User:Fad Ariff/sandbox
Criticism of the Government of the Islamic Republic encompasses a wide range of subjects concerning the actions and policies of the
Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
The
Islamic Republic's stance on Universality of Human Rights
According to Reza Afshari, the Islamic Republic’s stance about the universality of human rights is founded in its assertion that religion is "the supreme cultural principle". Thus, government ideologues question the universality of human rights, with Ayatollah Ali Khamenei urging functionaries to reject "the Western notion of human rights." According to Afshari, officials place emphasis on "human" rather than on rights, with the aim of obtaining a "true" human being ("mindful of God's presence and fearful of divine injunctions") before their rights can be considered. The aim is to create "the perfect human", something that stands in "sharp contrast with the goal of Western liberalism, which created normal humans."[4]
1980s
After the
In the spring of 1981,
On
In 1983, Mehdi Dibaj, an Iranian Christian pastor convert from Shia Islam, was imprisoned without trial, tortured, and later sentenced to death on charges of apostasy.
In 1988, Islamic Republic officials ordered the execution of thousands of political prisoners, many of which were serving jail time for peaceful activities. Farajollah Mizani was among those executed. During the Trial of Hamid Nouri in 2020, Nouri was sentenced to life in prison for his involvement in the killings.
Mothers of Khavaran is a group of mothers and families of people executed in Iran during the 1980s.[10]
Other human rights activists imprisoned or persecuted for peaceful activities during this period include Shadi Amin, Reza Alijani, and Marina Nemat.
Simin Saberi was an Iranian sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Court for her beliefs and faith as a Baháʼí. At the age of 24, she was hanged by the Islamic Republic of Iran along with 9 other Baháʼí women in the Chogan Square of Shiraz.
Mehdi Hajati is an Iranian Political activist who was arrested for speaking out against the arrests of two citizens of the Baháʼí Faith.
1990s
Other human rights activists imprisoned or persecuted for peaceful activities during this period include Shahrokh Zamani, Nasser Fahimi, Ahmad Batebi, Ali-Asghar Gharavi
2000s
Members of
Other human rights activists imprisoned or persecuted for peaceful activities during this period include
2003 Iranian student protests2005 Ahvaz unrest2009 Iranian presidential election protests
Several thousand civilians and activists were arrested after the
Dr.
Iranian authorities made different claims that Pourandarjani had been injured in a car accident, committed suicide, or died of a heart attack in his sleep at the health center at the police headquarters in Tehran where he worked,[42] and prohibited Pourandarjani's family from performing an autopsy.[43] Iran's judiciary is reluctant to investigate Pourandarjani's death.[44]
2010s
Human Rights activist Mansoureh Behkish was imprisoned for "assembling and conspiring with the intent to harm national security" and "propaganda against the system".[46][47][48] Amirsalar Davoudi, an Iranian human rights lawyer, was sentenced to 30 years in prison and 111 lashes for his human rights work.
Other human rights activists imprisoned or persecuted for peaceful activities during this period include Nasrin Sotoudeh, Vahid Asghari, Majid Assadi, Abdolfattah Soltani, Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee, Atena Daemi, Farhad Meysami, Ghoncheh Ghavami, Maryam Shafipour, Raheleh Rahemipour, Alireza Farshi, Omid Kokabee, Narges Mohammadi, Reza Shahabi, Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee, among others.
Alireza Shir Mohammad Ali was arrested after anti-government protests in 2018. He was subsequently sentenced to eight years in prison on charges of "blasphemy, insulting the former and current leader, and propaganda against the regime".[53][54]
Sepideh Qolian is an Iranian Political activist who was arrested in 2018 while reporting on a labor protest.[55][56] Upon release, Qolian confirmed that she had been subjected to torture by the security forces.[57]
Mehdi Karroubi a leader of the Iranian Green Movement, was put under house arrest in February 2011 – reportedly ordered by the Supreme Leader of Iran – without officially being charged, although he is accused of being a "seditionist" and "traitor".[58][59]
On 20 December 2018, Human Rights Watch urged the regime in Iran to investigate and find an explanation for the death of Vahid Sayadi Nasiri, who had been jailed for insulting the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. According to his family, Nasiri had been on hunger strike, but he was denied medical attention before he died.[60]
2020s
Detainees of the Mahsa Amini protests
Shervin Hajipour Arash Sadeghi
2019–2020 Iranian protestsMahshahr massacre2017–2021 Iranian protests2021–2022 Iranian protests
2021 Iran workers' strike2022 Iranian food protestsAshura protests
Controversies surrounding Capital punishment
Iran is believed to execute the most people per capita.[62]
In July 2005, the
In 2010,
In 2014, Reyhaneh Jabbari was hanged for killing a man she alleged was trying to sexually abuse her, despite an international campaign that sought to avoid her execution.[75][76] Marjan Davari is an Iranian researcher sentenced to death for blasphemy and an additional 16 months' imprisonment for insulting the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[77]
Mohsen Amiraslani Zanjani was an Iranian psychoanalyst, who was executed for blasphemy and insulting to prophet Jonah.[78][79]
Sarou Ghahremani was an Iranian Kurdish citizen who disappeared after taking part in a protest rally against the Iranian government in Sanandaj. According to his family, on Friday, January 12, 2018, his death was reported to them after 11 days of his arrest by the Sanandaj Information Office. On January 13, his body was buried only in the presence of his parents.[89][90]
On 12 September 2020,
On 12 December 2020, the journalist Ruhollah Zam was executed for "spreading corruption on Earth."[95][96]
StopExecutionsinIran is a hashtag originated on July 14, 2020, in response to the news of the order of executions for three young men by the names of Amir Hossein Moradi, Mohammad Rajabi, and Saeed Tamjidi; who were among the protesters in the 2019–2020 Iranian protests.[97][50]
On 5 September 2022, Iran's official IRNA news agency reported that two female LGBT rights activists Zahra Seddiqi Hamedani and Elham Choubdar had been sentenced to death on charges of "corruption on earth" and human tracking. The European Union condemned the death sentences.[98]
Executions of minors
The execution of minors in Iran has been a major issue for human rights groups and the Western media.[99]
Iran detains the worldly record for the country executing the biggest number of juvenile offenders.[100] The percentage of executions of minors substantially increased and later dropped in 2015. However, at the beginning of 2016, 160 offenders were on death row in Iran for crimes that they had committed before they had turned 18.[101]
In 2006, a teenage girl of the age of 16,
Death row prisoners sentenced while underage include at least one at 13-year-old (executed at 21)[104] and a 14-year-old (executed at 18).[105]
Despite signing the convention on the Rights of the Child, Iran, according to human rights groups, is the world's largest executioner of juvenile offenders.[106][107][108] This has been ascribed to the difference in definition of a "minor" between non-Muslim and (some) Muslim countries. Article 49 of the Islamic Penal Code in Iran defines a child as "someone who has not reached the age of puberty (bulugh) as stipulated by Islamic law and as specified in the 1991 Civil Code as 15 lunar years for boys and nine lunar years for girls.[99][109][110] Since 1995, Iran's Supreme Court has commuted non-murder death sentences to 2–8 years in prison.
In February 2012, Iran adopted a new penal code, which officially banned the death penalty for minors under the age of 18[111] in favor of "social penalties" and "educational programs". Minors who commit murder when aged 15–18 can still receive the death penalty in rare cases if the judge is confident that the perpetrator had reached full adult mental development at the time of the crime and that it was committed intentionally with a well thought-out plan. For minors by default and for young adults (older than 18) with low mental development, execution is not used and the perpetrator is prosecuted in a juvenile court. Iran uses the lunar Islamic calendar to determine the age of criminal responsibility, which is shorter than the standard solar calendar, so as a result some people sentenced to death at the age of 18 would be 17 years old in solar calendar years. [112]
Iran has garnered Western media attention and criticism for carrying out executions of minors, despite having signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which forbids executing child offenders for crimes committed under the age of 18.[113][114][115][116] Iran justifies its actions by claiming dispensation in cases where the convention is deemed "incompatible with Islamic jurisprudence".[117] Iran has also been criticized for using stoning as capital punishment,[118] though in 2005, an Iranian judiciary spokesman strongly denied the accusations of stoning and executing minors, describing them as "propaganda against the Iranian state".[119]
At Berlin International Film Festival, on 29 February 2020 Iranian film about executions (There Is No Evil) won top prize.[120]
Women’s rights
Mahsa Amini|Mahnaz Mohammadi Homa Darabi
Yasaman Aryani was charged with "disrupting public order" for not wearing a head scarf.
Soheila Hejab has been imprisoned for her political and women's rights activism.[121]
Feminism and women's rights in Iran
Islamic feminists view the discrimination against women as an erroneous interpretation of Islamic texts rather than Islam's spiritual message itself. Islamic feminists content that the concept of intihad (reinterpretation of Islamic texts and applying human reason to the Shari'a legal code) would help ascertain if certain rulings are applicable to current societies. Iranian Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Shirin Ebadi argues that ijtihad gives authoritarian powers a means to repress in the name of Islam. Ebadi says that "Invoking Islam in a theocracy refracts the religion through a kaleidoscope, with interpretations perpetually shifting and mingling and the vantage of the most powerful prevailing."
According to secular feminists, the problem that women face in Iran derives from merging religion and politics.[122]
Persecution against Women’s rights activists
Transgender and LGBT
The Islamic Republic still considers transgender identity to be a mental disorder and has no laws protecting trans people against stigmatization or hate crimes. Transgender individuals also face extreme social pressures to hide the fact that they are transgender, often being forced to move to a new city, cut ties with any previous relationships, and conform to the strict sex segregation in Iran.[123] Harassment against transgender individuals is common within Iran, and trans people face increased risk of physical and sexual assault, exclusion from education and jobs, poverty, and homelessness.[124][125] The Iranian government also monitors online transgender communities, often subjecting them to censorship, and police routinely arrest trans people.[126]
The United Nations Human Rights Council has reported that "lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender children are subjected to electric shocks and the administration of hormones and strong psychoactive medications".[127][128]
A high number of transgender individuals from Iran have fled the country and attempted to seek asylum elsewhere.[129][130][131] Some refugees have reported facing discrimination and being shunned by Iranian expat communities in the countries that they end up gaining asylum in.[132][133] Refugees can also face issues regarding legal gender recognition and healthcare in their countries of asylum.[134]
In June 2019, in a press conference held in
In 2020, protests were held in Iceland over the potential deportation of a trans teenager from Iran who was seeking asylum. The teen had originally intended to seek asylum in Portugal, but had been forced to leave the country and flee to Iceland after the Iranian Revolutionary Guard attempted to arrest him and forcibly return him to Iran.[138]
Political prisoners
The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI), an Iranian pro-democracy political organization, has had numerous of its members arrested, including Hashem Sabbaghian and Ebrahim Yazdi. Other imprisoned or persecuted democracy activists include Heshmat Tabarzadi, Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, Haleh Sahabi, Arzhang Davoodi, Hossein Rafiee, Mohsen Sazegara, Sohrab Aarabi, Kourosh Zaim, and Shahram Homayoun. Other imprisoned political activists include Emad Bahavar, Mahmudali Chehregani, Piruz Dilanchi, Kamran Samimi, Esmail Bakhshi, Saeed Shirzad, Ali Shariati (political activist), Mohsen Safaei Farahani
Mohsen Aminzadeh is an Iranian reformist politician, former diplomat, and a founding member of the largest reformist party, the Islamic Iran Participation Front. Like many other senior reformist politicians, Aminzadeh was arrested in June 2009 for protesting the disputed re-election of president Ahmadinejad and convicted in 2010 of conspiring to "disturb security" and "spreading propaganda" against the Islamic Republic. Ali Nejati is an Iranian labor activist who was charged with "disrupting public order", "collusion and assembly against national security" and "cooperation in establishing a group intended to disrupt peace and security". Similar imprisonments involve Mansour Osanlou, and Hootan Dolati.
Opposition political parties to the Islamic Republic such as
The Tree That Remembers is an animated documentary that explores the lives of former political prisoners who faced imprisonment and torture under the Islamic regime.
Sexual violence of political prisoners
Sexual violence against
Reports issued to the United Nations allege that rape has been used by interrogators in Iran for decades.
In the
Following the
Religious persecution
The
However, despite official recognition of such minorities by the IRI government, the actions of the government create a "threatening atmosphere for some religious minorities".
The Islamic Republic has often stated that arrested Baha'is are being detained for "security issues" and are members of "an organized establishment linked to foreigners, the Zionists in particular,"[158] but according to Bani Dugal, the principal representative of the Baha'i International Community to the United Nations, "the best proof" that Baháʼís are being persecuted for their faith, not for anti-Iranian activity "is the fact that, time and again, Baha'is have been offered their freedom if they recant their Baha'i beliefs and convert to Islam ..."[158]
Dhabihu'llah Mahrami was an Iranian Baháʼí who was charged with apostasy from Islam and jailed in Iran.[159] After 10 years in prison he was found dead in his cell.[160]
Then They Came for Me is a memoir by Iranian Canadian journalist Maziar Bahari chronicling Bahari's family history, and his arrest and 118-day imprisonment following the controversial 2009 Iran presidential election.
Saeed Abedini is an Iranian American Christian pastor who was imprisoned in Iran in 2012 based on allegations that he compromised national security. During his imprisonment, Abedini became internationally known as a victim of religious persecution. Following international pressure, Abedini was released from prison on 16 January 2016 along with other American prisoners.
Other notable cases of Iranians charged with
Iranian Taboo (Persian: تابوی ایرانی) is a 2011 documentary film by Iranian filmmaker Reza Allamehzadeh about the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran. To Light a Candle (film) also highlights the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran.
Censorship in Iran
Persecution against journalists and bloggers
Notable cases: Masih Alinejad Mohsen Sazegara Yousef Azizi (Bani-Torof) Maziar Bahari
Iranian journalist Mohammad Davari was imprisoned for reporting abuses at Kahrizak detention center. Other Iranian journalists and that have been imprisoned or persecuted include Kouhyar Goudarzi, Isa Saharkhiz, Akbar Ganji, Marcus Hellwig, Soheil Arabi, Kasra Nouri, Hossein Derakhshan
Persecution against academics and students
Another major event involved the Chain murders of Iran, which were murders and disappearances of Iranian dissident intellectuals that had criticized the Islamic Republic.
Parvaneh Forouhar, Hashem Aghajari, Pirouz Davani
Ahmad Reza Djalali, Mohammad Ali Taheri
Death of Farshid Hakki, Mehdi Khazali, Mitra Haji Najafi
The
In the midst of 2017–2018 Iranian protests, 15 Iranian intellectuals published an open letter called for a referendum. The open letter is known as the Statement of 14 Political Activists (Persian: بیانیه چهارده فعال سیاسی), and called for the resignation of Ali Khamenei as Supreme Leader of Iran. Weeks after the letter was released, 14 female activists inside Iran issued a similar statement on August 5, 2019. As of September 2019, 16 of 28 signatories, who reside in Iran, have been arrested.[170]
Persecution against artists
Atena Farghadani, Keywan Karimi
Hostage diplomacy
Arrests of dual-nationals
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe Notable cases: Jason Rezaian Zahra Kazemi (Forbidden Iran) [171] [172]
Since 2007, a number of U.S.-Iranian dual nationals or Americans of Iranian ancestry have faced arrest, imprisonment or criminal charges when visiting Iran, such as Omid Kokabee (other examples being Radio Farda correspondent Parnaz Azima, Roxana Saberi, Ali Shakeri, Esha Momeni, Haleh Esfandiari, and Kian Tajbakhsh.
Propaganda campaign
Cyberwarfare
Holocaust denialism
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
See also
- List of cases of police brutality in Iran
- Controversies surrounding the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
- History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Islamic fundamentalism in Iran
- Blasphemy law in Iran
- Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Foreign relations of Iran
- Politics of Iran
- Iranian Reformists
- Guidance Patrol
- Corruption in Iran
- Fatemi Circle
- Abbas Palizdar
- Hussein-Ali Montazeri
- Ahmad Ghabel
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Iranian courts have sentenced three individuals, including a woman, to death for the expression of their opinion. ... Three prisoners by the names of Sina Dehghan, Mohammad Nouri and Marjan Davari have reportedly been sentenced to death by Iranian courts based solely on opinions or beliefs they expressed.
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