2010 Pakistan floods
The
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon had initially asked for US$460 million (€420 million) for emergency relief, noting that the flood was the worst disaster he had ever seen. Only 20% of the relief funds requested had been received on 15 August 2010.[10] The U.N. had been concerned that aid was not arriving fast enough, and the World Health Organization reported that ten million people were forced to drink unsafe water.[11] The Pakistani economy was harmed by extensive damage to infrastructure and crops.[12] Damage to structures was estimated to exceed US$4 billion (€2.5 billion), and wheat crop damages were estimated to be over US$500 million (€425 million).[13] Total economic impact may have been as much as US$43 billion (€35 billion).[3][4]
Causes
The floods were driven by rain.
A research by Utah State University[21] analyzed conditional instability, moisture flux, and circulation features and the results support a persistent increase in conditional instability during the July premonsoon phase, accompanied by increased frequency of heavy rainfall events. The increased convective activity during the premonsoon phase agrees with the projected increase in the intensity of heavy rainfall events over northern Pakistan. Large-scale circulation analysis reveals an upper-level cyclonic anomaly over and to the west of Pakistan[22]–a feature empirically associated with weak monsoon. The analysis also suggests that the anomalous circulation in 2010 is not sporadic but rather is part of a long-term trend that defies the typical linkage of strong monsoons with an anomalous anticyclone in the upper troposphere. An article in the New Scientist[23] attributed the cause of the exceptional rainfall to "freezing" of the jet stream, a phenomenon that reportedly also caused unprecedented heat waves and wildfires in Russia as well as the 2007 United Kingdom floods.[24]
In response to previous
Flooding and impact
Floods
Monsoon rains were forecast to continue into early August and were described as the worst in this area in the last 80 years.
By mid-August, according to the governmental Federal Flood Commission (FFC), the floods had caused the deaths of at least 1,540 people, while 2,088 people had received injuries, 557,226 houses had been destroyed, and over 6 million people had been displaced.[25] One month later, the tally had risen to 1,781 deaths, 2,966 people with injuries, and more than 1.89 million homes destroyed.[9]
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial minister of information, Mian Iftikhar Hussain, said "the infrastructure of this province was already destroyed by terrorism. Whatever was left was finished off by these floods."[33] He also called the floods "the worst calamity in our history."[34] Four million Pakistanis were left with food shortages.[35]
The
In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western
By mid-September the floods generally had begun to recede, although in some areas, such as Sindh, new floods were reported; the majority of the displaced persons had not been able to return home.[9]
Heavy rainfalls recorded during the wet spell of July 2010
Heavy rainfalls of more than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) were recorded during the four-day wet spell from 27 to 30 July 2010 in the provinces of
City | Rainfall (mm) | Rainfall (in) | Province | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Risalpur | *415 | 16.3 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Islamabad | 394 | 15.5 | Islamabad Capital Territory | [28] |
Murree | 373 | 14.6 | Punjab |
[28] |
Cherat | *372 | 14.6 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Garhi Dopatta | 346 | 13.6 | Azad Kashmir | [28] |
Saidu Sharif | *338 | 13.3 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Peshawar | *333 | 13.1 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Kamra | 308 | 12.1 | Punjab | [28] |
Rawalakot | 297 | 11.7 | Azad Kashmir | [28] |
Muzaffarabad | 292 | 11.5 | Azad Kashmir | [28] |
Lahore | 288 | 11.3 | Punjab | [28] |
Mianwali | *271 | 10.6 | Punjab | [28] |
Jhelum | 269 | 10.6 | Punjab | [28] |
Lower Dir |
263 | 10.3 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Kohat | *262 | 10.3 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Balakot | 256 | 10.0 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Sialkot | 255 | 10.0 | Punjab | [28] |
Pattan |
242 | 9.5 | Azad Kashmir | [28] |
DIR |
231 | 9.10 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Gujranwala | 222 | 8.7 | Punjab | [28] |
Dera Ismail Khan | 220 | 8.6 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | [28] |
Rawalpindi | 219 | 8.6 | Punjab | [28] |
* Indicates new record.
The power infrastructure of Pakistan also took a severe blow from the floods, which damaged about 10,000 transmission lines and transformers, feeders and power houses in different flood-hit areas. Flood water inundated
Infectious diseases (e.g.
The
The United Nations estimated that 800,000 people were cut off by floods in Pakistan and were only reachable by air. It also stated that at least 40 more helicopters are needed to ferry lifesaving aid to increasingly desperate people. Many of those cut off are in the mountainous northwest, where roads and bridges have been swept away.[53]
By order of President Asif Ali Zardari, there were no official celebrations of Pakistan's 63rd Independence Day on 14 August, due to the calamity.[54]
Potential long-term effects
Flood
Floods submerged 17 million acres (69,000 km2) of Pakistan's most fertile crop land, killed 200,000 livestock and washed away massive amounts of grain. A major concern was that farmers would be unable to meet the fall deadline for planting new seeds in 2010, which implied a loss of food production in 2011, and potential long term food shortages.[55] The agricultural damage reached more than 2.9 billion dollars, and included over 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of lost cotton crops, 200,000 acres (810 km2) of sugar cane and 200,000 acres (810 km2) of rice, in addition to the loss of over 500,000 tonnes of stocked wheat, 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) of animal fodder and the stored grain losses.[56][57]
Agricultural crops such as cotton, rice, and sugarcane and to some extent
In affected Multan Division in
On 24 September, the World Food Programme announced that about 70% of Pakistan's population, mostly in rural areas, did not have adequate access to proper nutrition.[59]
Already resurgent in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, agricultural devastation brought on by the floods left Pakistan more susceptible to an increase in poppy cultivation, given the crop's resiliency and relatively few inputs.[60]
Infrastructure
Floods damaged an estimated 2,433 miles (3,916 km) of highway and 3,508 miles (5,646 km) of railway and repairs are expected to cost at least US$158 million and $131 million, respectively.[13] Public building damage is estimated at $1 billion.[13] Aid donors estimate that 5,000 schools were destroyed.[61]
Climate-resilient model villages
Following the 2010 floods, the Punjab government subsequently constructed 22 'disaster-resilient' model villages, comprising 1885 single-storey homes, together with schools and health centres. The
Taliban insurgency
It was reported that the flood would divert Pakistani military forces from fighting the Pakistani Taliban insurgents (TTP) in the northwest to help in the relief effort,[63] giving Taliban fighters a reprieve to regroup.[64][65] Helping flood victims gave the US an opportunity to improve its image.[66]
Pakistani Taliban also engaged in relief efforts, making inroads where the government was absent or seen as corrupt.[67] As the flood dislodged many property markers, it was feared that governmental delay and corruption would give the Taliban the opportunity to settle these disputes swiftly.[67] In August a Taliban spokesperson asked the Pakistani government to reject Western help from "Christians and Jews" and claimed that the Taliban could raise $20 million to replace that aid.[67][68]
According to a US official, the TTP issued a threat saying that it would launch attacks against foreigners participating in flood relief operations.[69] In response, the United Nations said it was reviewing security arrangements for its workers. The World Health Organization stated that work in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was already suffering because of security concerns.[70]
A self-proclaimed Taliban spokesperson based in
Political effects
The floods' aftermath was thought likely contribute to public perception of inefficiency and to political unrest. These political effects of the floods were compared with that of the 1970 Bhola cyclone. The scepticism within the country extended to outside donors. Less than 20% of the pledged aid was scheduled to go through the government, according to Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani, with the remainder flowing through non-governmental organisations.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] The government's response was complicated by insurgencies (in Balochistan and Waziristan), growing urban sectarian discord, increasing suicide bombings against core institutions and relations with India.[80]
Economic effects
On 7 September 2010, the
Relief efforts
By the end of July 2010, Pakistan had appealed to international donors for help in responding to the disaster,
By the end of August, the Relief Web Financial Tracking service indicated that worldwide donations for humanitarian assistance had come to $687 million, with a further $324 million promised in uncommitted pledges.[94]
Since the early stages of the emergency, the United Nations had warned of a potential "second wave of death" that would result from post-flood disease and food shortages,[95][96] stating that 3.5 million children were at risk of death if they did not get assistance,[97] including due to cholera.[98][99] UN spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano stated that "an already colossal disaster [was] getting worse and requiring an even more colossal response",[100] referring to the relief operations as "a marathon at sprint pace"[101] and acknowledging shortcomings in the response insofar as the needs were outpacing available resources[102][103][104][105] also due to endless rains.[106][107][108] He indicated that the floods had a worse impact than several other recent natural disasters combined, and that they were the worst natural disaster in United Nations history.[109][110]
According to
With need for substantial support to repair infrastructure, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggested that the Pakistani government enlarge its tax base by asking the wealthy citizens of Pakistan to contribute more for their country; by that time both the US and the EU each had contributed about US$450 million, €395 million for the relief effort.[112]
Foreign aid and support from foreign governments
The governments of at least 75 nations donated hundreds of millions of dollars in aid and supplies to Pakistan following the flooding. Charitable funds were also established to provide relief for those affected by the flooding, and other nations sent in search and rescue teams to assist in rescue and recovery operations. Aid was also sent in by train and on trucks, and dozens of privately held companies made considerable monetary donations. [113]
Criticism of response
The Pakistani government was blamed for sluggish and disorganised response to the floods.
The United Nations criticised the international community for responding slowly, despite the ferocity and magnitude of the disaster. On 9 August, only $45 million in aid had been committed, which is far less than usual for this scale of disaster.
An analysis by AP's correspondent, Nahal Toosi, suggested that the low death toll, the protracted timeline, the lack of celebrity involvement, the impression of government incompetence and donor fatigue were contributing factors.[124]
British Prime Minister David Cameron was accused by Pakistan of hampering international aid efforts after he claimed that Pakistan was responsible for promoting terrorism.[125]
Neglect of minorities
It was reported that members of Pakistan's Ahmadiyya community, who were caught up in floods in Muzaffargarh, were not rescued from their homes because rescuers felt that Muslims must be given priority.
Members of the
Protests broke out in Lyari relief camp after
Inequality
Haroon alleged that wealthy
See also
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External links
- Inter-agency Real Time Evaluation (IA RTE) of the Humanitarian Response to the Floods in Pakistan
- Factsheet 1995–2008 describing non-military aid given to Pakistan by OECD
- Pakistan Floods Relief Support
- The Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) has established a geospatial map service relating to the Pakistan flood event
- Pakistan GIS: Pakistan Flood 2010
- Updated list of relief organizations and donation resources
- Latest Updates on Floods in Pakistan
- Latest Updates on Pakistan Flood
- "Flood of Misery": Coverage at http://english.aljazeera.net
- Video:Pakistan in mass flood rescue
- In Pictures: Floods in Pakistan
- "The real war on 'terror' must begin"
- Coverage by Radio France Internationale in English
- Flooding in Pakistan – Earth Observatory (NASA, 10 August 2010)
- Flooding in Pakistan – Earth Observatory (NASA, 17 August 2010)
- Pakistan Flood Relief Flood Relief information
- UN Humanitarian Chief John Holmes: The Magnitude of the Pakistan Floods Is Unprecedented – video report by Democracy Now!
- Mapping Pakistan floods Overview of up-to-date map sources: probable flood-affected villages, towns and infrastructure.
- Pakistan Floods 2010 Donate for Flood Victims of Pakistan
- Managing a Disaster in Pakistan
- PreventionWeb 2010 Pakistan Floods Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- FAO – 2010 floods in Pakistan Archived 20 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight in Pakistan at IMDb