1960 United States presidential election in Virginia
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County and Independent City Results
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Elections in Virginia |
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The 1960 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1960. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
For six decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[1] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia’s electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.[1]
This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the
In 1928, the GOP did carry the state’s presidential electoral votes due to anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Chesapeake Bay region and increased middle-class Republicanism in the cities,
In the following years, continuing “Massive Resistance” weakened the GOP in Virginia, as they could not develop a consistent or coherent response: Ted Dalton, who had received 45 percent of the vote in 1953 running against the Byrd Organization, won only 36 percent as his policy of “token integration” was drowned out by the state Democrats.[13]
Although Byrd again refused to endorse Democratic nominee, Senator John F. Kennedy, his former ally before the end of “Massive Resistance”, Governor J. Lindsay Almond, strongly endorsed the Massachusetts Senator against the Republican nominee, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon.[14]
Predictions
Source | Ranking | As of |
---|---|---|
The Philadelphia Inquirer[15] | Tilt R | October 3, 1960 |
Knoxville News Sentinel[16] | Likely R | October 23, 1960 |
Daily News[17]
|
Likely R | October 28, 1960 |
The Daily Item[18] | Likely R | November 4, 1960 |
Hattiesburg American[19] | Likely R | November 7, 1960 |
Results
1960 United States presidential election in Virginia[20] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
Republican | Richard Nixon | 404,521 | 52.44% | 12 | |
Democratic | John F. Kennedy | 362,327 | 46.97% | 0 | |
Virginia Conservative | C. Benton Coiner | 4,204 | 0.54% | 0 | |
Socialist Labor | Eric Hass | 397 | 0.05% | 0 | |
Totals | 771,449 | 100.00% | 12 |
Results by county or independent city
County/City[21] | Richard Nixon Republican |
John F. Kennedy Democratic |
C. Benton Coiner Virginia Conservative |
Eric Hass Socialist Labor |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||||
Accomack | 2,676 | 47.95% | 2,884 | 51.68% | 20 | 0.36% | 1 | 0.02% | -208 | -3.73% | 5,581 |
Albemarle | 3,135 | 59.47% | 2,102 | 39.87% | 34 | 0.64% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,033 | 19.60% | 5,272 |
Alexandria | 8,826 | 47.58% | 9,662 | 52.08% | 63 | 0.34% | 57 | 0.31% | 836 | 4.50% | 18,608 |
Alleghany | 1,214 | 48.79% | 1,265 | 50.84% | 8 | 0.32% | 1 | 0.04% | -51 | -2.05% | 2,488 |
Amelia | 784 | 51.44% | 708 | 46.46% | 31 | 2.03% | 1 | 0.07% | 76 | 4.98% | 1,524 |
Amherst | 1,455 | 38.83% | 2,280 | 60.85% | 10 | 0.27% | 2 | 0.05% | -825 | -22.02% | 3,747 |
Appomattox | 951 | 43.07% | 1,240 | 56.16% | 14 | 0.63% | 3 | 0.14% | -289 | -13.09% | 2,208 |
Arlington | 23,632 | 51.40% | 22,095 | 48.06% | 225 | 0.49% | 25 | 0.05% | 1,537 | 3.34% | 45,977 |
Augusta | 4,034 | 67.36% | 1,914 | 31.96% | 40 | 0.67% | 1 | 0.02% | 2,120 | 35.40% | 5,989 |
Bath | 646 | 50.59% | 629 | 49.26% | 1 | 0.08% | 1 | 0.08% | 17 | 1.33% | 1,277 |
Bedford | 2,911 | 47.87% | 3,150 | 51.80% | 17 | 0.28% | 3 | 0.05% | -239 | -3.93% | 6,081 |
Bland | 848 | 50.75% | 822 | 49.19% | 1 | 0.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 26 | 1.56% | 1,671 |
Botetourt | 2,159 | 56.79% | 1,621 | 42.64% | 22 | 0.58% | 0 | 0.00% | 538 | 14.15% | 3,802 |
Bristol | 1,728 | 52.38% | 1,561 | 47.32% | 9 | 0.27% | 1 | 0.03% | 167 | 5.06% | 3,299 |
Brunswick | 926 | 31.58% | 1,942 | 66.23% | 63 | 2.15% | 1 | 0.03% | -1,016 | -34.65% | 2,932 |
Buchanan | 2,370 | 38.86% | 3,706 | 60.76% | 18 | 0.30% | 5 | 0.08% | -1,336 | -21.90% | 6,099 |
Buckingham | 765 | 44.37% | 947 | 54.93% | 11 | 0.64% | 1 | 0.06% | -182 | -10.56% | 1,724 |
Buena Vista | 487 | 53.05% | 427 | 46.51% | 4 | 0.44% | 0 | 0.00% | 60 | 6.54% | 918 |
Campbell | 2,903 | 48.63% | 3,030 | 50.75% | 37 | 0.62% | 0 | 0.00% | -127 | -2.12% | 5,970 |
Caroline | 864 | 36.50% | 1,483 | 62.65% | 19 | 0.80% | 1 | 0.04% | -619 | -26.15% | 2,367 |
Carroll | 3,705 | 66.29% | 1,873 | 33.51% | 9 | 0.16% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,832 | 32.78% | 5,589 |
Charles City | 337 | 34.96% | 623 | 64.63% | 3 | 0.31% | 1 | 0.10% | -286 | -29.67% | 964 |
Charlotte | 867 | 32.90% | 1,735 | 65.84% | 26 | 0.99% | 7 | 0.27% | -868 | -32.94% | 2,635 |
Charlottesville | 3,651 | 55.08% | 2,894 | 43.66% | 72 | 1.09% | 11 | 0.17% | 757 | 11.42% | 6,628 |
Chesterfield | 9,787 | 61.71% | 5,982 | 37.72% | 87 | 0.55% | 3 | 0.02% | 3,805 | 23.99% | 15,859 |
Clarke | 804 | 46.31% | 923 | 53.17% | 9 | 0.52% | 0 | 0.00% | -119 | -6.86% | 1,736 |
Clifton Forge | 885 | 53.22% | 771 | 46.36% | 4 | 0.24% | 3 | 0.18% | 114 | 6.86% | 1,663 |
Colonial Heights | 1,372 | 53.16% | 1,198 | 46.42% | 10 | 0.39% | 1 | 0.04% | 174 | 6.74% | 2,581 |
Covington | 1,436 | 47.85% | 1,558 | 51.92% | 6 | 0.20% | 1 | 0.03% | -122 | -4.07% | 3,001 |
Craig | 433 | 44.78% | 534 | 55.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -101 | -10.44% | 967 |
Culpeper | 1,630 | 54.86% | 1,332 | 44.83% | 8 | 0.27% | 1 | 0.03% | 298 | 10.03% | 2,971 |
Cumberland | 691 | 54.75% | 559 | 44.29% | 12 | 0.95% | 0 | 0.00% | 132 | 10.46% | 1,262 |
Danville | 4,966 | 63.72% | 2,611 | 33.50% | 188 | 2.41% | 29 | 0.37% | 2,355 | 30.22% | 7,794 |
Dickenson | 2,203 | 44.42% | 2,756 | 55.56% | 1 | 0.02% | 0 | 0.00% | -553 | -11.14% | 4,960 |
Dinwiddie | 935 | 34.81% | 1,714 | 63.81% | 36 | 1.34% | 1 | 0.04% | -779 | -29.00% | 2,686 |
Essex | 606 | 54.25% | 509 | 45.57% | 1 | 0.09% | 1 | 0.09% | 97 | 8.68% | 1,117 |
Fairfax | 28,006 | 51.65% | 26,064 | 48.07% | 124 | 0.23% | 25 | 0.05% | 1,942 | 3.58% | 54,219 |
Falls Church | 1,525 | 48.18% | 1,629 | 51.47% | 7 | 0.22% | 4 | 0.13% | -104 | -3.29% | 3,165 |
Fauquier | 2,123 | 51.86% | 1,958 | 47.83% | 13 | 0.32% | 0 | 0.00% | 165 | 4.03% | 4,094 |
Floyd | 1,933 | 70.06% | 817 | 29.61% | 4 | 0.14% | 5 | 0.18% | 1,116 | 40.45% | 2,759 |
Fluvanna | 763 | 54.89% | 614 | 44.17% | 13 | 0.94% | 0 | 0.00% | 149 | 10.72% | 1,390 |
Franklin | 2,080 | 41.47% | 2,924 | 58.29% | 9 | 0.18% | 3 | 0.06% | -844 | -16.82% | 5,016 |
Frederick | 2,061 | 53.74% | 1,757 | 45.81% | 14 | 0.37% | 3 | 0.08% | 304 | 7.93% | 3,835 |
Fredericksburg | 1,566 | 53.72% | 1,326 | 45.49% | 22 | 0.75% | 1 | 0.03% | 240 | 8.23% | 2,915 |
Galax | 867 | 62.96% | 508 | 36.89% | 1 | 0.07% | 1 | 0.07% | 359 | 26.07% | 1,377 |
Giles | 2,030 | 46.91% | 2,214 | 51.17% | 78 | 1.80% | 5 | 0.12% | -184 | -4.26% | 4,327 |
Gloucester | 1,310 | 50.00% | 1,297 | 49.50% | 10 | 0.38% | 3 | 0.11% | 13 | 0.50% | 2,620 |
Goochland | 851 | 48.66% | 862 | 49.29% | 33 | 1.89% | 3 | 0.17% | -11 | -0.63% | 1,749 |
Grayson | 3,893 | 58.65% | 2,738 | 41.25% | 4 | 0.06% | 3 | 0.05% | 1,155 | 17.40% | 6,638 |
Greene | 573 | 64.24% | 314 | 35.20% | 5 | 0.56% | 0 | 0.00% | 259 | 29.04% | 892 |
Greensville | 1,057 | 38.21% | 1,676 | 60.59% | 31 | 1.12% | 2 | 0.07% | -619 | -22.38% | 2,766 |
Halifax | 1,784 | 39.57% | 2,676 | 59.36% | 44 | 0.98% | 4 | 0.09% | -892 | -19.79% | 4,508 |
Hampton | 7,623 | 51.48% | 7,133 | 48.17% | 43 | 0.29% | 9 | 0.06% | 490 | 3.31% | 14,808 |
Hanover | 3,020 | 59.39% | 2,023 | 39.78% | 39 | 0.77% | 3 | 0.06% | 997 | 19.61% | 5,085 |
Harrisonburg | 2,172 | 72.04% | 836 | 27.73% | 7 | 0.23% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,336 | 44.31% | 3,015 |
Henrico | 19,446 | 66.52% | 9,626 | 32.93% | 152 | 0.52% | 11 | 0.04% | 9,820 | 33.59% | 29,235 |
Henry | 2,323 | 41.17% | 3,306 | 58.59% | 12 | 0.21% | 2 | 0.04% | -983 | -17.42% | 5,643 |
Highland | 527 | 56.55% | 401 | 43.03% | 3 | 0.32% | 1 | 0.11% | 126 | 13.52% | 932 |
Hopewell | 2,169 | 54.24% | 1,805 | 45.14% | 21 | 0.53% | 4 | 0.10% | 364 | 9.10% | 3,999 |
Isle of Wight | 1,141 | 35.91% | 2,020 | 63.58% | 13 | 0.41% | 3 | 0.09% | -879 | -27.67% | 3,177 |
James City | 873 | 50.49% | 845 | 48.87% | 9 | 0.52% | 2 | 0.12% | 28 | 1.62% | 1,729 |
King and Queen | 432 | 43.95% | 536 | 54.53% | 14 | 1.42% | 1 | 0.10% | -104 | -10.58% | 983 |
King George | 685 | 48.58% | 717 | 50.85% | 8 | 0.57% | 0 | 0.00% | -32 | -2.27% | 1,410 |
King William | 793 | 51.19% | 745 | 48.10% | 10 | 0.65% | 1 | 0.06% | 48 | 3.09% | 1,549 |
Lancaster | 1,340 | 59.56% | 895 | 39.78% | 14 | 0.62% | 1 | 0.04% | 445 | 19.78% | 2,250 |
Lee | 3,363 | 46.29% | 3,867 | 53.23% | 24 | 0.33% | 11 | 0.15% | -504 | -6.94% | 7,265 |
Loudoun | 2,526 | 50.99% | 2,399 | 48.43% | 28 | 0.57% | 1 | 0.02% | 127 | 2.56% | 4,954 |
Louisa | 1,170 | 47.60% | 1,244 | 50.61% | 39 | 1.59% | 5 | 0.20% | -74 | -3.01% | 2,458 |
Lunenburg | 838 | 35.22% | 1,451 | 60.99% | 90 | 3.78% | 0 | 0.00% | -613 | -25.77% | 2,379 |
Lynchburg | 7,271 | 59.33% | 4,961 | 40.48% | 23 | 0.19% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,310 | 18.85% | 12,256 |
Madison | 998 | 60.38% | 636 | 38.48% | 19 | 1.15% | 0 | 0.00% | 362 | 21.90% | 1,653 |
Martinsville | 1,729 | 49.16% | 1,699 | 48.31% | 84 | 2.39% | 5 | 0.14% | 30 | 0.85% | 3,517 |
Mathews | 1,069 | 60.95% | 682 | 38.88% | 3 | 0.17% | 0 | 0.00% | 387 | 22.07% | 1,754 |
Mecklenburg | 1,936 | 42.70% | 2,533 | 55.87% | 64 | 1.41% | 1 | 0.02% | -597 | -13.17% | 4,534 |
Middlesex | 823 | 58.70% | 574 | 40.94% | 5 | 0.36% | 0 | 0.00% | 249 | 17.76% | 1,402 |
Montgomery | 4,270 | 66.25% | 2,157 | 33.47% | 17 | 0.26% | 1 | 0.02% | 2,113 | 32.78% | 6,445 |
Nansemond | 1,346 | 25.29% | 3,944 | 74.09% | 24 | 0.45% | 9 | 0.17% | -2,598 | -48.80% | 5,323 |
Nelson | 775 | 34.17% | 1,480 | 65.26% | 13 | 0.57% | 0 | 0.00% | -705 | -31.09% | 2,268 |
New Kent | 526 | 51.67% | 481 | 47.25% | 10 | 0.98% | 1 | 0.10% | 45 | 4.42% | 1,018 |
Newport News | 10,098 | 53.56% | 8,678 | 46.02% | 75 | 0.40% | 4 | 0.02% | 1,420 | 7.54% | 18,855 |
Norfolk | 3,769 | 42.18% | 5,101 | 57.08% | 65 | 0.73% | 1 | 0.01% | -1,332 | -14.90% | 8,936 |
Norfolk City | 17,174 | 43.51% | 22,037 | 55.83% | 248 | 0.63% | 14 | 0.04% | -4,863 | -12.32% | 39,473 |
Northampton | 995 | 41.60% | 1,387 | 57.98% | 9 | 0.38% | 1 | 0.04% | -392 | -16.38% | 2,392 |
Northumberland | 1,340 | 60.61% | 858 | 38.81% | 11 | 0.50% | 2 | 0.09% | 482 | 21.80% | 2,211 |
Norton | 549 | 51.02% | 526 | 48.88% | 1 | 0.09% | 0 | 0.00% | 23 | 2.14% | 1,076 |
Nottoway | 1,319 | 40.14% | 1,882 | 57.27% | 84 | 2.56% | 1 | 0.03% | -563 | -17.13% | 3,286 |
Orange | 1,413 | 54.28% | 1,108 | 42.57% | 78 | 3.00% | 4 | 0.15% | 305 | 11.71% | 2,603 |
Page | 2,708 | 62.53% | 1,608 | 37.13% | 10 | 0.23% | 5 | 0.12% | 1,100 | 25.40% | 4,331 |
Patrick | 1,362 | 44.98% | 1,655 | 54.66% | 9 | 0.30% | 2 | 0.07% | -293 | -9.68% | 3,028 |
Petersburg | 2,820 | 48.60% | 2,950 | 50.84% | 32 | 0.55% | 1 | 0.02% | -130 | -2.24% | 5,803 |
Pittsylvania | 3,788 | 47.62% | 4,089 | 51.41% | 67 | 0.84% | 10 | 0.13% | -301 | -3.79% | 7,954 |
Portsmouth | 6,900 | 40.64% | 9,902 | 58.32% | 165 | 0.97% | 13 | 0.08% | -3,002 | -17.68% | 16,980 |
Powhatan | 779 | 58.66% | 528 | 39.76% | 19 | 1.43% | 2 | 0.15% | 251 | 18.90% | 1,328 |
Prince Edward | 1,721 | 53.55% | 1,459 | 45.40% | 31 | 0.96% | 3 | 0.09% | 262 | 8.15% | 3,214 |
Prince George | 727 | 42.14% | 983 | 56.99% | 13 | 0.75% | 2 | 0.12% | -256 | -14.85% | 1,725 |
Princess Anne | 4,844 | 44.67% | 5,954 | 54.91% | 23 | 0.41% | 5 | 0.09% | -1,110 | -10.24% | 10,843 |
Prince William | 2,624 | 46.53% | 2,987 | 52.97% | 39 | 0.36% | 6 | 0.06% | -363 | -6.44% | 5,639 |
Pulaski | 3,059 | 58.75% | 2,104 | 40.41% | 44 | 0.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 955 | 18.34% | 5,207 |
Radford | 1,663 | 57.11% | 1,240 | 42.58% | 9 | 0.31% | 0 | 0.00% | 423 | 14.53% | 2,912 |
Rappahannock | 426 | 43.69% | 544 | 55.79% | 3 | 0.31% | 2 | 0.21% | -118 | -12.10% | 975 |
Richmond | 801 | 64.96% | 425 | 34.47% | 6 | 0.49% | 1 | 0.08% | 376 | 30.49% | 1,233 |
Richmond City | 27,307 | 60.41% | 17,642 | 39.03% | 245 | 0.54% | 11 | 0.02% | 9,665 | 21.38% | 45,205 |
Roanoke | 9,109 | 67.31% | 4,384 | 32.40% | 36 | 0.27% | 3 | 0.02% | 4,725 | 34.91% | 13,532 |
Roanoke City | 15,229 | 62.28% | 9,175 | 37.52% | 36 | 0.27% | 3 | 0.02% | 6,054 | 24.76% | 24,453 |
Rockbridge | 2,170 | 60.53% | 1,405 | 39.19% | 10 | 0.28% | 0 | 0.00% | 765 | 21.34% | 3,585 |
Rockingham | 4,829 | 70.27% | 2,026 | 29.48% | 16 | 0.23% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,803 | 40.79% | 6,872 |
Russell | 3,044 | 46.44% | 3,496 | 53.34% | 12 | 0.18% | 2 | 0.03% | -452 | -6.90% | 6,554 |
Scott | 4,936 | 56.45% | 3,789 | 43.33% | 15 | 0.17% | 4 | 0.05% | 1,147 | 13.12% | 8,744 |
Shenandoah | 4,144 | 66.85% | 2,053 | 33.12% | 2 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,091 | 33.73% | 6,199 |
Smyth | 4,256 | 59.62% | 2,864 | 40.12% | 16 | 0.22% | 2 | 0.03% | 1,392 | 19.50% | 7,138 |
South Boston | 807 | 62.70% | 477 | 37.06% | 2 | 0.16% | 1 | 0.08% | 330 | 25.64% | 1,287 |
South Norfolk | 1,341 | 38.09% | 2,155 | 61.20% | 24 | 0.68% | 1 | 0.03% | -814 | -23.11% | 3,521 |
Southampton | 1,263 | 30.62% | 2,804 | 67.98% | 57 | 1.38% | 1 | 0.02% | -1,541 | -37.36% | 4,125 |
Spotsylvania | 1,288 | 46.02% | 1,482 | 52.95% | 23 | 0.82% | 6 | 0.21% | -194 | -6.93% | 2,799 |
Stafford | 1,447 | 48.80% | 1,494 | 50.39% | 22 | 0.74% | 2 | 0.07% | -47 | -1.59% | 2,965 |
Staunton | 2,789 | 69.17% | 1,233 | 30.58% | 9 | 0.22% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,556 | 38.59% | 4,032 |
Suffolk | 1,406 | 49.61% | 1,419 | 50.07% | 9 | 0.32% | 0 | 0.00% | -13 | -0.46% | 2,834 |
Surry | 397 | 27.51% | 1,003 | 69.51% | 40 | 2.77% | 3 | 0.21% | -606 | -42.00% | 1,443 |
Sussex | 713 | 35.78% | 1,253 | 62.87% | 25 | 1.25% | 2 | 0.10% | -540 | -27.09% | 1,993 |
Tazewell | 3,139 | 41.44% | 4,416 | 58.30% | 19 | 0.25% | 0 | 0.00% | -1,277 | -16.86% | 7,574 |
Virginia Beach | 986 | 42.48% | 1,301 | 56.05% | 33 | 1.42% | 1 | 0.04% | -315 | -13.57% | 2,321 |
Warren | 1,842 | 49.52% | 1,850 | 49.73% | 25 | 0.67% | 3 | 0.08% | -8 | -0.21% | 3,720 |
Washington | 4,473 | 53.59% | 3,833 | 45.92% | 33 | 0.40% | 8 | 0.10% | 640 | 7.67% | 8,347 |
Waynesboro | 2,444 | 69.57% | 1,047 | 29.80% | 22 | 0.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,397 | 39.77% | 3,513 |
Westmoreland | 1,176 | 53.00% | 1,034 | 46.60% | 8 | 0.36% | 1 | 0.05% | 142 | 6.40% | 2,219 |
Williamsburg | 721 | 59.10% | 486 | 39.84% | 12 | 0.98% | 1 | 0.08% | 235 | 19.26% | 1,220 |
Winchester | 2,326 | 65.61% | 1,203 | 33.94% | 16 | 0.45% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,123 | 31.67% | 3,545 |
Wise | 3,876 | 39.89% | 5,822 | 59.92% | 17 | 0.17% | 1 | 0.01% | -1,946 | -20.03% | 9,716 |
Wythe | 2,871 | 57.50% | 2,075 | 41.56% | 39 | 0.78% | 8 | 0.16% | 796 | 15.94% | 4,993 |
York | 2,085 | 54.94% | 1,691 | 44.56% | 19 | 0.50% | 0 | 0.00% | 394 | 10.38% | 3,795 |
Totals | 404,521 | 52.44% | 362,327 | 46.97% | 4,204 | 0.54% | 397 | 0.05% | 42,194 | 5.47% | 771,449 |
Analysis
Unlike such states as Oklahoma, Tennessee[22] or Kentucky, Nixon’s victory in Virginia despite losing nationally did not reflect anti-Catholicism: only two counties or independent cities gave Nixon a better percentage than Eisenhower had won in 1956.[21] Nixon’s win reflected his continuing dominance of the Byrd Organization stronghold in the Shenandoah Valley, and maintaining Republican control of newly developing suburbs. Kennedy’s general gain was greatest amongst the small but slowly growing black electorate, where he reversed Eisenhower’s large gains at the preceding election.
As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last occasion when Appomattox County, Campbell County, Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County and Pittsylvania County have voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.[23]
Virginia, as the polls hinted, voted for Nixon over Kennedy by a clear though not overwhelming 5.47 percentage point margin, still a double-digit decline from Eisenhower’s two victories in the state. This was the first time a Democrat was elected president without carrying the state of Virginia, and the only time between 1924 and 1976 that Virginia backed the losing candidate.
References
- ^ ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
- ^ Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
- ^ ISBN 1107158435.
- The Journal of Southern History. 4 (3): 295–317.
- ISBN 0870000586.
- ^ Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
- ISBN 0813927692.
- ISBN 9780742552098.
- ISBN 0870491881.
- ^ Strong, Donald S. (August 1955). "The Presidential Election in the South, 1952". The Journal of Politics. 17 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 343–389.
- ISBN 0807607002.
- ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, p. 100
- ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, pp. 103-108
- ^ Atkinson. The Dynamic Dominion, pp. 125-126
- ^ Hoffman, Fred S. (October 3, 1960). "How Election Looks Today". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia. pp. 1, 3.
- ^ "Populous States Are Key: Both Parties Claim Enough Votes To Win". Knoxville News Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. October 23, 1960. p. A-4.
- ^ Lewis, Ted (October 28, 1960). "Campaign Circus". Daily News. Jersey City, New Jersey. p. 4C.
- ^ "Poll of Editors Predicts Victory for Nixon-Lodge: Republican Ticket Seen Winning in 28 States and Democrats in 19". The Daily Item. November 4, 1960. p. 3.
- ^ Gould, Geoffrey (November 7, 1960). "Final Survey Shows Race a Tossup to the Finish". Hattiesburg American. Hattiesburg, Mississippi. p. 16.
- ^ "Statistics" (PDF). clerk.house.gov. April 15, 1961. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ a b "VA US President 1960". Our Campaigns.
- ^ "TN US President, November 08, 1960". Our Campaigns.
- ISBN 0786422173.