclimacograptus angustatus ultimus^[198]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .
Pronormalograptus^[198]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China United Kingdom	A graptolite . The type species is P. acicularis; genus also includes new species P. regularis, as well as P. euglyphus (Lapworth, 1880) and P. siccatus (Elles and Wood, 1907).
Pseudosardospongia^[206]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A calcareous sponge belonging to the family Polyactinellidae. The type species is P. plana; genus also includes P. miriculata.
Rajatubulus^[226]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Early Cambrian		Kazakhstan	A member of Cloudinidae; a new genus for "Pseudorthotheca" costata Mambetov in Missarzhevsky & Mambetov (1981).
Rankenella zhangxianensis^[227]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee, Woo & Lee	Cambrian	Zhangxia Formation	China	A sponge belonging to the family Anthaspidellidae.
Ratcliffespongia freuchenensis^[213]	Sp. nov	Valid	Botting & Peel	Early Cambrian	Buen Formation	Greenland	A sponge.
Rigonia^[208]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge. The type species is Rigonia plicata.
Rotundocyathus indistinctus^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sundukov in Sundukov & Zhuravlev	Cambrian		Russia	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the family Ajacicyathidae.
Rugatotheca daibuica^[226]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Early Cambrian	Daibu Member of the Xiaotan section	China	A small shelly fossil of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Saccoglossus testa^[228]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cameron	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Mazon Creek fossil beds	United States ( Illinois)	An acorn worm belonging to the family Harrimaniidae, a species of Saccoglossus.
Saetaspongia procera^[213]	Sp. nov	Valid	Botting & Peel	Early Cambrian	Buen Formation	Greenland	A sponge.
Sanxiascolex^[229]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang & Zhang	Cambrian	Shipai Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid. The type species is P. papillogyrus.
Sardospongia gigantea^[206]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A calcareous sponge belonging to the family Polyactinellidae.
Sardospongia triplexa^[206]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A calcareous sponge belonging to the family Polyactinellidae.
Sarmentofascis zamparelliae^[230]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit, Frijia & Parente	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Sarmentofascis.
Semigothograptus^[231]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kozłowska	Silurian		Czech Republic Germany Poland United Kingdom	A graptolite; a new genus for "Gothograptus " meganassa Rickards & Palmer (2002).
Sibirecyathus onkhoydokh^[211]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sundukov & Zhuravlev	Cambrian		Russia	A member of Archaeocyatha belonging to the family Ajacicyathidae.
Spathioconchus^[232]	Gen. et sp. nov		Zatoń et al.	Early Triassic (Induan)		Greenland	A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is S. weedoni.
Spinuliconchus^[233]	Gen. et et comb. sp. nov	Valid	Zatoń & Olempska	Devonian		Poland United States	A member of Microconchida. The type species is "Spirorbis" angulatus Hall (1861); genus also includes new species S. biernatae.
Stauractinella eocenica^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Stauractinella.
Talacastospongia^[234]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Carrera & Rustán	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Talacasto Formation	Argentina	A hexactinellid sponge. The type species is Talacastospongia minima.
Tanchajella^[206]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fedorov in Fedorov, Parkhaev & Demidenko	Cambrian		Russia	A Amphidiscophora and the family Hyalonematidae . The type species is T. aculeata.
Taurispongia^[199]	Gen. et 8 sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Dereköy Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Stellispongiellidae. The type species is T. oligocanalis; genus also includes new species T. polycanalis, T. tenuis, T. lamellicanalis, T. fascifera, T. siderifera, T. lamellata and T. polyforma.
Tenuipariespongia taurica^[199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Kasımlar Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida.
Toulminia italica^[208]	Sp. nov	Valid^[209]	Frisone, Pisera & Preto	Eocene (early Lutetian)		Italy	A sponge, a species of Toulminia.
Triptolemma solida^[215]	Sp. nov	Valid^[216]	Łukowiak & Pisera	Late Eocene	Pallinup Formation	Australia	A heteroscleromorph demosponge belonging to the group Tetractinellida.
Tritonychus ^[235]	Gen. et sp. nov.	Valid	Zhang et al.	Early Cambrian		China	A lobopodian. The type species is T. phanerosarkus.
Tuberoconchus^[233]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zatoń in Zatoń & Olempska	Silurian (Ludlow)	Kuressaare Formation	Estonia Sweden	A member of Microconchida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is "Palaeoconchus" wilsoni Zatoń, Vinn & Toom (2016).^[236]
Tulenicornus? frykmani^[212]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel et al.	Cambrian	Henson Gletscher Formation	Greenland	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the group Hyolithida.
Tyanada^[199]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)		Australia Austria Iran Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Virgulidae. The type species is "Grossotubenella" variabilis Senowbari-Daryan (2005); genus also includes new species T. irregularis.
Unicornigraptus^[198]	Gen. et 3 sp. nov	Valid	Chen & Goldman in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China Sweden	A graptolite . Genus includes new species U. minimus Chen, U. scandinavicus Goldman and U. xinjiangensis Chen and Goldman.
Wildspongia? krystyni^[199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan & Link	Late Triassic (Norian)	Dereköy Basin	Turkey	A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family Stellispongiellidae.
Wronascolex geyiensis^[237]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peng et al.	Cambrian		China	A palaeoscolecid worm, a species of Wronascolex.
Wronascolex? johanssoni^[218]	Sp. nov	Valid^[219]	Streng, Ebbestad & Berg-Madsen	Cambrian		Sweden	A palaeoscolecid worm.
Wronascolex yichangensis^[238]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang & Zhang	Cambrian		China	A palaeoscolecid worm, a species of Wronascolex.
Xiphograptus aksuensis^[198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chen in Chen et al.	Ordovician		China	A graptolite .

Other organisms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Accordiella? tarburensis^[239]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A foraminifer belonging to the group Textulariida and the family Chrysalidinidae.
Acuasiphonoria^[240]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Ordovician	Tarim Basin	China	A member of Cyanobacteria. The type species is Acuasiphonoria ordovica.
Adnatosphaeridium ivoriense^[241]	Sp. nov	Valid	Awad & Oboh-Ikuenobe	Late Paleocene and early Eocene		Gulf of Guinea (Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin) Nigeria	A dinoflagellate belonging to the group Gonyaulacales.
Agathammina vachardi^[242]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang in Zhang et al.	Permian	Xiala Formation	China	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolata and the family Cornuspiridae.
Amsassia koreanensis^[243]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lee et al.	Middle and Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Katian)	Duwibong Formation Xiazhen Formation	China South Korea	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, probably a calcareous alga.
Anchisolenopora^[244]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Vachard et al.	Ordovician-Carboniferous		China France Norway Sweden	A red alga, possibly related to the coralline algae. The type species is "Hedstroemia" serrana Vachard & Aretz (2004); genus also includes "Hedstroemia" nidarosiensis Høeg, 1932 emend. Roux, 1985, "Hedstroemia" koninckoporoides Vachard, 1988 and "Pseudosolenopora" owodenkoi sensu Mamet, 2002 non Chanton-Güvenç, 1972.
Annelaurea^[245]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Harper et al.	Carboniferous (late Viséan)		France	An oomycete. The type species is Annelaurea excornis.
Aulacoseira helianthus^[246]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mohan & Stone in Mohan, Stone & Campisano	Pliocene	Hadar Formation	Ethiopia	A Aulacoseiraceae .
Aulacoseira jewsonii^[246]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mohan & Stone in Mohan, Stone & Campisano	Pliocene	Hadar Formation	Ethiopia	A Aulacoseiraceae .
Baltinema^[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[205]	Slater et al.	Cambrian (Stage 4)	File Haidar Formation	Sweden	A filamentous organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is B. rana.
Barattolites andhuri^[247]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene	Dammam Formation	Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Orbitolinidae.
Berkutaphycus^[248]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schopf, Sergeev & Kudryavtsev	Early Cambrian	Kyrshabakta Formation	Kazakhstan	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; might be related to hormogonian cyanobacteria or to eukaryotic green or chrysophyte algae. The type species is Berkutaphycus elongatus.
Bianchina^[249]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schiøler	Cretaceous (late Aptian–middle Cenomanian)	East Coast Basin	New Zealand	A dinoflagellate. The type species is Bianchina hieroglyphica.
Bolivinides intermedius^[250]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dubicka & Peryt	Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian)		Poland Ukraine	A Rotaliina and the family Bolivinoididae .
Braarudosphaera insecta^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Late Paleocene		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Braarudosphaeraceae.
Braarudosphaera wendleriae^[252]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lees & Bown	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Braarudosphaeraceae.
Bramletteius cultellus^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Coccolithales and the family Coccolithaceae.
Broccoliforma^[253]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mason & Narbonne	Ediacaran		Canada ( Newfoundland and Labrador)	A flabellate, lobate frond with at least superficial similarities to the Blackbrookia . The type species is B. alta.
Bulbobaculites felixi^[254]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pleş, Bucur & Săsăran	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian)		Romania	A lituolid foraminifer .
Caelatimurus^[255]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Riedman & Porter	Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation Chuar Group Muhos Formation Roper Group	Australia Finland United States	An acritarch. Genus includes new species C. foveolatus.
Chinggiskhaania^[256]	Gen. et sp. nov		Dornbos et al.	Ediacaran	Zuun-Arts Formation	Mongolia	A multicellular benthic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Chinggiskhaania bifurcata.
Clypeorbis? ultima^[257]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit, Studeny & Sanders	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Kambühel Formation	Austria	A foraminifer, possibly a member of Clypeorbinae.
Coccolithus subcirculus^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte, a species of Coccolithus.
Cretaciclavulina^[258]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit & Cvetko Tešović	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Gornji Humac Formation Pučišća Formation	Croatia	A foraminifer belonging to the superfamily Textulariacea, possibly a member of the family Valvulinidae. The type species is C. gusici.
Cribrionella^[259]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jovanovska et al.	Quaternary		Lake Ohrid	A diatom belonging to the group Thalassiosirales and the family Stephanodiscaceae. The type species is Cribrionella ohridana
Crinisdendrum^[260]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dzik, Baliński & Sun	Ordovician (early Floian)	Fenxiang Formation	China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; the authors of its description considered it most likely that it was a relative of pterobranchs. The type species is C. sinicum.
Cucurbita aggtelekensis^[261]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Hungary	A Miliolina and the family Milioliporidae .
Cucurbita minima^[261]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Mufara Formation	Hungary Italy Turkey?	A Miliolina and the family Milioliporidae .
Culcitulisphaera^[255]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Riedman & Porter	Late Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation Chuar Group Eleonore Bay Group Lakhanda Group Visingsö Group^[262]	Australia Botswana^[263] Greenland Moldova^[262] Russia Sweden^[262] Ukraine^[262] United States	An acritarch. Genus includes new species C. revelata.
Delphineis urbinai^[264]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gariboldi	Miocene	Pisco Formation	Peru	A diatom.
Diphyes digitum^[241]	Sp. nov	Valid	Awad & Oboh-Ikuenobe	Early Paleocene		Gulf of Guinea (Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin)	A dinoflagellate belonging to the group Gonyaulacales.
Discocyclina kutchensis^[265]	Sp. nov	Valid	Özcan & Saraswati in Özcan et al.	Eocene (Bartonian)	Fulra Limestone	India Pakistan	A foraminifer belonging to the family Discocyclinidae.
'Discocyclina' sulaimanensis^[265]	Sp. nov	Valid	Özcan, Ali & Hanif in Özcan et al.	Eocene (Bartonian)	Drazinda Formation	Pakistan	A foraminifer belonging to the family Discocyclinidae.
Elianella brasiliana^[266]	Sp. nov	Valid	Granier & Dias-Brito	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Riachuelo Formation	Brazil	A red alga belonging to the group Corallinophycidae, possibly a member of Rhodogorgonales; a species of Elianella.
Ellipsolithus linnertii^[252]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lees & Bown	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Ellipsolithus pumex^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Endoceratium immarinum^[267]	Sp. nov	Valid	Razumkova	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)		Russia	A dinoflagellate belonging to the family Ceratiaceae.
Entosolenia intermillerelineata^[268]	Sp. nov	Valid	Margerel	Late Pliocene-early Pleistocene		France	A foraminifer belonging to the family Ellipsolagenidae.
Eocladopyxis furculum^[241]	Sp. nov	Valid	Awad & Oboh-Ikuenobe	Paleocene to Oligocene		Gulf of Guinea (Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin)	A dinoflagellate belonging to the group Gonyaulacales.
Eohalothece^[269]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strother & Wellman	Precambrian	Cailleach Head Formation Diabaig Formation Kinloch Formation Nonesuch Formation	United Kingdom United States ( Michigan)	A member of Cyanobacteria belonging to the family Chroococcaceae. The type species is Eohalothece lacustrina.
Ercumentina^[270]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Serra-Kiel & Vicedo in Serra-Kiel et al.	Paleocene	Jafnayn Formation	Oman	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the superfamily Alveolinoidea. The type species is E. sayqensis.
Ericsonia aliquanta^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Coccolithales and the family Coccolithaceae.
Ericsonia media^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Late Paleocene		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Coccolithales and the family Coccolithaceae.
Ericsonia monilis^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Coccolithales and the family Coccolithaceae.
Ericsonia orbis^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Coccolithales and the family Coccolithaceae.
Galerosphaera^[271]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Porter & Riedman	Neoproterozoic	Chuar Group	United States ( Arizona)	An organic-walled microfossil; a new genus for "Vandalosphaeridium" walcottii Vidal & Ford (1985).
Gemmaphyton^[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A macrofossil organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga. The type species is G. taoyingensis.
Glomospirella cantabrica^[272]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit, Rosales & Najarro	Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)	Las Peñosas Formation Reocín Formation	Spain	A foraminifer belonging to the class Tubothalamea, the order Ammodiscida and the family Ammodiscidae.
Gomphosiphon^[240]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Ordovician	Tarim Basin	China	A possible member of Cyanobacteria. The type species is Gomphosiphon xinjiangensis.
Helicolithus blairiae^[273]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kita, Watkins & Bergen	Late Cretaceous (late Santonian)	Niobrara Formation	United States ( Kansas)	A haptophyte belonging to the family Eiffellithaceae.
Hyalolithus tumescens^[274]	Sp. nov	Valid	Abe, Tsutsui & Jordan	Eocene		Barbados United States ( California)	A haptophyte belonging to the group Prymnesiales.
Idalina grelaudae^[247]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene		Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Hauerinidae.
Idalina pignattii^[247]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Oligocene	Ashawq Formation	Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Hauerinidae.
Jimenezberrocosoia^[252]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Lees & Bown	Cretaceous (Aptian-Turonian)		North Sea Basin Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Biscutaceae. Genus includes "Crucibiscutum" bosunensis Jeremiah (2001), as well as new species J. birchiae.
Jodhpurophycus^[275]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kumar & Ahmad	Ediacaran	Jodhpur Sandstone	India	A possible alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species J. marwarensis.
Kaibabia^[271]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Porter & Riedman	Neoproterozoic	Chuar Group	United States ( Arizona)	An organic-walled microfossil. Genus includes new species K. gemmulella. Loron & Moczydłowska (2018) considered the genus Kaibabia to be a junior synonym of the genus Leiosphaeridia, and transferred the species K. gemmulella to the latter genus.^[262]
Karenagare^[255]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Riedman & Porter	Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation	Australia Russia?	An acritarch. Genus includes new species K. alinyaensis.
Kokia kayae^[252]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lees & Bown	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Tanzania	A microfossil.
Lacazinella rogeri^[270]	Sp. nov	Valid	Serra-Kiel & Vicedo in Serra-Kiel et al.	Paleocene	Jafnayn Formation	Oman	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Fabulariidae.
Lanternithus unicavus^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Calyptrosphaeraceae.
Lantianella^[276]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid^[277]	Wan et al.	Early Ediacaran	Lantian Formation	China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; might be a cnidarian (the possibility considered to be most likely by the authors of its description), or a macroalga. The type species is Lantianella laevis; genus also includes L. annularis.
Lanulatisphaera^[271]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Porter & Riedman	Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation Chuar Group Karuyarvinskaya Formation Visingsö Group	Australia Russia Sweden United States ( Arizona) Greenland? Norway?	An organic-walled microfossil; a new genus for "Trachysphaeridium" laufeldi Vidal (1976).
Latiortenuiphyton^[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A macroscopic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is L. robusta.
Lindavia cohenii^[246]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mohan & Stone in Mohan, Stone & Campisano	Pliocene	Hadar Formation	Ethiopia	A diatom belonging to the group Thalassiosirales and the family Stephanodiscaceae.
Macetadiscus^[247]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hottinger, Serra-Kiel & Gallardo-Garcia in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene		Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Soritidae. The type species is M. incolumnatus.
Mallomonas elephantus^[278]	Sp. nov	Valid	Siver & Wolfe	Eocene		Canada	A synurophyte, a species of Mallomonas.
Megacrassispirella^[242]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Zhang in Zhang et al.	Permian	Xiala Formation	China	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolata and the family Cornuspiridae. A new genus for "Ammodiscus" xarlashanensis Wang (1986).
Microlepidopalla^[271]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Porter & Riedman	Neoproterozoic, possibly also Mesoproterozoic	Chuar Group Moosehorn Lake Formation Muhos Formation?	United States ( Arizona) Finland?	An organic-walled microfossil. Genus includes new species M. mira.
Morgensternia^[255]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Riedman & Porter	Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation	Australia	An acritarch. Genus includes new species M. officerensis.
Nannoconus funiculus^[252]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lees & Bown	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Nannoconaceae.
Nodocantabricus^[279]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rigaud & Schlagintweit	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Altamira Formation Bielba Formation	Spain	A foraminifer belonging to the family Polymorphinidae. Genus includes new species N. duplexmurus.
Nyktericysta sibirica^[267]	Sp. nov	Valid	Razumkova	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)		Russia	A dinoflagellate belonging to the family Ceratiaceae.
Omanodiscus^[247]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hottinger, Serra-Kiel & Gallardo-Garcia in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene		Oman	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Soritidae. The type species is O. tenuissimus.
Oolina barkeri^[268]	Sp. nov	Valid	Margerel	Late Pliocene-early Pleistocene		France	A foraminifer belonging to the family Ellipsolagenidae.
Oolina falsoscalariformis^[268]	Sp. nov	Valid	Margerel	Early Pliocene		France	A foraminifer belonging to the family Ellipsolagenidae.
Ortonellopsis^[244]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Vachard & Cózar in Vachard et al.	Silurian-Triassic		Canada France Greece Spain	A member of Cyanobacteria belonging to the family Garwoodiaceae. The type species is O. laxa; genus also includes "Ortonella" mansellensis (Poncet, 1986) and "Ortonella" myrae Rácz (1964).
Paragraptobranca^[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A macroalga or an animal. The type species is P. curvus.
Perissothallus dekovensis^[280]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pšenička & Krings	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Slaný Formation	Czech Republic	An alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Perissothallus.
Petrarhabdus? kirenii^[252]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lees & Bown	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Prediscosphaeraceae.
Piyuania^[276]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[277]	Wan et al.	Early Ediacaran	Lantian Formation	China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a cnidarian-grade animal. The type species is P. cyathiformis.
Plumeropriscum^[253]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mason & Narbonne	Ediacaran		Canada ( Newfoundland and Labrador)	A mop-like rangeomorph. The type species is P. hofmanni.
Pontosphaera veta^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Zygodiscales and the family Pontosphaeraceae.
Proaulopora pachydermatica^[240]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Ordovician	Tarim Basin	China	A possible member of Cyanobacteria, a species of Proaulopora.
Pseudoaccordiella^[247]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene		Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Pfenderinidae. The type species is P. ayaki.
Pseudodoushantuophyton^[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A probably a macroalga . The type species is P. wenghuiensis.
Pseudolituonella robineti^[247]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene	Aydim Formation	Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Coskinolinidae.
Pseudonumoloculina kalantarii^[239]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A foraminifer belonging to the family Hauerinidae.
Pseudorhapydionina bilottei^[281]	Sp. nov	Valid	Consorti, Boix & Caus	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	La Cova Unit	Spain	A foraminifer belonging to the group Miliolida and the family Praerhapydioninidae.
Qianchuania^[276]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[277]	Wan et al.	Early Ediacaran	Lantian Formation	China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a cnidarian-grade animal. The type species is Q. fusiformis.
Rogerella^[247]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Eocene	Aydim Formation	Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Orbitolinidae. The type species is R. aydimi.
Rossanella^[282]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rigaud & Blau	Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian)	Schnöll Formation	Austria	A foraminifer belonging to the group Robertinida and the family Conorboididae. The type species is R. martinii.
Rothpletzella longita^[240]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Ordovician	Tarim Basin	China	A microorganism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Rothpletzella.
Socotraella^[247]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gallardo-Garcia & Serra-Kiel in Serra-Kiel et al.	Oligocene	Ashawq Formation Aydim Formation	Oman Yemen	A foraminifer belonging to the group Globothalamea and the family Valvulinidae. The type species is S. ashawqi.
Solisphaera palmula^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Middle-Late Paleocene		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Syracosphaerales, related to the family Rhabdosphaeraceae.
Solisphaera tegula^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Middle Paleocene to Middle Eocene		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Syracosphaerales, related to the family Rhabdosphaeraceae.
Sphenolithus pospichalii^[283]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Early Miocene		Northern shelf of the South China Sea	A microfossil.
Spirolina? farsiana^[239]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit & Rashidi	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Tarbur Formation	Iran	A Soritoidea .
Surninia^[284]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kolosov	Ediacaran		Russia	A microorganism. Genus includes new species S. implicata.
Tectatodinium nigeriaense^[241]	Sp. nov	Valid	Awad & Oboh-Ikuenobe	Paleocene		Gulf of Guinea (Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin) Nigeria	A dinoflagellate belonging to the group Gonyaulacales.
Tongrenphyton^[191]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo Formation	China	A probably a eukaryotic alga. The type species is T. komma.
Toweius patellus^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Isochrysidales and the family Prinsiaceae.
Toweius reticulum^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Late Paleocene		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the order Isochrysidales and the family Prinsiaceae.
Trochoguembelitria liuae^[285]	Sp. nov	Valid	Arenillas, Arz & Náñez	Paleocene (early Danian)	El Haria Formation	Tunisia	A Heterohelicacea and the family Guembelitriidae .
Trochoguembelitria olssoni^[285]	Sp. nov	Valid	Arenillas, Arz & Náñez	Paleocene (early Danian)	El Haria Formation	Tunisia	A Heterohelicacea and the family Guembelitriidae .
Velleditsiella^[282]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Rigaud & Blau	Early Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian)	Schnöll Formation	Austria	A foraminifer belonging to the group Robertinida and the family Trochosiphoniidae. The type species is V. felicitaszae; genus also includes V. spinaferra.
Vendophycus^[275]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Kumar & Ahmad	Ediacaran	Jodhpur Sandstone	India	A possible alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species V. rajasthanensis and V. sursagarensis.
Vidalopalla^[255]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Riedman & Porter	Mesoproterozoic^[286] and Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation Baffin Bay Group Ekkerøy Formation Klubbnes Formation^[286] Ruyang Group^[286]	Australia China^[286] Greenland India^[286] Norway Russia^[286] United States^[286]	A microfossil. Genus includes "Kildinosphaera" verrucata Vidal in Vidal & Siedlecka (1983), as well as "Kildinosphaera" granulata Vidal in Vidal & Siedlecka (1983).^[286]
Volleyballia^[271]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Porter & Riedman	Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic	Alinya Formation^[255] Browne Formation Chuar Group Conselheiro Mata Group	Australia^[255] Botswana^[263] Brazil United States ( Arizona)	An organic-walled microfossil. Genus includes new species V. dehlerae.
Xianella^[287]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lee & Riding	Middle–Late Ordovician		China	A member of Cyanobacteria. The type species is X. hongii.
Xiuningella^[276]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[277]	Wan et al.	Early Ediacaran	Lantian Formation	China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; might be a worm-like animal or an alga. The type species is X. rara.
Youngilithus bipons^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Paleocene (Selandian)		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Calyptrosphaeraceae.
Youngilithus transversipons^[251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bown	Middle-Late Paleocene		Tanzania	A haptophyte belonging to the family Calyptrosphaeraceae.
Zuunartsphyton^[256]	Gen. et sp. nov		Dornbos et al.	Ediacaran	Zuun-Arts Formation	Mongolia	A multicellular benthic alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Zuunartsphyton delicatum.

Research

Probable
Isua supracrustal belt (Greenland) by Nutman et al. (2016);^[288] however, Allwood et al. (2018) subsequently argue that these putative stromatolites as more likely to be structures of non-biological origin.^[289]

Exceptionally large, organic, smooth-walled, coccoidal microfossils are described from the 2.52
Ga Gamohaan Formation (South Africa) by Czaja, Beukes & Osterhout (2016), who interpret them as fossils of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria similar to members of the modern genus Thiomargarita.^[290]

Macroscopic fossils up to 30 cm long and nearly 8 cm wide are described from the 1,56-billion-year-old Gaoyuzhuang Formation (Yanshan area, North China) by Zhu et al. (2016), who interpret them as probable fossils of benthic multicellular eukaryotes of size that is unprecedentedly large for eukaryotes older than the Ediacaran Period.^[291]
Organic-walled microfossils (at least some of which are eukaryote fossils) with holes in the walls similar to those formed by predatory protists in the walls of their prey to consume the contents inside are described from the 780–740 million-year-old Chuar Group (Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA) by Porter (2016).^[292]
Tubular microfossils showing similarities to modern
Ga lacustrine deposits in South Africa by Kaźmierczak et al. (2016).^[293]

Soft-bodied discoidal specimens resembling Aspidella are described from the Ediacaran Cerro Negro Formation (Argentina) by Arrouy et al. (2016).^[294]

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[Megacrassispirella-242] 
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[243] S2CID 132445766
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[Ortonellopsis-244] 
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[PT2724diatoms-246] 
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S2CID 131162918
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[Broccoliforma-253] 
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[254] S2CID 132761425
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[PR2020-263] 
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[GA143orthophragminids-265] 
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[269] PMID 27609993
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[Ercumentina-270] 
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[274] S2CID 133397013
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[Jodhpurophycus-275] 
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[EdiacaranLantianFm-276] 
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[PR297-286] 
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