Zebu

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For other uses, see Zebu (disambiguation).

Zebu
A male zebu
Scientific classification Edit this classification
(Disputed,[1] see § Taxonomy and name)
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
B. taurus
Subspecies:
B. t. indicus
Trinomial name
Bos taurus indicus
Synonyms[2][3]

The zebu (

domestic cattle originating in South Asia.[4] Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout the tropics
.

Zebu are used as

riding animals, dairy cattle and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure. Some small breeds such as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets.[5]

In some regions, zebu have significant

religious meaning
.

Taxonomy

Both

scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with the latter used to describe humped cattle in China.[3]

The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999,[6] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004[7] and by Peter Grubb in 2005.[8] In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as a distinct species again.[9][failed verification]

The

Biological Species Concept
for domestic animals.

Origin

A Pillar of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu
Indo-Scythian king Azes II
, late first century BC

Zebu cattle were found to derive from the

YBP at Mehrgarh, present-day Pakistan, by people linked to or coming from Mesopotamia.[10][11][12][13]

Its wild ancestor, the Indian aurochs,

Indus Valley civilisation likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu.[4][14] Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three aurochs subspecies to die out.[15][16]

Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from the

Subsahara is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000.[17]

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.[18]

Characteristics

Female zebu in Sri Lanka

Zebu, but also many Sanga cattle have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears.[19]

Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot tropical savanna climate and steppe environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure.[20]

Behaviour and ecology

Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years.[21]

Reproduction

Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period.[20]

Health and diseases

The zebu is susceptible to

nagana as it does not exhibit trypanotolerance.[22][23]
It is said to be resilient to parasites.[24]

Breeds and hybrids

Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as Japan, Korea, northern China and Mongolia. In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between.[25][26]

Zebu market in Madagascar

Geneticists at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle.[27] The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or the Near East.[28]

Other scientists[

Red Fulani, Ankole, Boran and many other
breeds.

Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds.

List of widely distributed zebu breeds[citation needed]
  • Kedah-Kelantan
  • Local Indian Dairy (LID)
    • Hariana breed of zebu type cattle in north India

    Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the

    Hariana from Haryana, Punjab[30] or the Rath from Alwar district, Rajasthan.[31]

    Zebu, which are adapted to high temperatures,[32] were imported into Brazil in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses[Is there a ruminant that can't? clarification needed] and their meat was lean and without chemical residues[definition needed].[33]

    In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle, a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries.

    From the 1960s onwards,

    Ongole Cattle
    which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh.

    Uses

    Draft zebu pulling a cart in Mumbai, India
    A villager with a decorated bull during Pongal festival

    Zebu are used as

    riding animals, beef cattle, dairy cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure, and horn for knife handles and the like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu, are kept as pets.[34] In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head.[35]
    Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases.[20]

    In

    tolon'omby.[36][37]

    In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu.[38]

    Hindu tradition

    Further information: Cattle slaughter in India

    Zebu are venerated in Hinduism of India. In the historical Vedic religion they were a symbol of plenty.[39]: 130  In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the Mahabharata, they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'.[40] In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers.[39]: 144 

    Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals.

    gomutra, or the combination of these five panchagavya began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation.[39]
    : 130–131 

    See also

    References

    1. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
      . 73 (1): 35–37.
    2. ^ a b c American Society of Mammalogists (2021). "Bos taurus". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023.
    3. ^ a b Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Bos indicus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 71.
    4. ^
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    5. ^ "Zebu - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
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    19. ^ "Definition: Zebu". Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
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    27. ^ Hanotte, O. et al (2002) REPORT African Pastoralism: Genetic Imprints of Origins and Migrations Science 12 Apr 2002 Vol. 296 Issue 5566 pp 336-339
    28. ^ Stokstad, E (2002) Archaeology: Early cowboys herded cattle in Africa Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 04/2002, Volume 296 Issue 5566
    29. ^ "Pak Dairy Info - Achi Breed".
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    32. ^ "Food Ark - Cattle Breeds - Pictures, More From National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-25. Archived from the original on June 25, 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
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    34. ^ "One of the Oldest Cattle Breeds". American Miniature Zebu Association. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
    35. ^ Phaniraja, K.L. & Panchasara, H.H. (2009). "Indian draught animals power". Veterinary World. 2 (10): 404–407.
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    38. ^ "Cloning gives second chance for bull". BBC News. 1999. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
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    40. ^ "Mahabharata, Book 13-Anusasana Parva, Section LXXVI". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.

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