Australia–Kenya relations
Australia |
Kenya |
---|---|
Diplomatic mission | |
High Commission of Australia, Nairobi | Kenya High Commission, Canberra |
Bilateral relations exist between Australia and Kenya. Both Australia and Kenya were formerly part of the British Empire, although not simultaneously, and are current member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. As of 2020, both Commonwealth nations have maintained bilateral relations for 55 years.[1]
Australia and Kenya have built strong relations through
History
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Australia and Kenya share a common history as both nations were part of the British Empire. The British Empire gained control of the land which today is known as Kenya in 1895 and established it as the East Africa Protectorate, later known as the Kenya Colony.[4] Australia achieved independence from Britain in 1901 but still maintained connections with Kenya as a member of the Commonwealth.[4]
Kenyan independence
During the
In 1963,
Indigenous activism
In 1964,
Trade
In September 2015, the month that marked 50 years of bilateral relations between Australia and Kenya, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Kenya-Australia Chamber of Commerce and the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry to strengthen ties between the two Chambers and the commercial relationship between Australia and Kenya.[11] The Kenya Australia Chamber of Commerce host an annual Australia-Kenya Business and Exhibition Conference in Australia which is supported by both the Kenyan and Australian High Commissions.[12][13]
Other organisations such as KenInvest and Austrade also promote commercial relations between Australia and Kenya through encouraging investment and business.[12][13][14][15] Austrade has an office in Nairobi which facilitates Australian companies to expand into Kenya and access the East African market.[14] Australia and Kenya are both members of the Indian-Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), founded by Australia in 1997, which has facilitated trade and cooperation between nations bordering the Indian Ocean.[1][16][17]
In 2018–19, Australia's trade with Kenya was valued at AU$115 million. Australia's main exports to Kenya have shifted from predominately vegetables in the late twentieth century to wheat, aluminium, zinc and intermediate goods through the twenty-first century.[18] Kenya's main exports to Australia since the late twentieth century include vegetables, animals, consumer goods and raw materials.[19]
In 2017, the Kenyan
Mining
Base Resources is an Australian-owned multinational resources company with headquarters in Perth, Australia and a mineral sands mine in Kwale, Kenya.[2][24][25] The Kwale Operations mine is a US$310 million investment that was established in late 2013 and processes ore to produce ilmenite, rutile and zircon.[25] According to a 2018 report from the Australian Government, the Kwale mine:
is significantly boosting revenue for the Government of Kenya and Kwale County and is set to deliver significant revenues in tax and royalty payments over the life of the mine, together with considerable indirect taxation, direct and indirect employment and other economic benefits.[25]
Africa Down Under hold an annual conference in Perth, Australia to educate investors on Australia's mining and energy interests in Africa and has become the biggest African-focused mining event hosted outside of Africa.[26]
From 2017 to 2019, ActionAid were supported by the Australian Government to undertake a project working to support women in mining-affected communities in Kenya and other southern African nations.[27] The project worked with Kenyan government officials and mining companies to protect the rights of women in the mining industry.[27]
Education
Australia has increasingly become a popular study destination for Kenyan students due to the attractiveness of their student visas and the accessibility of Australian tertiary education for foreign students.[2][28] In 2019, there were 3,426 Kenyan students enrolled at Australian universities.[29] This was almost a 60% increase from the 2014 enrolments five years prior.[29] Australia's student visa arrangement allows Kenyan students to work part-time while they study, and stay on in Australia after their degree to work for some time.[2][28] There are over 700 scholarships, fellowships and grants offered to Kenyan students at Australian universities.[30]
Since 1988, the Australian Government have sponsored Kenyan nationals to study master's degrees or short courses at Australian institutions through the Australian Awards scholarship program.[31] Through the Australia Awards, Kenyan applicants have the opportunity to receive an education at an Australian institution in areas such as mining, agriculture, health, public policy, infrastructure or education and return to Kenya with this knowledge to benefit their local community.[31][32][33][34][35]
Australian foreign aid in Kenya
Australia has provided formal
Australia has been committed to improving food security in Kenya and developing their agricultural productivity through organisations such as the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the Australian International Food Security Centre (AIFSC), which established an office in Nairobi in 2012.[37] These centres have funded research and programs in Kenya to help them adopt agricultural technology and improve their farming productivity.[37][38] Their priorities in Kenya include: "Intensification and increased resilience in maize-legume-livestock-based mixed farming systems, to improve dietary energy and nutritional quality, and increase household income."[37]
Australia has assisted Kenya to meet the international climate change obligations and progress towards the Kenya Vision 2030 which aims to improve Kenya's economy, industry, environment and quality of life.[39][40] The System for Land Based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) is a AU$13 million Australian measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system that aims to help the Government of Kenya build a national carbon accounting system that they can use to educate their economic and environmental decisions and policies.[39]
Australian programs such as the Australian Government's Direct Aid Program (DIP) and the Australian NGO Cooperative Program (ANCP), as well as other Australian charities and organisations, have been committed to providing financial assistance, education and humanitarian support to Kenyan communities.[41][42]
Counter-terrorism
Australia and Kenya actively collaborate on
The Australian Navy and Military have partnered with Kenya to assist with patrols of the Indian Ocean and military training.[2] In April 2014, the Australian Navy intercepted a drug haul off the coast of Kenya and seized one tonne of heroin valued at AU$290 million.[49] Drug smuggling in the Indian Ocean often profit terrorists organisations and Australia and Kenya are committed to the international operation of intercepting smuggling boats as part of their national policies against terrorism.[49]
Cultural
Australia and Kenya share a national language of English, established through their colonial history.[1] Christianity is the dominant religion of both nations, accounting for over 80% of the population of Kenya in 2009, and 86% of religious Australians in 2018.[50] The 2016 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) census recorded 17,652 Kenyans living in Australia and there is a strong community of Australians living and working in Kenya.[50][51][52]
Australia and Kenya both share a national interest in sports such as cricket, football, rugby union, and rugby sevens.[50] Efforts have been made to introduce Australian rules football (AFL) to Kenya in an attempt to expand the game internationally.[53]
Diplomatic missions
The Australian High Commission in Kenya was formed in September 1965 in Kenya's capital city, Nairobi.
In 1984, the Kenyan High Commission in Canberra was established to further consolidate Australia–Kenya relations.
In May 2012, Kenyan
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Kenya". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australian Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "Australia places trade at the centre of ties with Kenya". Business Daily. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d "About". Kenya High Commission. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ OCLC 905631410.
- ^ a b "KENYA: "It's just like Australia"". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954). 9 March 1954. p. 4. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Neutrality Of Kenya Pledged". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 12 December 1963. p. 10. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-74224-040-4.
- ^ a b c "Aborigines want equal pay". Tribune (Sydney, NSW : 1939 - 1991). 13 January 1965. p. 8. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "TRADE IN KENYA COLONY". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 1 September 1927. p. 15. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Australian trade fair for Kenya". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 10 September 1964. p. 8. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Dorney, Anna (2015). "Speaking Notes" (PDF). Australian High Commission in Kenya. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Mission and Vision – Kenya Australia Chamber of Commerce". Kenya Australia Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Australia Kenya Business Conference". Kenya Australia Chamber of Commerce. 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Austrade's offices in Kenya". Australian Trade and Investment Commission. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Home". Kenya Investment Authority. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- S2CID 153515869.
- ^ "Product Imports by Kenya from Australia 2018". World Integrated Trade Solution. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Product Exports by Kenya to Australia 2018". World Integrated Trade Solution. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Rose exports from Kenya to Australia blossoming". ABC News Rural. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Australia imports record number of roses for Valentine's Day". ABC News Rural. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Kenya faces ban on cut flower exports to Australia". The East African. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Kenya is staring at an export ban of cut flowers to Australia as Colombia and Ecuador go for the spoils". Facebook. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Kwale Mining Operation in Kenya". Base Resources. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Australian Mining in Africa". Parliament of Australia. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Homepage". Africa Down Under. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Towards a People Centred Mining Agreement". ActionAid Australia. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Study in Australia". Australian High Commission Republic of Kenya. 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Kenya education market profile". Australian Trade and Investment Commission. 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "748+ Australia Scholarships for Kenyan students". We Make Scholars. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b Makhubo, Gugu (19 February 2013). "Kenya". Australia Awards Africa. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Potgieter, Elné (19 February 2020). "Helping agribusiness boom in Kenya's lakeside county". Australia Awards Africa. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Potgieter, Elné (16 December 2019). "Reducing maternal and child mortality in Bondo sub-county, Kenya". Australia Awards Africa. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Makhubo, Gugu (8 January 2019). "Sustaining the camel milk market in Kenya". Australia Awards Africa. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Enhancing Africa's economic growth through maritime security and ocean governance". Australia Awards Africa. 6 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Australia helps Kenya Wasteland becomes productive". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 17 January 1987. p. 11. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b c Stephenson, Cassandra (1 August 2017). "Kenya". ACIAR - Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Australian International Food Security Centre". Australian International Food Security Centre. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Agricultural productivity assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "System for Land-based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK)" (PDF). Starckplus. 2016.
- ^ "Development and Humanitarian Cooperation". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Empowering survivors of abuse in Kenya". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Kenya marks Westgate mall attack". BBC News. 21 September 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "'We were focused on getting out of there alive': Australian caught up in Nairobi terror attack". ABC News. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Australia and Africa: cooperation to counter violent extremism and terrorism". The Strategist. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Sharland, Lisa (23 November 2017). "Preventing and countering violent extremism in Africa: mining and Australia's interests". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- OCLC 920465798.
- ^ a b "Australian Navy seizes $290 million of heroin". ABC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Kenyan Culture - Kenyans in Australia". Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Australians in Kenya – Australian expats in Kenya". InterNations. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ "Census reveals Australia's religious diversity on World Religion Day". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Walsh, Conor (17 June 2014). "Out of Africa". AFL. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "About us". Australian High Commission Republic of Kenya. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
Further reading
- Kalirajan, Kaliappa (4 May 2007), "Regional Cooperation and Bilateral Trade Flows: An Empirical Measurement of Resistance", The International Trade Journal, 21 (2): 85–107, https://doi.org/10.1080/08853900701266555.
- Kalirajan, Kaliappa (December 2000), "Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC): Impact on Australia's Trade", Journal of Economic Integration, 15 (4): 553–547.
- Odhiambo, Allan (6 August 2015), "Australia Places Trade at the Centre of Ties with Kenya", Business Daily, retrieved 28 May 2020.
- Pijovic, Nikola (29 July 2014), "The Commonwealth: Australia's Traditional 'Window' into Africa", The Round Table, 103 (4): 383–397.