Adurbadagan
Ādurbādagān Adurbadagan | |||||||||
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Province of the Sasanian Empire | |||||||||
226–651 | |||||||||
Map of Adurbadagan and its surroundings in 488–572 | |||||||||
Capital | Ganzak | ||||||||
Historical era | Late Antiquity | ||||||||
• Established | 226 | ||||||||
• Annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate | 651 | ||||||||
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Today part of | Iran |
Adurbadagan (
The capital of the province was Ganzak.
Etymology
Ādurbādagān is the Middle Persian spelling of the Parthian Āturpātākān, which is derived from the name of the former satrap of the area, Atropates (Āturpāt).[1] It is attested in Georgian as Adarbadagan and in Armenian as Atrpatakan.[2]
Geography
While Middle Persian texts are vague and incomprehensible about the geography of Adurbadagan, New Persian and Arabic texts are more clear. According to the 9th-century Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh, the following cities were part of the province; Ardabil, Bagavan, Balwankirgh, Barza, Barzand, Ghabrawan, Ganzak, Khuy, Kulsarah, Maragha, Marand, Muqan, Shapurkhwast, Sisar, T'awrezh, Nariz, Urmia, Salmas, Shiz, and Warthan (Vardanakert), which he considered the northmost point of Adurbadagan.[3][4] The southern extent of the province was at the city of Sisar.[5] Maragha was the main city of the western part, while Ardabil was the main city in the eastern part. The Middle Persian geography text Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr mentions a major city in Adurbadagan named "Shahrestan i Adurbadagan", which may have been another name for Ardabil.[6] The capital of the province was Ganzak.[7][8]
When the Arsacid house of Armenia was abolished and the country was made a Sasanian province in 428, the Armenian districts of Parskahayk and Paytakaran were incorporated into Adurbadagan.[9] The northern extent of Adurbadagan was enlarged in 571 with the inclusion of the Armenian district of Sisanak (Siwnik).[10]
History
Since c. 323 BC the area of Adurbadagan had been ruled by local dynasties, initially by Atropates and his descendants, and a branch of the Parthian
The events that occurred during the early Sasanian period increased the importance of Adurbadagan. While the Parthian Empire fell in Iran, their collateral line in Armenia prevented Ardashir I from conquering Armenia (or least all of it).[16] Although Armenia was finally conquered by Shapur I in 252,[a] the country would continue to prove problematic for the Sasanians, even more it converted to Christianity. As a result, Adurbadagan had been since the advent of the Sasanians fortified into a military bastion, and then religious one.[16] However, in 241/2, Shapur I had to mount an expedition in Adurbadagan to quell unrest. After that, the province seemingly became completely subdued.[15]
Under
In August 591, the
In 651, the
Religious importance
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Population
The majority of the population in Adurbadagan were Western-Iranian ethnic groups who practised Zoroastrianism,[8] and spoke Adhari (including its dialect Tati).[28] With the incorporation of Armenian districts in 428 and 527, Adurbadagan also had an Armenian population.[29]
Notes
References
- ^ Shahinyan 2016, pp. 191–192 (see note 1).
- ^ Rapp 2014, p. 131.
- ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, p. 75.
- ^ Shahinyan 2016, p. 198 (see also note 15).
- ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, p. 76.
- ^ Boyce 2000, pp. 289–290.
- ^ a b Shahinyan 2016, p. 194.
- ^ Shahinyan 2016, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Shahinyan 2016, p. 196.
- ^ Olbrycht 2014, p. 96; Gregoratti 2017, p. 138; Schippmann 1987, pp. 221–224
- ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007, p. 87.
- ^ Daryaee 2010, p. 249.
- ^ a b Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007, pp. 87–88.
- ^ a b c d Schippmann 1987, pp. 221–224.
- ^ a b c Ghodrat-Dizaji 2007, p. 88.
- ^ Shayegan 2004, pp. 462–464.
- ^ Axworthy 2008, p. 60.
- ^ a b Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, p. 70.
- ^ Ghodrat-Dizaji 2010, p. 71.
- ^ Shahbazi 1989, pp. 180–182.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, pp. 132–133, 135.
- ^ Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476; Boyce 1984, p. 142; Yamamoto 1981, p. 75
- ^ Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476; Boyce 1984, p. 142
- ^ Boyce 1983, pp. 475–476.
- ^ a b Pourshariati 2008, p. 278.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 279.
- ^ Daryaee 2014, p. 101.
- ^ Shahinyan 2016, pp. 198–199.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-465-00888-9.
- ISBN 978-0-71009-094-2.
- Boyce, Mary (1984). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.
- Boyce, Mary (2000). "Ganzak". In ISBN 978-0-933273-47-4.
- Chaumont, M. L. (1987). "Atropates". In ISBN 978-0-71009-113-0.
- Daryaee, Touraj (2010). "Ardashir and the Sasanians' Rise to Power". Anabasis: Studia Classical et Orientalia. 1. University of California: 236–255.
- Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
- ISBN 978-0-71009-114-7.
- Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2007). "Administrative Geography of the Early Sasanian Period: The Case of Ādurbādagān". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 45 (1): 87–93. S2CID 133088896.
- Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2010). "Ādurbādagān during the Late Sasanian Period: A Study in Administrative Geography". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 48 (1): 69–80. S2CID 163839498.
- Ghodrat-Dizaji, Mehrdad (2011). "Disintegration of Sasanian Hegemony over Northern Iran". Iranica Antiqua. 46: 153–302. .
- Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. ISBN 9780692864401.
- Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2014). "The Genealogy of Artabanos II (AD 8/9–39/40), King of Parthia". Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica. 15 (3): 92–97. .
- Schippmann, K. (1987). "Azerbaijan iii. Pre-Islamic History". In ISBN 978-0-71009-114-7.
- ISBN 978-0-71009-125-3.
- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14687-9.
- ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Routledge. ISBN 978-1472425522.
- Shahinyan, Arsen (2016). "Northern Territories of the Sasanian Atropatene and the Arab Azerbaijan". Iran and the Caucasus. 20 (2): 191–203. .
- Shayegan, M. Rahim (2004). "Hormozd I". In ISBN 978-0-933273-79-5.
- Yamamoto, Yumiko (1981). "The Zoroastrian Temple Cult of Fire in Archaeology and Literature (II)". Orient. 17. Tokyo University: 67–104.