48th (South Midland) Division

South Midland Division 48th (South Midland) Division 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division
The divisional insignia. Historian Michael Chappell comments that starting in 1918 the white diamond "was painted on helmets ... with regimental badges superimposed" upon it.[1]
Active	1908–1919 1920–1945
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	British Army
Type	Infantry
Role	Infantry, home defence, and training
Size	Division
Peacetime HQ	Warwick
Engagements	First World War Second World War
Commanders
Notable commanders	Robert Fanshawe Sir Harold Walker Frank Roberts Sir Andrew Thorne
Insignia
Identification symbol	Divisional insignia adopted following the Battle of France in 1940.[2]

The 48th (South Midland) Division was an

Reformed in 1920 in the

As part of the legislation, the territorials were only liable to serve within the United Kingdom.[4] Haldane envisioned that the territorials would take over the defence of the country against what was perceived as a very real threat of invasion, which would allow the regular army to be deployed aboard. In addition, Haldane saw the territorials as a source of reinforcements for the regular army. Six months following mobilisation, during which time the troops would have come up to an acceptable training standard, Haldane was confident that up to a quarter of the men would opt to go and fight abroad.^[4][6][7]

The 1910 edition of the Hazell's Annual reported that, in 1909, "The South Midland Division ... had 13 units up to or over establishment, and the others very little below it."^[8] The following year, the Territorial Force as a whole peaked at a strength of 276,000 men; 26,000 men short of the peacetime establishment set by Haldane's reforms. However, between 1910 and 1914, the overall strength of the force had declined to 250,000, 52,000 short of the peacetime establishment.^[4] In peacetime, the divisional headquarters was in the Old Barracks in Warwick.^[9][10]

First World War

1914

In August 1914, the South Midland Division departed for its annual summer training camp. The 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade, for example, departed for Rhyl in northern Wales. Following the declaration of war, the division was mobilised and moved south to take up defensive positions along the southern coast.^[11][12] Due to German-invasion scares, the division-numbering 6,000 men-moved to Essex. While there was no invasion, the division remained in the area on defensive duties and to continue training.^[13][14]

During the opening weeks of the war, as the Territorials were not required to be deployed overseas, the troops were asked to volunteer. By the end of August, more than 70 battalions across the Territorial Force had volunteered with the number rising higher as the year progressed.^[15] The members of the division who did not, or were not able to, volunteer for overseas service, were transferred to newly created second line units intended for home defence. These second line units were eventually formed into the 61st (2nd South Midland) Division and, following the passing of the Military Service Act 1916, deployed to France in February 1916.^[16][17] In March 1915, with the threat of a German invasion having subsided, the South Midland Division was dispatched to France with the territorials who had volunteered for overseas service.^[18]

1915–1918

On the outbreak of war, the division composed the

During the

On the outbreak of the

When the Germans invaded France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940, the BEF moved forward to occupy pre-planned positions in Belgium, but the rapid German breakthrough into France caused it to retreat towards Dunkirk.

On 23 May, 48th Division was pulled out to form a new defence line along the canal between Saint-Omer and the coast. Lord Gort's BEF story describes the distinguished and heroic defence by General Thorne, commanding the 48th Division and the delaying actions of his 145th Brigade at Cassel and Hazebrouck and 144th Brigade at Wormhoudt, saying that "it was their defence on the western side of the corridor in the closing stages that allowed so many of their comrades to pass into safety". The 48th and 44th Divisions withstood repeated attacks along the 20 mile frontage. On the 28th May when the front began to crumble all around them, they were ordered to continue to hold for a few more hours. The garrison from 145 Brigade at Hazebrouck was overrun but some elements at Cassel and 144 Brigade at Wormhoudt withdrew that night. The remnants of 44th division and 48th Division were attached to 1st Corps and the last to leave the beaches on the 30th May.^[30]

During the same time frame the 48th divisional CRA (Commander, Royal Artillery), Brigadier Edward Lawson, was sent with 'X Force' of artillery, machine guns and infantry ahead of the division to occupy the chosen positions.^[31] However, the unexpected surrender of Belgian forces on 27 May 1940 led to a gap appearing between 48th Division in action around Saint-Omer and the coast at Nieuwpoort. Until II Corps could arrive to plug this gap, Lawson was responsible for what the Official History calls 'the most dangerously exposed part of the bridgehead'.^[32] He was ordered by the commander of the Dunkirk perimeter, the III Corps commander Lieutenant-General Ronald Adam, to improvise a defence line along the canal and prevent the Germans breaking through to the vital beaches east of Dunkirk where much of the BEF was waiting to be evacuated. At 11.00 on 28 May, advanced German troops reached the canal line, but Lawson seized on the Territorial gunners of the 53rd (London) Medium Regiment, RA who were marching towards Dunkirk having fired off all their ammunition and destroyed their guns. Together with detachments of Regular gunners from both the 2nd Medium and 1st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiments, and sappers from 7th Field Company, Royal Engineers, they fought as infantry to hold the line. They came under heavy mortar and machine gun fire, and the Germans seized a bridgehead at Nieuwpoort, but all subsequent attacks that day were repulsed. Brigadier Lawson's scratch force was relieved next day and then evacuated to Britain.^{[32][33][34][35][36]}

Home defence and training

The 48th Division, much depleted in numbers, completed its return to the United Kingdom on 1 June. The division, commanded from 18 June by Major General Roderic Petre, was subsequently posted to Western Command, Southern Command, and VIII Corps under Lieutenant General Harold Franklyn and began training in preparation to repel Operation Sea Lion, the German invasion of England, which proved abortive.^[41]

During the war, the divisions of the British Army were divided between "Higher Establishment" and "Lower Establishment" formations. The former were intended for deployment overseas for field operations, whereas the latter were strictly for home defence in a static role.^[43][44] During November 1941, the division was placed on the "Lower Establishment" and assigned to I Corps District, commanded by Lieutenant General Henry Willcox.^[41]

During the winter of 1942–43, the British Army overhauled its training of recruits. The 48th was one of three divisions that were changed from "Lower Establishment" units to "Reserve Divisions".^[45] On 20 December, the division was renamed the 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division, becoming a training formation in the process. This reorganisation took place during 1943 and the division held this training role for the remainder of the war.^[41][45][46] These three divisions were supplemented by a fourth training formation (the 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division), which was raised on 1 January 1943.^[47] The 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division was assigned to Northern Command^[46] Soldiers who had completed their corps training were sent to these training divisions.^[48][c] The soldiers were given five weeks of additional training at the section, platoon and company level, before undertaking a final three-day exercise. Troops would then be ready to be sent overseas to join other formations.^[48] Training was handled in this manner to relieve the "Higher Establishment" divisions from being milked for replacements for other units and to allow them to intensively train without having to cope with recruits.^[46] During this period, from 17 October 1942 until 30 September 1943, the 10th Tank Brigade was assigned to the division for the holding and training of reinforcements to armoured units.^[49] On 7 November 1943, the 145th Infantry Brigade was disbanded.^[40]

On 30 June 1944, the 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division, along with the other training divisions (the 76th, 77th, and the 80th), had a combined total of 22,355 men. Of this number, only 1,100 were immediately available as replacements for the 21st Army Group, at the time of Operation Overlord and the Battle of Normandy.^[50][d] The remaining 21,255 men were considered ineligible for service abroad due to a variety of reasons, ranging from medical, not being considered fully fit or insufficiently trained. Over the following six months, up to 75 per cent of these men were deployed to reinforce the 21st Army Group, following the completion of their training and having met the required fitness levels.^[52] In 2007, Stephen Hart wrote that, by September, the 21st Army Group "had bled Home Forces dry of draftable riflemen", due to the losses suffered in the Battle of Normandy, leaving the army in Britain (with the exception of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division) with just "young lads, old men and the unfit".^[53]

Due to the decreased need for such a formation, the division was disbanded after the war on 1 November 1945.^[54]

Postwar

The division was not reformed in the Territorial Army in 1947. In 1961 the division became a district headquarters as 48th (South Midland) Division/District,

Commanders included:

See also

• Charles Carrington
  , a member of the division and subsequent author.
• Ronald Poulton-Palmer, captain of the England national rugby union team
  and a member of the division who was killed in 1915.