User:Mohammad adil/sandbox6
Usman bin Affan | |
Born | Ta’if, Saudi Arabia
|
Died | July 656, Medina, Saudi Arabia |
Reign | 17 July 656
|
Title(s) | Thu Al-Nurayn, Amir al-Mu'minin |
Buried | Jannat al-Baqi
|
Predecessor | Umar |
Successor | Ali |
edit |
- For other uses of the name, see Uthman (name).
‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān (عثمان بن عفان) (c.
Biography
Early life
Uthman was born in
Conversion to Islam
Uthman was an early convert to Islam, and is said to have spent a great deal of his wealth on charity. On return from a business trip from Syria in 611 A.D, Uthman came to know that
Migration to Abyssinia
Uthman and his wife Ruqayya migrated to
Migration to Medina
In 622 A.D Uthman and his wife Ruqayya migrated to
Life in Madinah
In 624 A.D, some Muslims from Medina departed to assist in the capture of a Quraish caravan. At this time, Uthman's wife Ruqayya suffered from malaria and then caught small pox. Uthman stayed at
Treaty of Hudaibiyah
In March of
Prophet Mohammad's last years
In 629 A.D, Uthman participated in the
Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634)
Uthman had a very close relationship with
Caliph Umar's Era (634–644)
Uthman was the first person to offer his allegiance to
to accept the surrender of the city. In the time of Umar, a severe famine broke out in the country, large caravan belonging to Uthman carrying large supplies of food grains served the poor well.Election of Uthman
Umar on his death bed accordingly constituted a committee of six people to choose the next
This committee was comprised of:
- Ali ibn Abu Talib
- Uthman ibn Affan
- Abdur Rahman bin Awf
- Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas
- Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
- Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah
Reign as a Caliph (644–656)
On assuming office, Uthman issued a number of directives to the officials all over the dominions ordering them to hold fast the laws made by his predecessor
Reforms of Uthman's era
Economic reforms
Uthman was a shrewd business man and a successful trader from his youth, his shrewdness in economical matters contributed a lot to
The first Islamic
Public work
Under Uthman the people became economically more prosperous, and they invested their money in the construction of
Administration
In his testament, Caliph Umar had instructed his successor not to make any change in the administrative set up for one year after his death. For obe year Uthman maintained the pattern of political administration as it stood under Umar, latter he made some amendments. Under Umar Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Egypt. Uthman made Egypt one province. Uthman created a new province for North Africa. Under Umar Syria was divided into two provinces. Uthman made Syria one province. During Uthman’s reign the empire was divided into twelve provinces. These were:
- Madinah
- Makkah
- Yemen
- Kufa
- Basra
- Jazira
- Fars
- Azerbaijan
- Khurasan
- Syria
- Egypt
- North Africa
The
Qur'an
Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which compiled the text of the
, had begun to develop their own traditions for reciting and writing down the Qur'an.
Uthman feared that the nascent Islamic empire would fall apart in religious controversy if everyone did not have access to the original text of Qur'an. Towards the end of his reign, the committee finished compiling the text, and Uthman had it copied and sent copies to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns, commanding that variant versions of the Qur'an be destroyed, and only the original version used.
Zayd ibn Thabit was put in charge of the operation [13]
(Note that
Military expansion
Byzantine attempt to re-capture Egypt
With the death of
North Africa
After the withdrawal of the
First Muslim conquest of Spain
According to the general books of
“ | Constantinople will be conquered from the side of Spain. Thus if you conquer Spain you will have the honor of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next. | ” |
No details of the campaigns in
Nubia (sudan)
A campaign was undertaken against
Ten years latter Uthman’s governor
to Nubia according to demand.Conquest of Islands of Cyprus, Rhodes and Sicily
During
Byzantine attempt to re-conquered Syria
After the death of
Re-Conquest of Armenia and Georgia
Re-conquest of Tartus (Asia Minor) region
The
Re-conquest of Fars (Iran)
The province of
Re-conquest of Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan)
The
This time after obtaining the approval of Uthman,
Re-conquest of Tabaristan (Iran)
Re-conquest of Azerbaijan and Dagestan
. During the Caliphate of Uthman, Utba bin Farqad remained the governor ofRe-conquest of Khurassan(Iran,Afghanistan,Turkmenistan)
Campaign in Transoxiana
After consolidating the Muslim authority in
Re-conquest of Makran (Pakistan)
Conquest of Baluchistan (Pakistan)
What is now
Campaign in Sindh (Pakistan)
The
“ | 'O Commander of the faithful!
It's a land where the plains are stony; Where water is scanty; Where the fruits are unsavory Where men are known for treachery; Where plenty is unknown; Where virtue is held of little account; And where evil is dominant; A large army is lesser there; And a lesser army is useless there; The land beyond it is even worse (Sindh). |
” |
Umar looked at the messenger and said: "Are you a messenger or a poet? He replied “Messenger”. Thereupon
“ | If the Commander of faithful wouldn’t have stopped us from going beyond, so we would have bought our forces to the temple of prostitutes[22] | ” |
Referring to the
After the death of
Agitation Against Uthman
Unlike his predecessor
Sunni Muslims consider these claims over the governors of Uthman who remarkably achived many success during there reign as governor, to be incorrect and nothing more then false claim and a tactic used by seditionists to overthrow the realm of Caliph Uthman by making him lose the control over the main provinces of
Uthman's emissaries to the provinces
The situation was becoming tense and it was required to investigate the very roots of the anti-government propaganda and its aims. Some time in around
Uthman's further measures
In
“ | I have had may say. Now I am prepared to listen to you. If any one of you has any legitimate grievance against me or my Government you are free to give expression to such grievance, and I assure you that, I will do my best to redress such grievance. | ” |
The seditionist realized that the people are in the view of the defense offered by Uthman were not in the mood to listen to them..
Agitation in Madinah
After the
Armed revolt against Uthman
As the politics of
Rioters in Madinah
From
Siege of Uthman
The situation in
“ | No, I do not want to spill the blood of Muslims , to save my own neck.
|
” |
Death
Finding the gate of palace of
She was pushed aside, and further blows were struck on Uthman till he was dead. The slaves of Uthman fell on the persons whose blows had killed Uthman and killed him. There was some fighting between the rebels and the
The funeral
After the dead body of Uthman had been in the house for three days, Naila, Uthman's wife, approached some of Uthman's supporters to help in his burial, but only about a dozen people responded to her call. These included
The burial
The dead body was carried to
It appears that some people gathered there, and they resisted the burial of Uthman in the graveyard of the Muslims. The supporters of Uthman insisted that the dead body would be buried in the graveyard of the Muslims[45]. Those who were opposed to such burial grew in strength, and fearing lest such opposition might take a more ominous turn, the dead body of Uthman was taken to the neighboring graveyard of the Jews Hush Kaukab, and buried there in a hurry. The funeral prayers were led by Jabir bin Muta'am, and the dead body was lowered in the grave without much of ceremony. After burial, Naila the widow of Uthman and Ayesha the daughter of Uthman wanted to speak, but they were advised to remain quiet as danger was apprehended from the rioters[46].
Family of Uthman
Uthman belonged to the Umayyad branch of the Quraish tribe, and was the
- Walid bin Uqba
- Khalid bin Uqba
- Amr bin Uqba
- Umm Kulthum bint Uqba
Before the Islam, Uthman had two wives namely,
- Umm'Amr bint Jandab
- Fatimah bint Al Walid
He had following childerns from them,
From Umm'Amr bint Jandab
- Amr
- Khalid
- Aban
- Umar
- Maryam
From Fatimah bint al-Walid
- Walid
- Said
- Umm Said.
Amr, was the eldest son of Uthman, and during the pre-Islamic period, Uthman was known by the surname of Abu'Amr.
After his conversion to He was married to
- Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
- Prophet Muhammad. Umm Kulthum bore no child.
After the death of
From Fakhta bint Ghazwan
- Abdullah bin Uthman al-asghar, he died in early age.
From Umm Al-Nabeen bint Einiyah
- Abdulmalik bin Uthman, he too died in early age.
From Ramla biny Sheibah
- Ayesha bint Uthman
- Umm Aban bint Uthman
- Umm Amr bint Uthman
From Nailah bint Fraizah
- Maryum
Legacy
Uthman was the last caliph who could enjoy unity in the Muslim world. Uthman was well known for his generosity. He financed the project for the construction of the
Sunni view of Uthman
According to the Sunni account of Uthman, he was married to two of Muhammads daughters at separate times, earning him the name Zun-Nurayn or the "Possessor of Two Lights.". In this he was supposed to outrank
Sunni Muslims also consider Uthman as one of
Shia view of Uthman
According to the Shia view, Uthman is looked at negatively. The Shia do not believe that he was one of the Sahaba's destined to Paradise. Shia's dispute that Uthman's "Possessor of Two Lights" title was to annoy Ali ibn Abu Talib. They also believe that he did not outrank Ali because Ali was married to Muhammad's daughter
Uthman was chosen by a council of six men appointed by the previous Caliph,Umar, whose members (except for Zubair and Ali) were related to Uthman, to succeed Umar as the next Caliph, much to Ali's chargin and protest (quotation needed). He was part of the Bani Ummayah family of which Abu Sufiyan,a villified figure amongst Muslims, was head of. His appointment of family relatives, such as Muawiya and Marwan, to high posts around the Muslim empire and their abuse of wealth and power irked the Ummah. Ali was from
To Shia Muslims Uthman's succession marked the beginning of the Ummayad dynasty, if not the first Ummayad ruler, which they believed to be unjust. Also they believe his succession was the continuation of a leadership usurption that had started from Abu Bakr to Umar to finally Uthman.
Non-Muslims
Bernard Lewis
says of Uthman:“ | Uthman, like early companions of the Prophet with sufficient prestige to rank as a candidate. His election was at once their victory and their opportunity. That opportunity was not neglected. Uthman soon fell under the influence of the dominant Meccan families and one after another of the high posts of the Empire went to members of those families.
The weakness and nepotism of Uthman brought to a head the resentment which had for some time been stirring obscurely among the Arab warriors. The Muslim tradition attribute the breakdown which occurred during his reign to the personal defects of Uthman. But the causes lie far deeper and the guilt of Uthman lay in his failure to recognize, control or remedy them.[49] |
” |
David Samuel Margoliouth
“ | He was no fighting man, as his subsequent history proved, for he shirked one battlefield, ran away from another, and was killed, priest-like, ostentatiously reading the Koran. | ” |
E. A. Belyaev the
“ | Uthman's acquisitiveness and business talents gained full scope when he became caliph. He built himself a stone house in Medina with doors of precious wood and acquired much real estate in that city, including gardens and water sources. He had a large income from his fruit plantations in Wadi-ul-Qura, Hunain and other places, valued at 100,000 Abd-ar-Rahman ibn Auf , also an outstanding "companion," also built himself a rich and spacious dwelling; his stables contained 100 horses and his pastures 1000 camels and 10,000 sheep, and one quarter of the inheritance he left after his death was valued at 84,000 dinars.Such acquisitiveness was widespread among the companions of the Prophet and Uthman's entourage. |
” |
References
- ^ Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996
- , Abdul Basit. (Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000).
- ^ Hazrat Usman – by Rafi Ahmad Fidai, Publisher: Islamic Book Service Pages: 32
- ^ http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm
- ^ Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996
- ^ The Early Islamic Conquests, Fred McGraw Donner, Princeton 1981
- ^ The Early Islamic Conquests, Fred McGraw Donner, Princeton 1981
- Al-Fitna Al-Kubra(The Great Upheaval), published by Dar-ul-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1959, p. 47:)
- ^ The Early Islamic Conquests, Fred McGraw Donner, Princeton 1981
- ^ Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996
- ^ http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/coinsm1.htm
- ^ The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970
- Al-Islam.org [2]
- ^ Tabri vol:4 pg:183
- ^ Tarikh al Tabri vol:3 pg: 360
- ^ Ibn Asir vol: 3 page no: 38
- ^ Ibn Aseer vol: 3 page no: 17
- ^ Fatu al Buldan page no:384
- ^ Tabqat ibn Saad vol: 8 pg: 471
- ^ Fatuh al buldan pg:386
- ^ Tabri vol: 4 page no: 180-181
- ^ Tabri vol:4 pg:183
- ^ Tarikh al Khulfa vol: 1 pg:197
- ^ Sirat-i-Hazrat Usman-i-Ghani, by Mohammad Alias Aadil. Publishers: Mushtaq Ahmed Lahore.
- ^ Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam, Francesco Gabrieli, London 1968
- ISBN 0816190674
- ^ The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970
- ^ Sirat-i-Hazrat Usman-i-Ghani, by Mohammad Alias Aadil. Publishers: Mushtaq Ahmed Lahore.
- ).
- ^ The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970
- ^ Sirat-i-Hazrat Usman-i-Ghani, by Mohammad Alias Aadil. Publishers: Mushtaq Ahmed Lahore.
- ^ Abu Nu`aym, Hilya al-Awliya’ 1:92-100 #3; al-Dhahabi, Siyar A`lam al-Nubala’ 1/2: 566-614 #4.
- ^ http://sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/caliph3.htm
- ^ Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam, Francesco Gabrieli, London 1968
- ^ http://www.geocities.com/islamimiracles3/Hazrat_Usman_bin_Affaan.htms
- ^ The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions By Richard R. Losch
- ^ The Martydom of Uthman ibn Affan, by Shaykh Zahir. ISBN : 58
- ^ http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/islam/bldef_uthmanibnaffan.htm
- ^ http://www.islamicgoodsdirect.co.uk/product_info.php/products_id/1427
- ^ http://writerinislam.blogspot.com/2005/11/uthman-ibn-affan-man-with-two-lights.html
- ^ Makers of Arab History By Philip Khuri Hitti. Publishers St. Martin's Press 1968.Original from the University of Michigan.Digitized 21 Nov 2006
- ^ Textual Sources for the Study of Islam By Knappert, Jan, Andrew Rippin
- ^ The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged By Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer
- , Abdul Basit. (Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 2000).
- ^ Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman. Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar). Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam Publications, 1996
- The Arabs in History, p 59, Oxford University Press, 2002
Also:
- Levi Della Vida, G. and R.G. Khoury. "‘Uthmān b. ‘Affān." Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Eds. P.J. Bearman et al. 12 Vols. Brill, 2004. 30 October 2005 <http://www.encislam.brill.nl/>.
- http://www.anwary-islam.com/companion/usman_bin_affan.htm
External links
Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman:
Shi'a view of Uthman:
See also
Category:Arab people Category:Rashidun Category:Sahaba Category:580 births Category:656 deaths
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