Topeng dance
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Kendhang, Suling | |
Origin | Indonesia |
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Topeng (from
Topeng is widely used in dances that are part of traditional ceremonies or the retelling of ancient stories from the ancestors. It is believed that topeng is closely related to ancestral spirits, which are considered to be the interpretations of gods. In some tribes, topeng still adorns various daily artistic and customary activities. Topeng dance is a dance performance filled with meaningful symbols that are expected to be understood by the audience. These symbols are conveyed through the colors of the masks, the expressions of the masks, and the accompanying music. The meaning conveyed can be in the form of leadership values, love, wisdom, and many others expressed through the medium of dance movements.[2]
In 2010, TopengCirebon from Cirebon, West Java was recognized as a National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.[3]
Etymology
The term topeng is the Javanese word for "mask" or "dance-drama that uses the mask".[4] In modern daily Javanese and Indonesian vocabulary, tari topeng or "topeng dance" refers to a dance or dance-drama performance that uses a mask.
History
Indonesian masked dance predates Hindu-Buddhist influences.
epics began to be performed in masked-dance.The oldest known record that concerns Topeng dance is from the ninth century. Around 840 AD an Old Javanese (Kawi) inscriptions called Jaha Inscriptions issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala form
On the inscription of Candi Perot (850 AD), the word "manapel" is written from the word "tapuk" or "tapel" which means mask. On the Bebetin inscription (896 AD) there is the word "patapukan" which means a mask association. In the Mantiasih inscription (904 AD) there are the terms "matapukan" and "manapukan" which means that they relate to the drama presentation of masks.
The most popular storyline of topeng dance, however, is derived from the locally developed Javanese
One of the earliest written records of topeng dance is also found in the 14th-century poem
Variations
Balinese topeng
It is believed that the use of masks is related to the cult of the ancestors, which considered dancers the interpreters of the gods. Topeng performances open with a series of non-speaking masked characters that may not be related to the story to be performed. These traditional masks often include Topeng Manis (a refined hero), Topeng Kras (a martial, authoritarian character), and Topeng Tua (an old man who may joke and draw out the audience).
The story is narrated from a penasar, a jawless half-mask that enables the actor to speak clearly. In group topeng, there are usually two penasars providing two points of view. The performance alternates between speaking and non-speaking characters and can include dance and fight sequences as well as special effects (sometimes provided by the gamelan). It is almost always wrapped up by a series of comic characters introducing their views. The narrators and comic characters frequently break Western conventions of storytelling by including current events or local gossip to get a laugh.
In topeng, there is a conscious attempt to include many, sometimes contradictory, aspects of the human experience: the sacred and the profane, beauty and ugliness, refinement and caricature.[6] A detailed description and analysis of topeng pajegan, the one-man form of topeng, is available in Masked Performance[7] by John Emigh, a Western theater professor who has become a performer of Balinese topeng.
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Topeng Tua
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Topeng Telek
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Topeng Sidakarya
Banjarese topeng
The topeng also calls topeng barikin from South Kalimantan.
Batak topeng
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Batak masked dance during the festival of the dead, circa 1930
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Topeng Batak
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Topeng Batak
Betawi topeng
Betawi mask dance or tari topeng Betawi is a theatrical form of dance-drama of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia.[8] This dance-drama encompasses dance, music, bebodoran (comedy) and lakon (drama).[9] The Betawi mask dance demonstrates the theme of Betawi society life which is represented in the form of dance and drama. It is called mask dance because the dancers use topeng (mask) during dancing and Betawi people believed that the topeng has magical powers.[10]
Sundanese & Cirebonese (West Java) topeng
Cirebonese topeng dance is a local indigenous art form of
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Topeng Panji
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Topeng Cirebon Performance
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Topeng Klana
Dayak topeng
Hudoq is a masked dance performed during
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Topeng Hudoq
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Topeng Hudoq
Javanese topeng
Malangan topeng
In
These performances center on a love story about
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Malangan topeng mass dance
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Topeng inwayang gedogperformance
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Wayang topeng Malang
Surakartan topeng
The topeng of the Surakarta Sunanate court is similar in style and theme to the Yogyakarta variants. Differences are seen in the craftmanship of masks; facial hair is represented with hair or fibre, while the Yogyakarta style uses black paint. Similarly to Yogyakarta, the Sukarta topeng punakawan (jester) often uses a jawless half-mask.
Yogyakartan topeng
In
Gallery
See also
- Barong dance
- Bedhaya
- Dance of Indonesia
- Balinese dance
- Javanese dance
Notes
- ^ "History and Etymology for Topeng". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Tari Topeng, Permainan Watak Penuh Makna". Indonesia Kaya. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ^ "Warisan Budaya Takbenda, Penetapan". Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "History, and Etymology for Topeng". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Sosok Rahwana dalam Tari Topeng Kelana" (in Indonesian). Indonesia Kaya. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "The Secret of Masks". Bohème Magazine Online. June 2003. Archived 2010-09-24 at the Wayback Machine.
- ISBN 081221336X.
- ^ "Tari Topeng Betawi Tarian Tradisional dari Jakarta". Negeriku Indonesia. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ ASEAN (5 September 2020). "Traditional Betawi Mask Dance, Traditional Dance From Jakarta?". Indonesiar. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "The Sacred Betawi Mask Dance". Indonesia Tourisme. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
External links
- Information on topeng dances from the program notes of a performance in Glasgow in 2003 (archived 19 December 2005)
- Various examples of Indonesian topeng masks. Archived 2020-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.