Trần Kim Tuyến
Trần Kim Tuyến | |
---|---|
Born | Ninh Bình Province, French Indochina | May 24, 1925
Died | July 23, 1995 Cambridge, England | (aged 70)
Allegiance | State of Vietnam |
Service/ | Central Intelligence Office |
Years of service | 1954-1975 |
Rank | Chief of Intelligence |
Dr. Trần Kim Tuyến (24 May 1925 – 23 July 1995)
Early years
A short and light man at less than 45 kg,
However, his religious convictions caused him to spurn the Hồ Chí Minh-led Viet Minh independence movement, which was strongly atheist. Although he was ambitious, Tuyến was aware of his provincial accent and his manner of stumbling over long words, which was not considered to be consistent with the archetypal leader with a city accent. In 1946, while still a student, Tuyến came to know the Ngô family by chance. His future mentor Ngô Đình Nhu wanted to travel from Hanoi to a Catholic area near the border with Laos and needed a guide. A Catholic priest asked Tuyến to lead the way on a bicycle while Nhu followed in a covered cyclo to evade French colonial and Vietminh attention.[4]
Rise to power
In mid-1954, at the time the
Tuyến was in Hanoi when his sister's husband told him that he could travel to
In 1955, Diem created the Service des Études Politiques et Sociales (Service for Political and Social Studies, SEPES), which for the surveillance of government officials, which according to the historian Edward Miller, 'would eventually become one of the most feared components of the Diem government’s security apparatus',[3] and Tuyen was made its inaugural director.[3] Tuyen developed SEPES into a complex body that oversaw secret anti-communist missions domestically and also Laos, but was mainly used to monitor public servants, military personnel, police and non-communist opposition politicians and activists through a network of regime informants throughout the civil and military apparatus.[3]
Campaigns
Tuyến's first task was to disperse the approximately 800,000 northerners who had migrated south during the free travel period in
Tuyến decided to emulate communist propaganda techniques. He sent some elderly people to a Saigon camp to pose as refugees, and then ordered the police to stage a noisy arrest scene. His staff took photographs of the incident and distributed pamphlets claiming that communists had infiltrated the camps. This fear-mongering campaign prompted refugees to disperse for fear of being arrested for being communists. Tuyến targeted a clandestine newspaper run by anti-Diệm nationalist intellectuals, by printing counterfeit copies of the magazine with communist propaganda substituted in place of the real content. He then circulated the fake copies and then had the outlet banned for being communist.[7] Tuyen later supervised the operations of various newspapers that acted as government mouthpieces, including the Cach Mang Quoc Gia (National Revolution).[3]
Nhu took Tuyến under his wing and asked him to draft the rules for the
Tuyen was involved in internal power struggles within the Diem regime's intelligence sector, overcoming the chairman of the
Due to Tuyen's profile in the regime's repression, US Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow suggested to Diem in 1960 that Tuyen be removed from public power and sent overseas in a suite of liberalisation measures, which Diem rejected.[11]
Tuyen was a key figure in persuading undecided ARVN divisions to support Diệm and put down the 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt.[12]
In 1962, Nhu appointed Tuyến and Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo, a communist double agent from a Catholic background, to oversee the Strategic Hamlet Program, which attempted to isolate the Viet Cong by barricading villagers inside fortified compounds, theoretically locking the communists out. Tuyến led the way in promoting the concept to the populace.[13]
Downfall
Time passed and Tuyến began to show displeasure at the increasing interference of Nhu's wife, Madame Nhu into politics; displeasure turned to offence and Nhu began to ignore Tuyến. In early 1963, Tuyến was ordered by Diệm to go home and rest because the latter thought the former had been too lenient with disillusioned military officers and politicians who were veering towards opposition. Tuyến was never recalled to work. Instead, Tuyến responded by dispatching his staff back to their former position they had held before they joined his department, leaving the intelligence bureau in a state of collapse. In May, when the Buddhist crisis erupted after Diệm's forces had banned Buddhists from flying the Buddhist flag to commemorate Vesak, and fatally fired on them, Diệm recalled Tuyến, hoping he could resolve the crisis.[14]
Tuyến eventually began to plot against the Ngo family. He began meeting with Colonel
Aware that Tuyến might be involved in plotting against Diệm, Nhu sent him to Cairo as ambassador. At the time, the Soviet Union-aligned Egypt was leading a campaign of African countries against South Vietnam at the United Nations, and Nhu ostensibly sent him to Cairo to lead a diplomatic push against communist influence there. It was effectively an exile for Tuyến, and there were rumours [clarification needed] that Madame Nhu's younger brother, Trần Văn Khiêm, was planning to assassinate him. Upon arriving in Cairo, Tuyến was greeted with the news that Egypt had extended diplomatic relations to North Vietnam. Tuyến eventually flew to Hong Kong, where British intelligence provided him with protection; Tuyến kept in contact with anti-Diệm forces in Vietnam.[17]
After Diệm was overthrown in November 1963, Tuyến decided to return to Vietnam. His wife was pregnant and he reasoned that as he had no enemies in the military junta and had worked well with them in the past, he would be safe. However, he was arrested and tried by the junta for corruption and abuse of power, and sentenced to five years in prison. Tuyến believed he was jailed because the generals were afraid that he would claim they were corrupt puppets of Nhu.[18]
When his prison term ended, Tuyến remained under house arrest after the brother of President
Notes
- ^ England and Wales Death Registration: Kim Tuyen Tran
- ^ VC Nằm Vùng Trong Văn Phòng Tổng Tham Mưu Trưởng Và Phủ Đặc Ủy Trung Ương Tình Báo Việt Nam Cộng Hòa
- ^ a b c d e f g Miller, p. 135.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 87.
- ^ Shaplen, p. 158.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 87-88, 91.
- ^ Langguth, p. 91.
- ^ Langguth, p. 92.
- ^ a b Langguth, p. 98.
- ^ Miller, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Kahin, p. 123.
- ^ Langguth, p. 105.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 168-70.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 210-13.
- ^ Shaplen, pp. 197-98.
- ^ Shaplen, p. 205.
- ^ Langguth, p. 221.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 260-61.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 660-61.
- ^ Butler (1986)
- ^ Berman (2007)
- ^ Butler (1990)
References
- ISBN 0-394-54367-X.
- ISBN 0-684-81202-9.
- ISBN 978-0-674-07298-5.
- Shaplen, Robert (1965). The lost revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965. André Deutsch.
- Butler, David (1990). The fall of Saigon. Abacus.
- Berman, Larry (2007). Perfect Spy: The Incredible Double Life of Pham Xuan An. Smithsonian Books/HarperCollins.