Toowoomba
Toowoomba Federal division(s) | Groom | ||||||||
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Toowoomba (/təˈwʊmbə/ tə-WUUM-bə, nicknamed 'The Garden City' and 'T-Bar'[4]) is a city in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia.[5] It is 125 km (78 mi) west of Queensland's capital city, Brisbane by road.[6] The urban population of Toowoomba as of the 2021 census was 142,163,[1] having grown at an average annual rate of 1.45% over the previous two decades.[7] Toowoomba is the second-most-populous inland city in the country after the nation's capital of Canberra,[8] and hence the largest city on the Darling Downs. It is the second largest regional centre in Queensland,[9] often referred to as the capital of the Darling Downs. It is also the council seat of the eponymously named Toowoomba Region.
Toowoomba is one of the oldest inland cities in Australia, having been founded in 1849 on the lands of the Giabal and Jarowair. Its location was a key meeting place along the ancient pathways that led to Australia's largest Indigenous festival in the sacred Bunya Mountains.[10] Toowoomba's centre streets were named after the history of the House of Stuart, and the city later became the viceregal summer retreat of Queensland's governors. It was the scene of several major events during Australia's Victorian period, such as the War of Southern Queensland and Battle of One Tree Hill, and during the Federation period becoming a major artistic and cultural centre with the emergence of the Austral Society.
A cathedral and university city, Toowoomba is known for its preserved Victorian-era and traditional Queenslander architecture, historic churches and gardens, food and coffee culture,[11] street art and laneways, and numerous nature trails. The city experiences a distinct four seasons and is home to festivals including the Carnival of Flowers. Toowoomba is also a centre of higher learning in the country and its institutions include the University of Southern Queensland. Prominent landmarks include Queens and Laurel Bank Park, the Empire Theatre, St James' Palace, and Mt Meewah. The surrounding region of the Darling Downs is known for its rolling hills and pastures, agricultural produce, and historic homesteads.
Etymology
The exact origin of the city's current name is unknown, although it is widely accepted that the name derives from an Aboriginal language.[12]
When Toowoomba was first discovered by Europeans, it was named "Drayton Swamp" (in reference to the Toowoomba Swamp) and was often nicknamed "The Swamp". One theory is that after European settlement, the local Aboriginal people referred to it as "Tawampa", which is borrowed from "The Swamp".[12]
Another theory is that it derives from the name "Toogoom". This theory was first proposed by author
Another theory was proposed by the wife of pioneer Toowoomba resident Thomas Alford. She claimed to have asked the Aboriginals what they called the area; they replied with "Woomba Woomba", meaning "the springs and the water underneath". However, she claimed that the Alfords thought this would not be a suitable name for their house and store, so they added the prefix "too-" and omitted one "Woomba" (as this would be a synonym of "two Woomba"), hence "Toowoomba".[12]
In 1875, William Henry Groom wrote an account of Toowoomba. He stated that "Toowoomba" derived from the Aboriginal term "great in the future". However, he did not provide a source for his information.[12]
Another theory was proposed by
"Toowoom" or "Choowom" was the local blacks' name for a small native melon (
Cucumis pubescens) which grew plentifully on the site of the township. The terminal "ba" is equal to the adverb "There", so the whole word means "melons there", and to an Aborigine it meant "the place where the melon grows".
While this melon still exists and can be found in areas along the Balonne and Warrego Rivers, as well as in areas closer to Toowoomba, there is no evidence that the melon grew near the Toowoomba swamps.
A man named Enoggera Charlie proposed another theory in a news story he wrote for the
A man named Ardlaw Lawrence put forward his theory shortly after Enoggera Charlie. He suggested that the name was an
In 1899, George Essex Evans published his theory in a pamphlet. He wrote that "Toowoomba" was an Aboriginal word meaning "meeting of the waters", although no evidence was provided to support this claim.[12]
Geography
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Toowoomba is on the crest of the Great Dividing Range, around 700 metres (2,300 ft) above sea level. A few streets are on the eastern side of the edge of the range, but most of the city is west of the divide.
The city occupies the edge of the range and the low ridges behind it. Two valleys run north from the southern boundary, each arising from springs either side of Middle Ridge near Spring Street at an altitude of around 680 m. These waterways, East Creek and West Creek, flow together just north of the CBD to form Gowrie Creek.
Gowrie Creek drains to the west across the Darling Downs and is a tributary of the Condamine River, part of the Murray–Darling basin. The water flowing down Gowrie Creek makes its way some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) to the mouth of the Murray River near Adelaide in South Australia. Rain which falls on the easternmost streets of Toowoomba flows east to Moreton Bay a distance of around 170 km (110 mi).
The rich
Suburbs
The City of Toowoomba includes the following suburbs:
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2 - from former Shire of Jondaryan
History
Traditional owners
Giabal and Jarowair are recognised as the two main Aboriginal language groups of the Toowoomba with Giabal extending south of the city while Jarowair extends north of the city.[10] The Jarowair (also known as Yarowair, Yarow-wair, Barrunggam, Yarrowair, Yarowwair and Yarrow-weir) language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Toowoomba Regional Council, particularly Toowoomba north to Crows Nest and west to Oakey.[15]
This traditional landscape changed dramatically from 1840 with the incursion of British pastoralists into the region. Those Aboriginal Australians that survived the frontier conflict of this time were pushed to the fringe of society in camps and later moved to missions such as Deebing Creek, Durundur and later Barambah (now Cherbourg). Some local Aboriginal Australians were utilised as a cheap form of labour on the properties around Toowoomba in this contact period. Ceremonies such as the Bonye Bonye festival remained active until the late 19th century – groups from south east and south west Queensland as well as northern New South Wales gathered at Gummingurru, near Gowrie (west of Toowoomba) prior to attending the festival. The Gummingurru site is being restored and remains an important ceremonial place for not only the traditional groups but neighbouring groups.[10]
British exploration
Toowoomba's colonial history traces back to when English
British colonisation
In 1840, Patrick Leslie (second son of the ninth Laird of Warthill) and Peter Murphy established Toolburra Station 56 miles (90 km) south-west of Toowoomba, being the first British pastoralists to take land on the Downs. Later that same year, Eton College graduate, Arthur Hodgson, together with Gilbert Elliot and Cocky Rogers established "Eton Vale" on land which included "The Swamp", now known as Toowoomba.[17]
In forming Eton Vale, Hodgson's brother Christopher Pemberton Hodgson, later described the "constant skirmishes with the natives" to wrest control of the area off the local Aboriginal people. He wrote that hundreds of Aborigines were killed in a bitter war that lasted three years from the time they arrived in the area. The interior of Eton Vale homestead was decorated with spears and boomerangs and other spoil which the Hodgsons had collected after hard fought battles with "the blacks". Hodgson wrote "who would not rather put a ball in their hearts to rid themselves of their ceremonials and presence at once?"[18]
The general mode of attack by the colonists would involve an early morning raid on the Aboriginal camps. The Hodgsons would "generally employ our [black] boys from distant tribes to act as trackers" to locate defiant groups of Aboriginal people. Sometimes a prisoner was taken and "ordered to conduct us to his own camp on risk of his life" and once at this camp, "we rushed to attack it and we had, notwithstanding, ample revenge". Hodgson describes how Aborigines would try to recover "the corpses of those who had fallen victims to the white man's gun in defiance of a sentry on the lookout". Those who were at peace with the Hodgson brothers, were kept in line with methods such as the taking of young boys from the tribe as hostages. Hodgson claimed that if the local Aboriginal people were to be considered a species of simia acaudata or tail-less monkey, they had to be "hunted down and exterminated".[18]
Town of Toowoomba
Towards the end of the 1840s, closer settlement was occurring and the nearby township of Drayton had grown to the point where it had its own newspaper, general store, trading post and the Royal Bull's Head Inn, which was built by William Horton and still stands today. The first Britishers began to live at "The Swamp" (Toowoomba) from 1849, where Josiah Dent, William Shuttleworth and William Gurney were employed to cut reeds and timber for use at Drayton.[19] Dent was said to have "lived in a tent, and with his axe, he killed the blacks".[20]
In 1852, Thomas Alford established the first store at Toowoomba.[21] Land for the town of Toowoomba at "The Swamp" was first surveyed in 1849, then again in 1853.[22] By 1858 Toowoomba was growing fast. It had a population of 700, three hotels and many stores. Land selling at £4 per acre (£10 per hectare) in 1850 was by then £150 per acre (£370 per hectare). Governor Bowen granted the wish of locals and a new municipality was proclaimed on 24 November 1860.[citation needed]
The first town council election took place on 4 January 1861 and William Henry Groom won. The railway from Ipswich was opened in 1867, bringing with it business development.[23] In 1892, the Under Secretary of Public Land proclaimed Toowoomba and the surrounding areas as a township and in 1904 Toowoomba was declared a city. Pastoralism replaced agriculture and dairying by the 1900s.[23]
In July 1902, 80 subdivided allotments of "The Lilley Estate" owned by the late Sir Charles Lilley, were advertised to be auctioned by Scholefield & Godsall.[24] A map advertising the auction shows that the estate was bordered by Bridge, Mary and Lindsay Streets and overlooking and adjoining the Royal Agricultural Society's Showgrounds.[25]
In 1905, the Royal Agricultural Society and the Drayton and Toowoomba Agricultural and Horticultural Society merged and the Toowoomba Showgrounds on Campbell Street became the sole venue for the annual show.[26]
The
During
In 1985, the show left the Toowomba Showgrounds for the new site in Glenvale.[26]
Toowoomba was named as Australia's Tidiest Town in 2008.[28]
On 10 January 2011, Toowoomba suffered a catastrophic flash flood. Unusually heavy rainfall had occurred in the preceding days, causing the city's waterways to become swollen. Around midday, an intense storm moved in from the northeast,[29] completely overwhelming East Creek and West Creek which run through the CBD. 149.6 mm (5.89 in) fell in one day[30]
with rainfall peaking at 144 mm/h (5.7 in/h) over one 10-minute interval.
At the 2016 census, the Urban Centre of Toowoomba recorded a population of 100,032 people. Of these:[31]
- Age distribution: Residents had a similar distribution of ages to the country overall. The median age was 38 years, the same as the national median of 38 years. Children aged under 15 years made up 19.1% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 13.1% of the population (national average is 10.7%).
- Ethnic diversity : 79.1% were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 66.7%; the next most common countries of birth were England 1.9%, New Zealand 1.4%, India 1.2%, Philippines 0.8% and South Africa 0.6%. At home, 84.6% of residents only spoke English; the next most common languages spoken at home were Arabic 0.8%, Mandarin 0.8%, Dinka 0.4%, Tagalog 0.3% and Punjabi 0.3%.
- Finances: The median household weekly income was $1,206, compared to the national median of $1,438. This difference is also reflected in real estate, with the median mortgage payment being $1,517 per month, compared to the national median of $1,755.
- Housing: The majority (76.3%) of occupied private dwellings were separate houses, 16.1% were semi-detached (row or terrace houses, townhouses etc.), and 6.4% were flats, units or apartments. The average household size was 2.4 people.
- Transport: On the day of the Census, 0.8% of employed people travelled to work on public transport, and 77.9% by car (either as driver or as passenger).
Climate
Toowoomba has a warm humid subtropical climate (with warm summers and cool winters).[32] Compared to other parts of Queensland, Toowoomba experiences more frequent high winds, hail, frost and fog and is considered cooler than many other towns and cities in Queensland.[33] The city is rather sunny, receiving 107.2 clear days annually.
Daily maximum temperatures in Toowoomba average 28 °C (82 °F) in summer and 17 °C (63 °F) in winter.[34] Unlike most of inland Queensland, summer temperatures above 33 °C (91 °F) are uncommon, whilst winter days rarely warm above 23 °C (73 °F). Winter nights seldom drop below freezing; however, in a situation unique among Queensland cities, snow has been reported on the higher parts of the city on several occasions. Light frost will be experienced several nights each winter in the city centre, more often in the western suburbs. According to the Bureau of Meteorology, the highest temperature ever recorded in Toowoomba was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) on 12 February 2017, while the lowest was −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) on 12 July 1965.[34]
Average annual rainfall, according to the Bureau of Meteorology, is 735 mm (28.9 in), which peaks in the warm season.
Climate data for Toowoomba Airport, Queensland, Australia (1996–present normals and extremes); 641 m AMSL | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 39.5 (103.1) |
40.8 (105.4) |
36.1 (97.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.9 (82.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.9 (94.8) |
36.4 (97.5) |
37.5 (99.5) |
38.3 (100.9) |
40.8 (105.4) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.9 (85.8) |
31.4 (88.5) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.6 (81.7) |
23.2 (73.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.7 (63.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
6.6 (43.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
9.3 (48.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.9 (35.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 90.9 (3.58) |
111.3 (4.38) |
89.3 (3.52) |
26.7 (1.05) |
45.2 (1.78) |
35.7 (1.41) |
29.5 (1.16) |
29.5 (1.16) |
34.3 (1.35) |
69.4 (2.73) |
73.5 (2.89) |
101.3 (3.99) |
736.6 (29) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.7 | 69.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
61.0 | 65.5 | 62.5 | 60.0 | 61.0 | 65.0 | 61.0 | 53.5 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 57.0 | 58.0 | 58.9 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
5.1 (41.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.9 (44.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
10.4 (50.6) |
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1996–present normals and extremes)[35]
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Architecture and heritage
Toowoomba's history has been preserved in its buildings. Examples of architecture drawing from the city's wealthy beginnings include Toowoomba City Hall which was Queensland's first purpose-built town hall,[23] the National Trust Royal Bull's Head Inn and many examples in the heritage-listed Russell Street. Immediately to the east of the CBD is the Caledonian Estate, an area of turn-of-the-20th-century housing, ranging from humble workers cottages to large stately homes, in the classic wooden Queenslander style.[36]
Toowoomba is also home to the
The city also is home to the Cobb & Co Museum, hailing to the famous mail company's beginnings as a small mail run in the 1800s to transport mail and passengers to Brisbane and beyond. It also houses Australia's largest collection of horse-drawn vehicles. The museum has undergone a A$8 million redevelopment before reopening in September 2010.[39]
Heritage listings
Toowoomba has many
Governance
Toowoomba is the seat of the Toowoomba Region local government area. The city is represented in the Parliament of Queensland by three seats: Toowoomba North, Toowoomba South and Condamine. In the Commonwealth Parliament, Toowoomba forms part of the Division of Groom, which is held by Garth Hamilton for the Liberal National Party of Queensland.[40]
The current Mayor of the Toowoomba Region is Geoff McDonald, who succeeded Paul Antonio after his retirement in July 2023.
Crime
Toowoomba has had a large amount of crime over the past years, but is still on average less than other parts of Queensland. In 2018, the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland described Toowoomba as "one of Queensland's car theft hot spots", noting that there were insurance claims for over 3,000 cars stolen over a three-year period from Harristown alone.[41]
Economy
The Australian Defence Force is also present in the local community, with the city providing housing and amenities for many of the personnel based at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre (in Oakey, 29 km (18 mi) NW of Toowoomba) and Borneo Barracks at Cabarlah to the city's North. The headquarters of Heritage Bank, which is Australia's largest mutual bank, FK Gardners and Wagners are located in Toowoomba. Toowoomba itself, acts as the service centre for an economic area that reaches from the Western edge of Ipswich in the East, to Northern New South Wales in the south and the QLD Border to the west.[42][43][44]
Education
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Toowoomba is a major education centre with a strong presence of boarders from Western Queensland attending Schools such as Toowoomba Grammar, Fairholme College, Downlands College and The Glennie School.
Primary
State
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Private/Religious
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Secondary
State
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Private/Religious
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Tertiary
- University of Southern Queensland
- TAFE Queensland South West (Formerly SQIT) has extensive campuses to the east of the CBD.
- University of Queensland has a small centre in Toowoomba.
- Griffith University has a small health training facility in Toowoomba.
Culture
Festivals
Toowoomba is nationally[45] renowned for the annual Carnival of Flowers, held each year in September. Many of the city's major parks and gardens are especially prepared for the carnival, including an important home garden competition and parade of flower floats. Buses bring people from around the nation,[46] and a popular way to arrive at the carnival from Brisbane is on chartered antique steam and diesel trains,[47] which captures the yester-year aspect of travel to Toowoomba with 19th-century wooden carriages.[citation needed]
In 1953 the Carnival of Flowers was the subject of a sponsored film produced by the Queensland Minister for Lands and Irrigation. The Carnival of Flowers depicts the floral parade, the home gardens competition and the crowning of the Floral Queen and is a wonderful portrait of life in 1950s Queensland.[48]
In 2009 as part of the
The Toowoomba Carnival of Flowers received the Gold Award for Major Festival and Event at the Queensland Tourism Awards in 2015, 2016 & 2017, and Australian Tourism Awards in 2016 & 2017. In 2017, 255,639 people recorded as having attended the event.[50]
Toowoomba also hosts 'First Coat Art and Music Festival'.[51] First Coat is a street art festival, held annually in May. As a result of the festival, over 50 pieces of large-scale, public art exist throughout the Toowoomba CBD, which has led to a transformation of previously underutilised lane and alleyways, as well as a reduction in costs associated with graffiti management.[52]
Toowoomba was previously home to Easterfest (which was held annually over the Easter weekend.) The event has not continued after 2015.[53]
The "Food and Wine Festival", which usually spans 3 days, happens every year at Carnival of flowers time. It provides entertainment, food and drinks and is a spectacle of the Carnival.[54]
Food
Toowoomba is home to the
Sport
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
Rugby league
Association football
Toowoomba features a semi-professional football club,
Aussie Rules
Other sports
Toowoomba has clubs for other sports including
Toowoomba also shares two golf courses; Toowoomba Golf Club Middle Ridge, and City Golf Club Toowoomba. These two clubs, as well as several other clubs in the district, conduct an annual Pennant season. Each club take on each other in match play and in several different divisions to be crowned the Pennant winners of the Year. City Golf Club also hosted the Queensland PGA Championship from 2009 to 2013.[60][61]
Toowoomba is home to Clifford Park Racecourse. Clifford Park Racecourse was acquired as a 160-acre (0.65 km2) block in 1861. The Toowoomba Turf Club was formed in 1882 and the first recorded Toowoomba Cup was run in 1919. In 1992, the club made Australian racing history by staging the first race ever run under electric lights: the Fosters Toowoomba Cup, which was won by Waigani Drive. In 1996 the club staged the first night race meeting in Australia.[62]
Toowoomba has a number of rugby union teams, including University of Southern Queensland Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba Rangers Rugby Union Club, Toowoomba City Rugby Club, which compete in the Darling Downs Rugby Union competition, against such teams as the Roma Echidnas, the Condamine Cods, the Dalby Wheatmen, the Goondiwindi Emus, the Warwick Water Rats and the University of Queensland Rugby Union Club (Gatton Campus).
Cycling is a popular sport in Toowoomba. The Tour of Toowoomba in 2010 became a round of the Subaru National Road Series and attracted 15 teams. A proposal to stage a National Road Series event in Toowoomba was first presented to the Toowoomba Cycling Club in late 2009 by John Osborne OAM, a lifelong cycling enthusiast. The inaugural FKG Tour of Toowoomba was won by Patrick Shaw riding for the Virgin Blue RBS Morgan team. Patrick was later named Cycling Australia's Road Cyclist of the Year – 2010.[63]
Founded in 1950, the Toowoomba Auto Club ran races at the nearby Leyburn Airfield and Lowood Airfield Circuits in the 1950s and 1960s, and also ran races on the streets of Middle Ridge as part of the Carnival of Flowers in 1958, 1960 and 1961, with the feature races won by Glynn Scott, Alec Mildren and Arnold Glass respectively.[64] The club built the Echo Valley facility, initially as a hillclimbing venue officially opened on 18 September 1966,[64] with the facility now operating as a motocross track.[65] The Australian Hillclimb Championship was held on Prince Henry Drive in 1955 and 1961.[66] From 1923 to 1928 racing for both motorcycle speedway and for cars was held at Werrington Park Speedway on a site south of the Toowoomba City Aerodrome.[67]
Speedway took place around the old Toowoomba Showgrounds, off Campbell Street from 1955 to 1981.[68] The motorcycle speedway track hosted the Queensland Solo Championship in 1955.[69]
Toowoomba is home to four parkrun events: Toowoomba (founded 2013 at Queens Park),[70] Highfields (founded 2015),[71] South Toowoomba (founded 2018)[72] and Picnic Point (founded 2023).[73] Toowoomba's parkrun events are some of the best attended in Australia with as many as 500 participants.[74]
Community groups
The Toowoomba branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at 263 Margaret Street and the Toowoomba City Business Women's branch meets at 161 Margaret Street.[75]
There are 6 Rotary clubs operating within Toowoomba. All are active within the community raising funds annually in excess of $200,000. The Rotary Cub of Toowoomba meets at Burke and Wills Hotel, 554 Ruthven Street.[citation needed]
Media
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
- The Darling Downs Gazette (June 1858 to October 1922[76])
- The Chronicle (since July 1861[76])
- High Country Herald
- The Coffee Gazette (since October 2014)
- Darling Downs Star (July 1955 to September 2003[76])
- Toowoomba's Mail (since September 2003[76])
- Toowoomba Telegraph (October 2012[77] to July 2013[78])
Television
Toowoomba is serviced by three commercial national network stations and two national non-commercial network stations. These are
- owned and operated channels.
- WIN Television, 9Gem, 9Go!, 9Life: Nine Network affiliated channels.
- SCA 10, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, Nickelodeon, Sky News Regional: Network 10 affiliated channels.
- NITV
- Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC TV, ABC TV Plus, ABC Kids, ABC Me, ABC News
Of the three commercial networks, Seven Queensland and WIN Television both air 30-minute local news bulletins at 6pm each weeknight, produced from newsrooms in the city but broadcast from studios in Maroochydore and Wollongong respectively. Southern Cross Nine aired a regional Queensland edition of Nine News from Brisbane, featuring local opt-outs for Toowoomba and the Darling Downs from August 2017[80] to February 2019.[81]
Brisbane metropolitan commercial channels
Radio
Toowoomba has many different radio stations including FM and AM channels. Below is a list of some stations available in Toowoomba.
- Hit 100.7 Darling Downs (100.7 FM)
- Triple M Darling Downs 864[82] (864 AM)
- ABC Southern Queensland[82] (747 AM)
- 92.9 Voice FM [82] (92.9 FM)
- River949 (94.9 FM)
- ABC News Radio (96.7 FM)
- Power FM (88.0 FM)
- Community Radio (101.7 FM)
- Triple J (103.3 FM / 104.1 FM)
- ABC Local Radio Queensland (104.9 FM)
- ABC Classic FM (107.3 FM)
- 4WK (963 AM)
- 4AK (1242 AM)
- The Breeze (1620 AM)
Transport
There is a suburban bus service operated by
There are frequent inter-city bus services between Toowoomba and Brisbane, and other centres operated by
Toowoomba station has a twice-weekly rail service from Brisbane to Charleville and return on Queensland Rail's The Westlander.[84] Toowoomba is criss-crossed by several railway lines that are used for freight, and idle railway stations can be found in the suburbs (including Ballard, Drayton, Harlaxton and Harristown), dating to when these localities were separate centres.
Toowoomba is served by
and destinations west of the city.Toowoomba City Aerodrome is located in Toowoomba's outer suburb of Wilsonton (27°32′28″S 151°54′47″E / 27.541°S 151.913°E). The city's former airport is now primarily used by the Royal Flying Doctor Service, LifeFlight and the Darling Downs Aero Club.[86]
Infrastructure
Health
Toowoomba is serviced by four hospitals: Toowoomba Base Hospital, which is a public hospital and one of the largest hospitals in regional Australia, this will soon be replaced via a redevelopment at the Baillie Henderson Hospital site; a specialist psychiatric hospital called Baillie Henderson Hospital; and two private hospitals: St. Andrew's Toowoomba Hospital and St. Vincents Hospital. There is also the Toowoomba Hospice which is a community-based private healthcare facility which provides palliative care to the terminally ill.[87]
Water
Toowoomba's third water storage Cressbrook Dam was completed in 1983 and supplied water to Toowoomba in 1988. It has a full capacity of about 80,000 megalitres (2.8 billion cubic feet) bringing total capacity of the three dams, Cooby, Perseverance, and Cressbrook, to 126,000 megalitres (4.4 billion cubic feet).[88][89][90] The city also has underground supplies in fractured basalt of the rock unit known as the Main Range Volcanics. Toowoomba also sits above the eastern edge of the Great Artesian Basin and to the west underground water is available beneath unconsolidated alluvium.[91]
Rainfall during the period from 1998 to 2005 was 30% below the long term average, consistent with a prolonged drought; with this trend continuing through to the spring of 2007. In mid-2005, the water situation for the city was becoming critical with water supply levels below 30%.[92] Environmental flows from Cressbrook Dam into Cressbrook Creek were allowed to cease as Toowoomba approached level five water restrictions.[92] During March 2006 the surface water storage in the dams fell below 25% of full capacity, falling further to 12.8% on 10 March 2008 and reaching an all-time low of 7.7% in December 2009.[93]
The former Toowoomba Mayor Di Thorley proposed a controversial potable reuse project under the Toowoomba Water Futures plan which would result in water reclaimed from the Wetalla Sewage Treatment Plant being returned to Cooby Dam to provide 25% of the potable water supply for Toowoomba. Other water supply options include importing water from Oakey Creek Groundwater Management Area (average TDS 1660 mg/L), importing water from Condamine Groundwater Management Area (average TDS 740 mg/L), and water from coal seam gas production (TDS 1200–4300 mg/L).[94]
On 29 July 2006, Toowoomba City Council conducted a poll of Toowoomba residents on the proposal to use this multi-barrier filtration system for filtering sewage for drinking purposes. The poll question was: "Do you support the addition of purified recycled water to Toowoomba's water supply via Cooby Dam as proposed by Water Futures – Toowoomba?" 38% of voters supported the proposal and 62% opposed. This meant that despite dams reaching critical levels, the city
In 2007, the Toowoomba City Council commenced a bore drilling program to augment the dwindling dam supplies and constructed several subartesian bores across the city and one artesian bore at Wetalla in the city's north. Many of the subartesian bores provided potable water with a reliable yield and have been developed into production however the artesian bore's water quality was very poor, prohibiting development as a potable source. This was an expensive setback for the city as the cost was over A$2 million for drilling to over 700 m (2,300 ft). In January 2008, yield testing had been stalled due to the unavailability of appropriate pumping equipment. The Toowoomba Regional Council began supplementing the city's water supply with bore water from the Great Artesian Basin in September 2009.[97] Groundwater has become a significant contributor to the city's water supply needs and now constitutes one third of the total volume of water treated for reticulated supply (160 megalitres (5,700,000 cu ft) per week).[98]
The state government has built a $187 million pipeline from Wivenhoe Dam to Toowoomba. Water pumping along the 38 km (24 mi) pipeline to Cressbrook Dam began in January 2010.[99]
Notable people
Sister cities
Toowoomba has
Religion
The 2021 census recorded the following statistics for religious affiliation in Toowoomba: No religion 32.5%; Catholic 20.2%; Anglican 14.2%; Other Christian 5.1%.[1]
Toowoomba Wesleyan Methodist Church is at 267 North Street, Wilsonton Heights (27°32′16″S 151°55′38″E / 27.5379°S 151.9273°E).[101] It is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia.[102]
Toowoomba Chinese Wesleyan Methodist Church is at 21 Kookaburra Court, Glenvale (27°34′09″S 151°53′33″E / 27.5691°S 151.8924°E). It is part of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia.[102]
Harrison (2006) has noted the appeal of Toowoomba as 'fertile ground' for fundamentalist Christian movements, particularly those with a religio-political outlook.
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{{cite web}}
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Attribution
Further reading
- Knowles, J. (1959) Toowoomba as a Railway Centre, Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, January 1959 pp. 10–16.
External links
- Toowoomba.org – Toowoomba's Homepage
- Toowoomba Tourist Information
- Toowoomba Historical Society Inc newsletter archive, State Library of Queensland
- Peter Fischmann Toowoomba photographs 1985-1989, State Library of Queensland
- Qld Open House Toowoomba website archive, State Library of Queensland
- Toowoomba Art Society newsletter archive, State Library of Queensland
- Toowoomba Carnival of Flowers Photographs, State Library of Queensland
- Toowoomba Railway goods shed archival record, State Library of Queensland