Unification Church of the United States
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The Unification Church of the United States is the branch of the Unification Church in the United States. It began in the late 1950s and early 1960s when missionaries from South Korea were sent to America by the international Unification Church's founder and leader Sun Myung Moon. It expanded in the 1970s and then became involved in controversy due to its theology, its political activism, and the lifestyle of its members. Since then, it has been involved in many areas of American society and has established businesses, news media, projects in education and the arts, as well as taking part in political and social activism, and has itself gone through substantial changes.
History in the United States
In the late 1950s and early 1960s,
The Unification Church first came to public notice in the United States after
By 1971, the Unification Church of the United States had about 500 members. By the end of the 1970s it had expanded to about 5,000 members, with most of them being in their early 20s. In the 1980s and 1990s membership remained at about the same number.
In 1971, Moon decided to move to the United States. He then asked the American Unification Church members to help him in a series of outreach campaigns in which he spoke to public audiences in all 50 states, ending with a 1976 rally in Washington, D.C., in which he spoke on the grounds of the Washington Monument to around 300,000 people.[18] During this time many Unification Church members left school and careers to devote their full-time to church work. "Mobile fundraising teams" (often called MFT) were set up to raise money for church projects, sometimes giving candy or flowers in exchange for donations.[19] Members considered fund raising to be a source of both spiritual and practical training for future activities.[20]
Moon also brought Unification Church members from Europe to work in the U.S. Church buildings were purchased around the nation, including the Belvedere Estate, the Unification Theological Seminary, and the New Yorker Hotel in New York state. The national headquarters of the Unification Church was established in the New Yorker Hotel in New York City.[18] In Washington, D.C., the Unification Church purchased a church building from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[21] In Seattle, it purchased the historic Rolland Denny mansion.[22][23]
Political involvement
Moon had long been an advocate for
In 1974, Moon asked Unification Church members to support President Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal when Nixon was being pressured to resign his office. Unification Church members prayed and fasted in support of Nixon for three days in front of the United States Capitol, under the motto: "Forgive, Love and Unite." On February 1, 1974, Nixon publicly thanked them for their support and officially received Moon. This brought the Unification Church into widespread public and media attention.[29]
The Unification Church of the United States sponsored other anti-communist activities during the 1970s and 1980s, including the multi-national organization
Media
In 1982, Moon founded The Washington Times, a daily conservative newspaper in Washington, D.C., as part of News World Communications, an international news media conglomerate which also publishes newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America. Although never a financial success, The Washington Times was well-read in conservative and anti-communist circles and was credited by President Ronald Reagan, who acknowledged reading the paper daily, with helping to win the Cold War.[32]
Protesting Soviet downing of KAL 007
In 1983, Unification Church members publicly protested against the
Neologisms
The Unification Church of the United States has introduced a number of
Moonie expression
The word "Moonie" was first used by the American news media in the 1970s when Sun Myung Moon moved to the United States and came to public notice.
In the 1995 book America's Alternative Religions, published by the
In a 1996 article for
In his 2000 book Mystics and Messiahs, Philip Jenkins likens the term to "smear words such as Shaker, Methodist, Mormon". Jenkins mentions use of the word in book titles including Life among the Moonies and Escape from the Moonies, and comments: "These titles further illustrate how the derogatory term 'Moonie' became a standard for members of this denomination, in a way that would have been inconceivable for any of the insulting epithets that could be applied to, say, Catholics or Jews."[58]
Criticisms of Moonie expression
In 1984,
In 1989, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Unification Church members preferred to be called "Unificationists."[52] The Washington Post reported that "Unification Church members are being advised no longer to accept the designation of 'Moonie,' and to declare any such nomenclature as indicative of a prejudiced view of the church."[61] In 1989, the Chicago Tribune was picketed after referring to members as Moonies.[63][64] Moon directed minister and civil rights leader James Bevel to form a protest by religious officials against the Chicago Tribune because of the newspaper's use of the word. Bevel handed out fliers at the protest which said: "Are the Moonies our new niggers?"[64]
In 1990, a position paper sent from the Unification Church to The Fresno Bee said: "We will fight gratuitous use of the 'Moonie' or 'cult' pejoratives. We will call journalists on every instance of unprofessional reporting. We intend to stop distortions plagiarized from file clippings which propagate from story to story like a computer virus."[65] In 1992, Michael Jenkins (who later became president of the Unification Church of the United States[66]) commented: "Why, after so many years, should we now be taking such a stand to eliminate the term 'Moonie?' For me, it is a sign that the American Unification Church has come of age. We can no longer allow our founder, our members, and allies to be dehumanized and unfairly discriminated against. ... We are now entering a period of our history where our Church development and family orientation are strong enough that we can turn our attention toward ending the widespread misunderstanding about our founder and the Unification movement."[53]
In 1992, Unification movement member Kristopher Esplin told
In its entry on "Unification Church", the 2002 edition of The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage advised: "Unification Church is appropriate in all references to the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, which was founded by the Rev. Sun Myung Moon. Do not use the disparaging Moonie(s)".[69] Reuters, in its handbook for journalists, says: "'Moonie' is a pejorative term for members of the Unification Church. We should not use it in copy and avoid it when possible in direct quotations."[70]
In 2010,
Criticism and debate
The Unification Church of the United States was met with widespread criticism beginning in the early 1970s. The main points of criticism were the Unification Church's unorthodox theology, especially the belief that Moon is the
In 1975
In 1976, Unification Church president
That same year
In 1978 and 1979, the Unification Church's support for the
In 1982, Moon was convicted in
1982 through 1990s
On July 1, 1982, a large number of the members of the Unification Church of the United States were married by Rev. and Mrs. Moon in a
Moon's practice of matching couples was very unusual in both Christian tradition and in modern Western culture and attracted much attention and controversy.[89] Thousands of couples have been placed in marriages by religious leaders with people they had barely met, since Moon taught that romantic love led to sexual promiscuity.[90] Their mass arranged marriage events have gained international public attention. Critics have stated that some of these marriages end in divorce, which is discouraged by the Unification Church.[91]
Also in the 1980s, Moon instructed Unification Church members to take part in a program called "Home Church" in which they reached out to neighbors and community members through public service.[92] Unification Church business interests, which had begun in the 1960s, expanded in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Church-owned businesses in the United States include media and entertainment, fishing and sea food distribution, hotels and real estate, and many others. Many church members found employment in church-owned businesses while others pursued careers outside of the church community.[93][94][95][96] Also expanding were church sponsored interdenominational and cultural projects.[97][98]
In 1984, Eileen Barker, a British sociologist specializing in religious topics, published The Making of a Moonie which disputed much of the negative characterization of Unification Church members by the news media.[99][100][101]
In 1991, Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon by investigative journalist Carlton Sherwood criticized the federal government's prosecution of Moon in the 1980s.[102][103]
After the
On May 1, 1994, the 40th anniversary of the founding of the
21st century
In 2000, the FFWPU co-sponsored the
In 2001, the United States Army, in a handbook for chaplains, reported that "the Unification Church emphasizes the responsibility of citizenship but sets no official rules as to military service." It added that members have no restrictions on diet, uniform appearance, medical treatment, or other factors which might conflict with military requirements.[110]
In 2009, Sun Myung Moon's daughter In Jin Moon became president of the Unification Church of the United States. She worked to modernise church's worship style in an effort to involve younger members.[111]
Following Sun Myung Moon's death in 2012, his widow Hak Ja Han took leadership responsibility for the international Unification Church, including its activities in the United States. In 2013, the Global Peace Foundation, which had been founded in 2009 by Moon and Han's son Hyun Jin Moon and church leader Chung Hwan Kwak, distanced itself from the mainstream Unification Church. In 2017, they also founded the Family Peace Association.
In 2014, Moon and Han's younger sons Hyung Jin Moon and Kook-jin Moon founded the Rod of Iron Ministries, also known as the World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church. It has been controversial for its advocacy of private ownership of firearms and for its support of the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[112][113][114]
In 2015, the Unification Church opened a
See also
References
- ISBN 0-8153-1138-9.
- ^ Church finds ‘holy ground’ in Sin City, Las Vegas Review-Journal, June 25, 2014
- ISBN 978-0-275-98717-6, page 180
- ISBN 978-0-8264-5959-6page 1
- Hartford Seminary
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon & Moore, Robert L. The Cult Experience: Responding to the New Religious Pluralism. New York: The Pilgrim Press (1984 [3rd printing; 1st printing 1982]); pg. 8. "...audiences are surprised to learn that the Unification Church has less than 5,000 members in the U.S., because the press often gives the impression of far larger numbers." Melton is a leading expert on new religious movements and the Unification Church.
- ^ Finke, Roger & Stark, Rodney. The Churching of America, 1776–1990. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press (1992; 3rd printing 1997); pg. 241. "...after more than thirty years of missionizing, it is estimated that there have never been more than 5,000 followers of the Unification Church... in the United States, some of whom are from abroad."
- deprived of sleep; the lectures were not "trance-inducing"; and there was not much chanting, no drugs or alcohol, and little that could be termed "frenzy" or "ecstatic" experience. People were free to leave, and leave they did. Barker's extensive enumerations showed that among the recruits who went so far as to attend two-day retreats (claimed to be the Moonie's most effective means of "brainwashing"), fewer than 25% joined the group formore than a week and only 5% remained full-time members one year later. And, of course, most contacts dropped out before attending a retreat. Of all those who visited a Moonie centre at least once, not one in two-hundred remained in the movement two years later. With failure rates exceeding 99.5%, it comes as no surprise that full-time Moonie membership in the U.S. never exceeded a few thousand. And this was one of the most successful New Religious Movements of the era!"
- ^ Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe (Google eBook), James T. Richardson, page 57
- ^ New Religions and the Theological Imagination in America, Mary Farrell Bednarowski, Indiana University Press, 1989, pages 101-105
- page 12
- ^ Korean Moon: Waxing of Waning?, Leo Sandon Jr., Theology Today, Vol 35, No 2, July 1978, "Thousands of young American adults (probably 3,000-5,000) have joined the Unification Church. Many of these members are attractive, well-educated graduates from some of our finest colleges and universities. Their membership in the movement should remind us that for the young adult (18–25 years of age) conversion has a highly ideological and vocational dimension."
- ^ a b Moon at Twilight Archived April 11, 2001, at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker September 14, 1998, "David Bromley, a professor of sociology and religious studies at Virginia Commonwealth University, who has co-written a book about the Unification Church, believes that the bulk of Moon's remaining followers were recruited in the seventies, when both the establishment and the counterculture were falling apart. Bromley says that the sense of joining a close, purposeful community was crucial, and that it is no coincidence that church members refer to each other as "brother" and "sister" or that Moon is called Father."
- ^ Irving Louis Horowitz, Science, Sin, and Society: The Politics of Reverend Moon and the Unification Church Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 1980, MIT Press
- ^ Finding and Seeking; Born in affluence, the baby-boomers were driven to ask Big Questions about fulfillment and the meaning of life. How their legacy has changed us., Jerry Adler & Julie Scelfo, Newsweek, September 18, 2006
- New York Times, October 10, 1992
- ^ From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era, Stephen A. Kent, Syracuse University Press, 2001, page 116
- ^ a b Introvigne 2000 pages 13–16
- ^ Moon-struck, Time, October 15, 1973, "The core members—most in their 20s, many of them converts from other spiritual, psychological or political trips—display a dogged devotion that makes even Jehovah's Witnesses look like backsliders. They are enthusiastic capitalists who rise at dawn to hit the streets with wares to exchange for "donations": flowers, votive light candles, even peanuts. Last year, when Master Moon moved his international headquarters to Tarrytown, New York, members sold candles across the U.S. for seven weeks to meet the down payment of $300,000 on an $850,000 estate."
- ISBN 9798623729828, page 42
- ^ Friends Forever gather to remember the Washington Ward, Deseret News, November 27, 2011
- ^ A Seattle jewel shines again, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 22, 2007
- ^ Architect Data Base
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the originalon October 5, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
- Divine Principle, Introduction. "Nonetheless, one final and inescapable conflict remains before us, the war between democracy and communism. Although each side has equipped itself with fearsome weapons and is pitted against the other in readiness for battle, the core of their conflict is internal and ideological. Which side will triumph in this final ideological conflict? Anyone who believes in the reality of God will surely answer that democracy will win."
- ^ Beyond the Dark Side of the Moonies, Andrew Brown, The Independent, November 2, 1995, "The Moonies were - and remain - intent on halting communism. Moon founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Korea in 1954. The first missionaries were sent out in the Fifties, but only after Moon moved to the US in the Seventies did the movement start to become visible in the West. Moon's followers believe he is the Messiah who can lead the way to establishing the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth. Their beliefs are set out in the Divine Principle, which contains interpretations of the Old and New Testaments with further revelations from Moon himself. Devotees believe God's victory over Satan requires the defeat of atheistic communism. To this end they have sponsored large numbers of conferences for journalists, theologians, academics, politicians and anyone else they think might contribute to establishing a God-centred world."
- ^ Introvigne, 2000 page 16
- ^ Introvigne, 2000, page 18
- ^ Sun Myung Moon's Followers Recruit Christians to Assist in Battle Against Communism Christianity Today June 15, 1985
- ^ Gorenfeld, John, Dear Leader's Paper Moon Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The American Prospect September 19, 2005 "The American people know the truth. You, my friends at The Washington Times, have told it to them. It wasn't always the popular thing to do. But you were a loud and powerful voice. Like me, you arrived in Washington at the beginning of the most momentous decade of the century. Together, we rolled up our sleeves and got to work. And -- oh, yes -- we won the Cold War." -Reagan, 1997
- ^ [2] San Francisco Chronicle September 3, 1983 "For a second day, the Soviet Consulate in Pacific Heights was the scene of emotional protests against the shooting down of a Korean Air Lines jumbo jet. About 300 people held demonstration yesterday morning. Among them were members of the Unification Church, or "Moonies," whose founder is the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the controversial South Korean who has melded a fierce anti-communism into his ideology. Eldridge Cleaver, the onetime black radical who recently has had ties with the Moonies, spoke at the rally. Many pickets carried signs accusing the Soviet Union of murdering the 269 passengers and crew aboard the airliner. In another development, San Francisco-based attorney Melvin Belli filed a $109 billion lawsuit against the Soviet Union on behalf of the 269 victims."
- ^ Ribadeneira, Diego (August 21, 1999). "Ire at school Star of David ruling unites ACLU, Pat Robertson". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. p. B2.
- William Rusher, National Review, December 19, 1986.
- ^ *Oxford English Dictionary[dead link]
- ^ *WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University
- ISBN 0-8147-0702-5"To restart the process toward perfection, God has sent messiahs to earth who could restore the true state of humanity's relationship with God. Before that can happen, however, humans must perform good deeds that cancel the bad effects of sin. Unificationists call this "indemnity". Showing love and devotion to one's fellow humans, especially within families, helps pay this indemnity." p142
- ISBN 0-310-70381-6"The doctrine of indemnity. Indemnity is that which people do to restore themselves to God's kingdom. Young Oon Kim describes it this way: 'We atone for our sins through specific acts of penance.' Kwang-Yol Yoo, a Unification teacher, even goes so far as to say that by following the Divine Principle, 'man's perfection must be accomplished by his own effort without God's help.' God does most of the work, but people must still do their part in order to achieve God's plan of salvation: 'Five percent is only to say that man's responsibility is extremely small compared to God's.' "p35 "The doctrine of indemnity is not biblical. 'In simple language.' states Ruth Tucker, 'indemnity is salvation by works.' Bob Larson makes a distinction between Moon's doctrine and biblical theology, saying, 'Moon's doctrine of sinless perfection by "indemnity [forgiveness of sin by works on Moon's behalf], which can apply even to deceased ancestors, is a denial of the salvation by grace offering through Jesus Christ.' 'Farewell,' said John Calvin. 'to the dream of those who think up a righteousness flowing together out of faith and works.'" p40
- ^ Tingle, D. and Fordyce, R. 1979, The Phases and Faces of the Moon: A Critical Examination of the Unification Church and Its Principles, Hicksville, New York: Exposition Press p53-55 "In short, indemnity is anything you want to make it, since you establish the conditions. The zeal and enthusiasm of the Unification Church members is not so much based on love for God as it is compulsion to indemnify one's own sins."
- ^ The power of the principle: whence it came; where it went Richard Quebedeaux, "Rev. Moon calls such a mode of living, such a lifestyle, "restoration through indemnity." With indemnity viewed as a persistent pattern of behavior, not as a mere doctrine to be affirmed or a rational list of rules, God's ideal for human relationships is "restored" through restitution. Restitution-in the sense of a "natural law"-assuages resentment, because it is the means by which the powerful and enfranchised give the people who feel downtrodden and powerless what they believe is rightly theirs. Indemnity means that "I'm here for you."
- ^ Exposition of the Divine Principle 1996 Translation
- ^ Exploring the climate of doom Archived April 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Rich Lowry, December 19, 2009 'The phrase "doomsday cult" entered our collective vocabulary after John Lofland published his 1966 study, "Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith." Lofland wrote about the Unification Church.'
- ^
Richardson, James T. (2004). Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe. Springer. ISBN 0-306-47887-0. p. 479
- ^ Crazy for God
- ^ "The Way of God's Will Chapter 3. Leaders, "We leaders should leave the tradition that we have become crazy for God."". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- Pacific Island News Agency Service.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9794822-3-6.
- ^ Ayoob, Massad (November–December 2001). "The Rise of the House of Kahr". American Handgunner: 58–67.
- ^ Koff, Stephen (August 1983). "Religion: Getting Mooned, Legitimately". Cincinnati Magazine. 16 (11): 14.
- ISBN 978-0-87113-984-9.
- ^ a b c Nix, Shann (August 10, 1989). "Church seeks new image". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-275-95625-7.
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- ISBN 0-8308-2381-6.
- ^ ISBN 0-7914-2398-0.
- ^ Brown, Andrew (August 12, 1996). "Edward Heath sees bright side of the Moonies". The Independent. London: Newspaper Publishing PLC. p. 13. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ISBN 0-19-512744-7.
- ^ Zagoria, Sam (September 19, 1984). "Journalism's Three Sins". The Washington Post. p. A26.
- ^ Goldman, Ari L. (July 28, 1985). "Moon's jailing may have eased things for his flock". The New York Times. Section 4; Page 7, Column 4.
- ^ a b Leigh, Andrew (October 15, 1989). "Inside Moon's Washington - The private side of public relations improving the image, looking for clout". The Washington Post. p. B1.
- Knight-Ridder Newspapers (December 20, 1987). "Unification Church funnels millions to U.S. conservatives". The Dallas Morning News. The Dallas Morning News Company. p. 4A.
- ISBN 1-55566-328-1.
- ^ a b Hatch, Walter (February 13, 1989). "Big names lend luster to group's causes - Church leader gains legitimacy among U.S. conservatives". The Seattle Times. Seattle Times Company. p. A1.
- ^ Taylor, John G. (September 1, 1990). "Unification Church will keep eye on media". The Fresno Bee. p. A10.
- The Oakland Tribune.
- ^ Stormont, Diane (Reuters) (October 4, 1992). "Moon followers vow to deman respect: Movement wants world to accept its members as normal human beings". Rocky Mountain News. p. 42.
{{cite news}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - Nightline. ABC News.
- ISBN 978-0-8129-6389-2.
- ^ Handbook of Journalism, Reuters, accessed September 28, 2011
- National Public Radio. www.npr.org. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
- ^ Grossman, Kathy Lynn (February 21, 2010). "Love, kids, spiritual drift: Rev. Moon's mass wedding couples". USA Today. www.usatoday.com. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
- ^ Introvigne, 2000, pages 16–17
- ^ "Steven Hassan Biography". Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era, Stephen A. Kent, Syracuse University Press, 2001, page 168
- ^ Dole meeting with Moon aide called cordial, Lawrence Journal-World, February 24, 1976
- ^ New Hope for Dialogue with National Council of Churches of Christ, Chris Antal, February 2000
- ^ Frederick E. Sontag dies at 84; Pomona College philosophy professor, Los Angeles Times, June 20, 2009
- St. Petersburg Times, February 4, 1978
- ISBN 0-687-40622-6"
- ^ Moon: an objective look at his theology, Boca Raton News, November 25, 1977
- ^ Introvigne, 2000. page 17
- Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 1982
- ^ Equal rights for Moonies, Time, May 3, 1982
- ^ Why Are Pastors Flying to Moon? Christianity Today August 1, 2001.
- ^ Introvigne, 2000, pages 23–25
- ^ Church urges Christian unity: Valley seminary open since 1975 Poughkeepsie Journal, December 11, 2003"Michael Tori, a professor in Marist College's religious studies program, said the Unification Church has gained more acceptance in mainstream society for several reasons. One reason was Rev. Moon's indictment in the early 1980s for tax evasion. The indictment showed Moon was financially accountable to the government and to the public, Tori said. Another reason the church has gained greater acceptance is that it has taken on several universally accepted causes such as the importance of family values in society and the formation of the Interreligious and International Peace Council. The church has also given financial support to institutions such as the University of Bridgeport in Connecticut and made acquisitions such as the purchase of the Washington Times."
- ^ Introvigne, 2000, pages 47–48
- ^ The men and women entered a large room, where Moon began matching couples by pointing at them."NY Daily News "In the Unification tradition, romantic liaisons are forbidden until the members are deemed by Mr. Moon to be spiritually ready to be matched at a huge gathering where he points future spouses out to one another. His followers believe that his decisions are based on his ability to discern their suitability and see their future descendants. Many are matched with people of other races and nationalities, in keeping with Mr. Moon's ideal of unifying all races and nations in the Unification Church. Though some couples are matched immediately before the mass wedding ceremonies, which are held every two or three years, most have long engagements during which they are typically posted in different cities or even continents, and get to know one another through letters."NY Times "Many were personally matched by Moon, who taught that romantic love led to sexual promiscuity, mismatched couples and dysfunctional societies. Moon's preference for cross-cultural marriages also meant that couples often shared no common language."Manchester Guardian "Moon's death Sep 2 and funeral Saturday signaled the end of the random pairings that helped make Moon's Unification Church famous — and infamous — a generation ago." Washington Post "Many of the couples who married at mass weddings were hand-picked by Moon from photos. It led to some strange pairs such as a 71-year-old African Catholic archbishop who wed a 43-year-old Korean acupuncturist. In 1988 Moon entered the Guinness Book of Records when he married 6,516 identically dressed couples at Seoul's Olympic Stadium. Moonie newly-weds were forbidden to sleep together for 40 days to prove their marriage was on a higher plane. They then had to consummate their marriage in a three-day ritual with the sexual positions stipulated by their leader."Daily Mirror
- ^ "Thousands marry in first Moonie wedding since founder's death". Independent. February 17, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
- ^ Henneberger, Melinda (December 22, 1992). "A Look at Life After Mass Marriage; For 2,075 Couples (Give or Take 200), 10 Years Together, Thanks to Sun Myung Moon". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
- ^ Patrick Hickey
Tahoe Boy: A journey back home
John, Maryland, Seven Locks Press (May 15, 2009)
ISBN 0-9822293-6-4ISBN 978-0-9822293-6-1pages 163-168
- ^ Riverfront developer's origins are tied to Moon[permanent dead link] Richmond Times-Dispatch January 11, 2008
- ^ Sushi and Rev. Moon Chicago Tribune April 11, 2006
- ^ Here at the New Yorker New York Times, November 18, 2007
- Washington Post1997-11-23,
- Christian Science MonitorApril 19, 2001
- ^ Despite controversy, Moon and his church moving into mainstream Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Tribune, April 11, 2006. "Derided as a cult in the 1970s and '80s that aggressively recruited young people to sell flowers in airports, the church changed its emphasis a decade ago to forming alliances with other faiths around issues such as abstinence and resistance to gay marriage."
- ISBN 0-631-13246-5.
- George Chryssides, Diskus, 1997.
- ^ The Market for Martyrs, Laurence Iannaccone, George Mason University, 2006
- ^ Review, J. Isamu Yamamoto and Paul Carden, Christian Research Institute Journal, Fall 1992, page 32
- ^ Shooting for the Moon, Dean M. Kelley, First Things, October 1991
- ISBN 1-56085-145-7
- ^ Introvigne, 2000, page 19
- ^ Washington Post, November 24, 1997
- ^ The Coming Deliverer: Millennial Themes in World Religions,
Editors: Fiona Bowie, Christopher Deacy
Publisher: University of Wales Press, 1997
Original from the University of Virginia
Digitized June 24, 2008
ISBN 0708313388, 9780708313381
- ^ Introvigne, 2000, pages 47–52
- Christian Century, November 1, 2000
- ISBN 978-0-89875-607-4, pages 1–41 to 1-47. Google books listing
- National Public Radio, June 23, 2010
- ^ Dunkel, Tom (May 21, 2018). "Locked and Loaded for the Lord". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
- ^ "Leaders call for moral and innovative leadership at Global Peace Convention". SUNSTAR. March 2, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ SCHISM in the Unification Church By Dan Fefferman http://www.cesnur.org/2016/daejin_fefferman.pdf
- ^ New luxury Vegas meeting venue isn't on the Strip, Las Vegas Review-Journal, August 5, 2015
- ^ *Unificationists in the Voting Booth
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 23, 2023.