Torre do Tombo National Archive
National Archive of Torre do Tombo | |
---|---|
Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo | |
Lisbon | |
Country | Portugal |
Coordinates | 38°45′16.6″N 9°9′23.4″W / 38.754611°N 9.156500°W |
Opened | 1378 |
Owner | Portuguese Republic |
Technical details | |
Material | Limestone |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | Ateliers Associados |
Website | |
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The National Archive of Torre do Tombo (
. Established in 1378, it was renamed the Instituto dos Arquivos Nacionais (lit. 'Institute of the National Archives') in 2009.History
The archive is one of the oldest institutions in Portugal, since its installation in one of the towers of the
This institution was maintained by the Royal Keeper, an office sometimes paired with the post of Chief Chronicler of the Kingdom. The first known Royal Keeper was João Annes de Almada, called "the Great", appointed by king John I, Ferdinand's successor, who separated the office from the court chancellor's. Both the offices of Chief Chronicler and Court Chancellor were extinguished in the 19th century, while the job of Royal Keeper was eventually transformed to Director of the National Archives after the establishment of the Portuguese Republic. António Baião was the last Royal Keeper and also the first Director of the renewed institution.
Following the events of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the then Keeper of the Royal Archives, Manuel da Maia, was responsible for saving the contents of the Torre do Tombo. At 75 years old, Maia personally led the safe-guarding team to São Jorge Castle, where the archives were located, and saved nearly 90,000 pieces, accumulated between 1161 and 1696. He ordered the construction of provisional barracks to store the contents of the archives and immediately made a request to Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, King Joseph I’s prime-minister, for a new permanent home for the archives, which would eventually be granted to him in the form of the Convent of São Bento (which now houses the parliament of Portugal).
In 1982, a public tender was issued for the construction of the new Torre do Tombo archive building, and was won by the Ateliers Associados, represented by Arsénio Raposo Cordeiro, with M. Sheppard Cruz and A.N. de Almeida.[1] The cornerstone was laid in 1985, in an official ceremony. The sculptor José Aurélio was invited to sculpt the gargoyles in 1987, which completed between 1988-1990 (in conjunction with mason José Rodrigues and builder Júlio Mesão.[1]
The actual building was projected by architect Arsénio Cordeiro, in collaboration with architect António Barreiros Ferreira.
Before its inauguration on 21 December 1990, the archive that remained at the former-monastery was transferred to the new building.[1] On 22 December 2010, the DRCLVTejo proposed classifying the building as a municipal property of interest, which was supported by the director of the
Architecture
The imposing structure consists of two large units unified by a central body, forming an immense "H" plan.[2] The two wings are supported by large bases that create a fortress-like structure, evocative of the large historic monuments that were constructed to last for an eternity, and to act as a symbols of preservation and guardianship of a collective memory.[2] The building occupies an area of 11,265 square metres (121,260 sq ft) distributed over seven floors, with three floors used by technical rooms, reading rooms, an auditorium and exposition halls.[2] The upper floors are used to shelter the 140 kilometres (87 mi) shelves for documents, with austere cement walls, with small, square fenestrations, that characterizes a safe-box.[2] Erected in the centre of each facade is a vertical body that acts as buttress, in the form of a "T" that reproduces the archives initials for "Torre do Tombo".[2] The principal and rear facades (oriented to the south and north respectively) are surmounted by eight gargoyles, sculpted by José Aurélio, representing fundamentals elements from human history or important in the particular mission of the national archive.[2] These include gargoyles that figure as the Guarda do Abecedário (Guard of the Alphabet), the Guarda das Ondas Hertzianas (Guard of Hertzian Waves), O Velho (The Old) and o Novo (The Young), the a Morte (The Death) and O Bem (The Good) and O Mal (The Evil); the gargoyles in the rear represent A Tragédia (The Tragedy) and A Comédia (The Comedy), A Guerra (The War) and A Paz (The Peace), the Guarda das Pedras (Guard of Stones) and the Guarda dos Papiros (Guard of Papyruses or Guard of the Scrolls).[2]
Collections
The Torre do Tombo safeguards twelve centuries of historical Portuguese guards, including documents that pre-date the Kingdom of Portugal, and others like the bull Manifestis Probatum, considered an important of UNESCO World Heritage.[2] In addition, records include 36,000 documents recovered during the era of the Inquisition, many documents inscribed by the International and State Defense Police and the accord that admitted Portugal into the European Economic Community.[2]
Among the other significant collections at the archive are items relating to the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in
See also
- List of archives in Portugal
- Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal (National Library)
- List of national archives
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Bandeira, Filomena (2002). SIPA (ed.). "Torre do Tombo (PT031106090714)" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Leite, Silvia (2016). IGESPAR (ed.). "Edifício do Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ "Corpo Cronológico (Collection of Manuscripts on the Portuguese Discoveries)". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 2008-05-16. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ^ "Letter from Pêro Vaz de Caminha". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 2008-05-16. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
Sources
- Afonso, Luís U. (2005), "As gárgulas da Torre do Tombo", ARTIS (in Portuguese), vol. 4, Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto de História da Arte da Faculdade de Letras de Lisboa, pp. 441–466
- Pedreirinho, José Manuel (1994), Dicionário de arquitectos activos em Portugal do Séc. I à actualidade (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal: Edições Afrontamento
- "Real Archivo da Torre do Tombo". Almanak estatistico de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Typographia do gratis. 1841. OCLC 802761639 – via HathiTrust.