Hampton, Virginia

Coordinates: 37°02′06″N 76°21′36″W / 37.034946°N 76.360126°W / 37.034946; -76.360126
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Hampton, Virginia
Independent city
Hampton Downtown Historic District
Hampton Downtown Historic District
Public transportation
Hampton Roads Transit
Websitehttp://www.hampton.gov
British invade Hampton during the War of 1812[6]
African American children on the grounds of what is now Hampton University at Hampton Roads in Virginia under the shade of the Emancipation Oak
.

Hampton (

37th-largest in the United States, with a total population of 1,799,674 in 2020.[8] This area, known as "America's First Region", also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake, Virginia Beach, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk
, as well as other smaller cities, counties, and towns of Hampton Roads.

Hampton traces its history to the city's Old Point Comfort, the home of Fort Monroe for almost 400 years, which was named by the 1607 voyagers, led by Captain Christopher Newport, who first established Jamestown as an English colonial settlement. Since consolidation in 1952, Hampton has included the former Elizabeth City County and the incorporated town of Phoebus, consolidated by a mutual agreement.

After the end of the

Virginia Air and Space Center
. Hampton features many miles of waterfront and beaches.

The city features a wide array of business and industrial enterprises, retail and residential areas, historical sites, and other points of interest, such as a NASCAR short track, the oldest Anglican parish in the Americas (1610), and a moated, six-sided, historical bastion fort.

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Hampton, Virginia.

Indigenous Americans settled in present-day Hampton before 10,000 BCE. In the early 1600s, the

Tidewater region was populated by the Powhatan peoples who called the lands Tsenacommacah. The Powhatan Chiefdom was made up of over 30 tribes numbering an estimated 25,000 people before the arrival of English colonists.[9][10][11]

Colonial history

In December 1606, three ships carrying men and boys left England on a mission sponsored by a proprietary company. Led by Captain Christopher Newport, they sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to North America. After a long voyage, they first landed at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay on the south shore at a place they named Cape Henry (for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the elder son of their king).

During the first few days of exploration, they identified the site of Old Point Comfort (which they originally named "Point Comfort") as a strategic defensive location at the entrance to the body of water that became known as Hampton Roads. This is formed by the confluence of the Elizabeth, Nansemond, and James rivers. The latter is the longest river in Virginia.

Weeks later, on May 14, 1607, they established the first permanent English settlement in the present-day United States about 25 miles (40 km) further inland from the Bay which became the site of fortifications during the following 200 years.

Slightly south, near the entrance to

Elizabeth River Shire in 1634, and was included in Elizabeth City County
when it was formed in 1643. By 1680, the settlement was known as Hampton, and it was incorporated as a town in 1705 and became the seat of Elizabeth City County.

In the latter part of August 1619, the

indentured servants, but in effect, were to be slaves. Two of the first Africans to arrive were Anthony and Isabella. Their child, the first of African descent born in North America, was born baptized January 1624.[citation needed
]

Post-colonial history

In 1813, the fort was captured again by the British as part of the War of 1812.[15] Shortly after the war ended, the US Army built a more substantial stone facility at Old Point Comfort. It was called Fort Monroe in honor of President James Monroe. The new installation and adjacent Fort Calhoun (on a man-made island across the channel) were completed in 1834. Fort Monroe is the largest stone fort ever built in the United States.[16]

Fort Monroe, Hampton and the surrounding area played several important roles during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Although most of Virginia became part of the Confederate States of America, Fort Monroe remained in Union hands. It became notable as a historic and symbolic site of early freedom for former slaves under the provisions of contraband policies and later the Emancipation Proclamation. After the War, former Confederate President, Jefferson Davis was imprisoned in the area now known as the Casemate Museum on the base.

The ruins of Hampton in 1862

To the northwest of Fort Monroe, the Town of Hampton had the misfortune to be attacked during the

African American community in the United States. A number of modern-day Hampton streets retain their names from that community. The large number of contraband slaves who sought the refuge of Fort Monroe and the Grand Contraband Camp led to educational efforts which eventually included establishment of Hampton University, site of the famous Emancipation Oak
.

The original site of the Native American's Kecoughtan Settlement was near the present site of a

East End
.

Hampton was incorporated as a city in 1849.[1] On March 30, 1908, Hampton was separated from Elizabeth City County and became an independent city.[18] However, it remained the county seat and continued to share many services with the county. On July 1, 1952, following approval of voters of each locality by referendum, the city of Hampton, the incorporated town of Phoebus and Elizabeth City County merged into the independent city of Hampton.[18] It was the first of a series of political consolidations in the Hampton Roads region during the third quarter of the 20th century.

Modern military history

Hampton has a rich and extensive 20th-century military history – home of Langley Air Force Base, the nation's first military installation dedicated solely to air power and the home of the U.S. Air Force's 633rd Air Base Wing and 1st and 192nd Fighter Wings. Hampton has been a center of military aviation training, research and development for nearly a hundred years, from early prop planes and Zeppelins to rocket parts and advanced fighters. Its proximity to Norfolk means that Hampton has long been home to many Navy families. Together, many Air Force and Navy families in the Hampton area experienced significant losses in war and peacetime due to family members in combat and peacetime military accidents.

Fort Monroe was an active army base until its decommissioning on September 15, 2011.[19] Shortly after, the fort was named a National Monument by President Barack Obama, on November 1.[20]

Langley AFB during the Vietnam War

In particular, during the Vietnam War, Langley Air Force Base was a designated 'waiting base' and thousands of Air Force families were transferred to Hampton from all over the world to wait while their husbands and fathers served in Vietnam. Thousands of Navy families associated with Naval bases in Norfolk next door also waited in Hampton during this era. Vietnam was a very high casualty war for Air Force and Navy pilots (some types of planes experienced a 50% casualty rate), and Naval "river rats" who fought on the rivers of the Mekong Delta experienced high casualties as well. There accumulated over time, in the Hampton area, a high concentration of families of unaccounted for wartime casualties.[21] In many cases Hampton-stationed military families of "Missing in Action" or "Prisoner of War" pilots and sailors spent many years in the area waiting to find out what had happened to their missing or captured airmen and sailors.[21][22]

Geography

Norfolk to its southeast across the Chesapeake Bay
.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 136 square miles (350 km2), of which 51 square miles (130 km2) is land and 85 square miles (220 km2) (62.3%) is water.[23]

Neighborhoods

The old lighthouse at Buckroe Beach was built as a part of the amusement park

Climate

Hampton has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa)[24] characteristic of the Southeast United States. The weather in Hampton is temperate and seasonal with hot and humid summers and mild winters. The mean annual temperature is 60.2 °F (15.7 °C), with an average annual snowfall of 6 inches (150 mm) and an average annual rainfall of 47 inches (1,200 mm). The wettest month by average rainfall is August with an average of 2.4 inches of rain falling on 11–12 days, although in March it typically rains on more days with 2.3 inches of rain falling in 12 to 13 days. The hottest day on record was August 1, 1980, when the temperature hit 105.1 °F (40.6 °C). The lowest recorded temperature of −2.7 °F (−19.3 °C) was recorded on January 21, 1985.[25]

Climate data for Norfolk International Airport, Virginia (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 84
(29) 		82
(28) 		92
(33) 		97
(36) 		100
(38) 		102
(39) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		100
(38) 		95
(35) 		86
(30) 		82
(28) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 72.4
(22.4) 		74.3
(23.5) 		80.7
(27.1) 		86.9
(30.5) 		91.5
(33.1) 		95.7
(35.4) 		98.4
(36.9) 		95.3
(35.2) 		92.0
(33.3) 		86.0
(30.0) 		78.9
(26.1) 		73.4
(23.0) 		99.3
(37.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 50.7
(10.4) 		53.4
(11.9) 		60.1
(15.6) 		70.0
(21.1) 		77.4
(25.2) 		85.2
(29.6) 		89.4
(31.9) 		86.9
(30.5) 		81.4
(27.4) 		72.3
(22.4) 		62.1
(16.7) 		54.7
(12.6) 		70.3
(21.3)
Daily mean °F (°C) 42.2
(5.7) 		44.2
(6.8) 		50.7
(10.4) 		60.1
(15.6) 		68.3
(20.2) 		76.7
(24.8) 		81.1
(27.3) 		79.2
(26.2) 		74.0
(23.3) 		63.7
(17.6) 		53.3
(11.8) 		46.1
(7.8) 		61.6
(16.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 33.6
(0.9) 		35.1
(1.7) 		41.3
(5.2) 		50.1
(10.1) 		59.1
(15.1) 		68.1
(20.1) 		72.8
(22.7) 		71.6
(22.0) 		66.6
(19.2) 		55.1
(12.8) 		44.4
(6.9) 		37.6
(3.1) 		52.9
(11.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 18.7
(−7.4) 		21.6
(−5.8) 		27.4
(−2.6) 		37.0
(2.8) 		46.9
(8.3) 		56.0
(13.3) 		64.7
(18.2) 		63.7
(17.6) 		55.5
(13.1) 		40.4
(4.7) 		29.8
(−1.2) 		23.9
(−4.5) 		16.8
(−8.4)
Record low °F (°C) −3
(−19) 		2
(−17) 		14
(−10) 		23
(−5) 		36
(2) 		45
(7) 		54
(12) 		49
(9) 		40
(4) 		27
(−3) 		17
(−8) 		5
(−15) 		−3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.41
(87) 		2.90
(74) 		3.69
(94) 		3.37
(86) 		3.78
(96) 		4.43
(113) 		6.08
(154) 		5.88
(149) 		5.40
(137) 		3.86
(98) 		3.10
(79) 		3.28
(83) 		49.18
(1,249)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 3.2
(8.1) 		1.5
(3.8) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.1
(2.8) 		6.2
(16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.7 9.2 10.9 10.0 11.2 9.7 10.6 10.2 9.4 7.7 8.9 9.9 118.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 1.7 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.0
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		66.3 65.6 64.6 62.8 68.8 70.6 73.3 75.2 74.4 72.1 68.5 67.0 69.1
Average dew point °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		28.9
(−1.7) 		35.8
(2.1) 		43.2
(6.2) 		54.5
(12.5) 		63.1
(17.3) 		68.2
(20.1) 		68.0
(20.0) 		62.4
(16.9) 		51.3
(10.7) 		41.7
(5.4) 		32.7
(0.4) 		48.1
(9.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 171.5 175.2 229.3 252.8 271.7 280.1 278.3 260.4 231.4 208.3 175.7 160.4 2,695.1
Percent possible sunshine 56 58 62 64 62 64 62 62 62 60 57 53 61
Average ultraviolet index 2 4 5 7 8 10 9 9 7 5 3 2 6
Source 1:
NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[26][27][28]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[29]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850787—
18601,848134.8%
18702,30024.5%
18802,68416.7%
18902,513−6.4%
19002,76410.0%
19105,50599.2%
19206,13811.5%
19306,3824.0%
19405,898−7.6%
19505,9661.2%
196089,2581,396.1%
1970120,77935.3%
1980122,6171.5%
1990133,8119.1%
2000146,4379.4%
2010137,436−6.1%
2020137,148−0.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[30]
1790-1960[31] 1900-1990[32]
1990-2000[33] 2010-2020[34]

2020 census

Hampton city, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[35] Pop 2010[36] Pop 2020[34] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White
alone (NH) 		70,963 56,283 49,389 48.46% 40.95% 36.01%
Black or African American
alone (NH) 		64,795 66,878 66,632 44.25% 48.66% 48.58%
Alaska Native
alone (NH) 		574 498 485 0.39% 0.36% 0.35%
Asian alone (NH) 2,650 2,950 3,493 1.81% 2.15% 2.55%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 114 132 209 0.08% 0.10% 0.15%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 248 266 895 0.17% 0.19% 0.65%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 2,940 4,188 7,634 2.01% 3.05% 5.57%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 4,153 6,241 8,411 2.84% 4.54% 6.13%
Total 146,437 137,436 137,148 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 Census

Age distribution in Hampton

As of the

Latino
of any race.

There were 53,887 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.02.

The age distribution is 24.2% under the age of 18, 12.6% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

Population update: estimated population in July 2002: 145,921 (-0.4% change) Males: 72,579 (49.6%), Females: 73,858 (50.4%)

The Census estimate for 2005 shows that the city's population was down slightly to more, 145,579.[38]

The median income for a household in the city was $39,532, and the median income for a family was $46,110. Males had a median income of $31,666 versus $24,578 for females. The

poverty line
, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Arts and museums

Hampton is home to several arts venues and museums dedicated to Hampton's rich history. Notable venues in the city include The American Theatre, the Casemate Museum, the Charles Taylor Visual Arts Center, the Hampton History Museum, the

Virginia Air & Space Center
.

The Hampton Coliseum, a multi-purpose arena built in 1968, serves as a major venue for entertainment acts such as WCW & WWE wrestling, musical concerts from artists such as The Grateful Dead and Phish and various regional sports games from the area. The arena has a seating capacity of 9,800 to 13,800 depending on configuration.[39]

Libraries

The city is served by the Hampton Public Library. The system began in 1926 as the first free county library in Virginia.[40] Today, the main library includes the main library and three branches.

Points of interest

Sports

The

War Memorial Stadium since 2000. The Hampton University Pirates & Lady Pirates compete in the Big South Conference in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision
.

High school sports (especially football & basketball) play a large role in the city's sports culture. Sporting stars such as Allen Iverson, Francena McCoroy, and T'erea Brown are from Hampton. The city's stadium, Darling Stadium, serves as the high school football stadium with games usually spread over Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights. The stadium also hosts various track-and-field events.[56]

Additional sports options can be found just outside Hampton. On the collegiate level, the

Virginia Wesleyan College and Christopher Newport University
also provide sports at the NCAA Division III level.

Professional sports can be found in the area as well. In Norfolk, the Norfolk Tides of the International League and the Norfolk Admirals of the American Hockey League field baseball and hockey teams respectively. In Virginia Beach, the Hampton Roads Piranhas field men's and women's professional soccer teams.

Government

United States presidential election results for Hampton, Virginia[57]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 18,430 27.97% 46,220 70.14% 1,251 1.90%
2016 17,902 28.75% 41,312 66.34% 3,063 4.92%
2012 18,640 28.03% 46,966 70.64% 884 1.33%
2008 20,476 30.14% 46,917 69.05% 550 0.81%
2004 23,399 41.98% 32,016 57.44% 326 0.58%
2000 19,561 40.85% 27,490 57.41% 836 1.75%
1996 16,596 37.29% 24,493 55.03% 3,418 7.68%
1992 19,219 38.53% 23,395 46.90% 7,264 14.56%
1988 24,034 54.85% 19,106 43.60% 678 1.55%
1984 25,537 57.95% 18,180 41.25% 351 0.80%
1980 17,023 45.08% 18,517 49.03% 2,225 5.89%
1976 15,021 41.67% 19,202 53.27% 1,825 5.06%
1972 21,897 65.49% 10,648 31.85% 890 2.66%
1968 10,532 32.30% 11,308 34.68% 10,766 33.02%
1964 8,731 39.17% 13,542 60.76% 15 0.07%
1960 7,623 51.48% 7,133 48.17% 52 0.35%
1956 7,432 57.24% 5,108 39.34% 443 3.41%
1952 5,505 52.52% 4,946 47.19% 30 0.29%
1948 371 30.04% 727 58.87% 137 11.09%
1944 297 23.08% 987 76.69% 3 0.23%
1940 215 18.01% 975 81.66% 4 0.34%
1936 190 16.35% 971 83.56% 1 0.09%
1932 294 27.12% 772 71.22% 18 1.66%
1928 544 46.94% 615 53.06% 0 0.00%
1924 129 20.98% 471 76.59% 15 2.44%
1920 152 19.82% 601 78.36% 14 1.83%
1916 56 13.66% 350 85.37% 4 0.98%
1912 13 3.26% 353 88.47% 33 8.27%

Local

The city uses a council-manager government, with Donnie Tuck serving as mayor, Mary Bunting serving as the city manager, and six council members serving as representatives to the districts in the city.[58]

As of 2020, the Hampton City Council consisted of:

  • Donnie Tuck, Mayor
  • Jimmy Gray, Vice Mayor
  • Chris Bowman, Councilman
  • Eleanor Weston Brown, Councilwoman
  • Steven L. Brown, Councilman
  • Billy Hobbs, Councilman
  • Chris Osby Snead, Councilwoman

Federal

Hampton is located in Virginia's 3rd congressional district, represented by Bobby Scott.(Democrat).

Education

The main provider of public primary and secondary education is

Hampton City Public Schools. There are four high schools – Kecoughtan, Bethel, Phoebus, and Hampton – eighteen K-5 elementary schools, two PK-8 schools, five middle schools, one early childhood center, and one gifted center in the city.[59]

Several private schools are located in the area, including Denbigh Baptist Christian School,[60] Hampton Roads Academy,[61] and Peninsula Catholic High School.[62]

Virginia School for the Deaf, Blind and Multi-Disabled at Hampton, operated by the State of Virginia, was formerly in Hampton.

Colleges and universities

Ogden Hall at Hampton University

The city contains

College of William and Mary.[63][64][65][66][67][68]

Media

Hampton's daily newspaper is the Newport News–based

Hampton Roads Business Journal.[69] Coastal Virginia Magazine[70] serves as a bi-monthly regional magazine for Hampton and the Hampton Roads area.[71] Hampton Roads Times serves as an online magazine for all the Hampton Roads cities and counties. Hampton is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM dials, with towers located around the Hampton Roads area.[72]

Hampton is also served by several television stations. The Hampton Roads

Cox Cable
.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Hampton Roads

Roads and highways

In the Hampton Roads region, water crossings are a major issue for land-based transportation. The city is fortunate to have a good network of local streets and bridges to cross the various rivers and creeks. Many smaller bridges, especially those along Mercury Boulevard, were named to honor the original NASA astronauts, who had trained extensively at NASA's Langley facilities.

The city is located contiguously to the neighboring independent cities of both Newport News and Poquoson. Many roads and streets are available to travel between them. Likewise, Williamsburg, Yorktown and the counties of James City and York are also located nearby in the Peninsula sub-region, and many roads lead to them.

To reach most of its other neighbors in the South Hampton Roads sub-region, it is necessary to cross the harbor and/or the mouth of the James River. There are 3 major motor vehicle crossings. Among these are the Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel (HRBT) and the Monitor–Merrimac Memorial Bridge–Tunnel (MMMBT), each forming part of the Hampton Roads Beltway. The HRBT is located on Interstate 64 near downtown Hampton and the MMMBT is a few miles away on Interstate 664 near downtown Newport News. (These two major interstates converge in Hampton near the Hampton Coliseum). The third crossing option is the James River Bridge, also in Newport News, which connects to Isle of Wight County and the town of Smithfield.

Hampton is also served by several major primary and secondary highways. These notably include U.S. Routes

258, and Virginia State Routes 134 and 143
.

Local and regional public transportation

The Hampton Transit Center, located close to the downtown area at the intersection of West Pembroke Avenue and King Street, offers a hub for local and intercity public transportation. It hosts HRT buses, Greyhound/Trailways services and taxicabs.

Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) is the local provider of transit service within the city, as well offering a regional bus system with routes to and from seven other cities in Hampton Roads.[74]

Intercity bus service

Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines and its Carolina Trailways affiliate. The buses serve the Hampton Transit Center. Low cost curbside intercity bus service is also provided by Megabus, with service to Richmond, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and Philadelphia.

Amtrak

Hampton is served by several

Warwick Boulevard just west of Mercury Boulevard) through Williamsburg and Richmond to points along the Northeast Corridor
from Washington DC through Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City all the way to Boston. At Richmond, connections can be made for other Amtrak destinations nationwide.

Air

Hampton is served by two commercial airports. Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport (IATA: PHF) is in Newport News, and Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF) is across the harbor in Norfolk. Both are along portions of Interstate 64.

The primary airport for the Virginia Peninsula is the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport in Newport News. Originally known as Patrick Henry Field (hence its airline code letters "PHF"), it was built on the site of Camp Patrick Henry, formerly a World War II facility. It is one of the fastest growing airports in the country, and it reported having served 1,058,839 passengers in 2005. The airport recently added a fourth airline carrier, Frontier Airlines, becoming the first new airline to come to the region in over eight years, despite the economic recession conditions. 2010 was to be the busiest year by passenger count in the airport's history.[75]

The larger Norfolk International Airport (often known locally by its code letters "ORF") also serves the region. The airport is near the Chesapeake Bay, along the city limits between Norfolk and Virginia Beach.[76] Seven airlines provide nonstop services to 25 destinations. During 2006, ORF had 3,703,664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities.[77]

The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services. It is in South Hampton Roads in the independent city of Chesapeake.[78]

Notable people

See also: List of people from Hampton Roads, Virginia
American history
Music
Science
Sports
Other

Sister cities

Hampton has four

sister cities:[91][92]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Norfolk kept January 1874 to December 1945 at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown, and at Norfolk Int'l since January 1946. For more information, see Threadex.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Hampton History and Facts". City of Hampton, Virginia. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Mayor Donnie Tuck | Hampton, VA - Official Website". hampton.gov.
  3. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. ^ Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 683.
  7. ^ "Hampton city, Hampton city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  8. ^ "Census profile: Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metro Area". Census Reporter. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  9. ^ Stebbins, Sarah J. (April 2012). "Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity - Historic Jamestowne". National Park Service. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  10. ^ "Powhatan | North American Indian confederacy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  11. ^ Hedgpeth, Dana (August 3, 2019). "Powhatan and his people: The 15,000 American Indians shoved aside by Jamestown's settlers". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  12. ISBN 978-0-87517-135-7
    .
  13. ^ "400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia". History Magazine. August 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019.
  14. ^ "Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery". Time.
  15. ^ Federal Writers' Project (1941), "Hampton", Virginia: a Guide to the Old Dominion, American Guide Series, Oxford University Press, pp. 227+
  16. ^ "History". Fort Monroe Authority. February 4, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Hampton, Virginia

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hampton, Virginia.
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