Universal Pictures
Universal Pictures | ||
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Company type | Parent Universal Studios | |
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Footnotes / references [1][2][3] |
Universal City Studios LLC, doing business as Universal Pictures (informally as Universal Studios or also known simply as Universal) is an American film production and distribution company, a division of Universal Studios, which is owned by NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast.
Founded in 1912 by
The most commercially successful film franchises from Universal include Fast & Furious, Jurassic Park, and Despicable Me. Additionally, the studio's library includes many individual films such as Jaws and E.T. the Extraterrestrial, both of which became the highest-grossing films of all time during their initial releases. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA), and was one of the "Little Three" majors during Hollywood's golden age.[4]
Evolution
Adelphia Cable assets for $17.6 billion | |
2006 | USA Network begins 13-year streak as #1 cable network in total viewers |
---|---|
2007 | Illumination is founded |
2010 | Universal releases Illumination's first film Despicable Me |
2011 | Vivendi divested in NBCU; Comcast buys 51% of NBCU from GE, turning it into a limited liability company NBCUniversal Archives is founded |
2012 | Universal celebrates its 100th anniversary NBCUniversal divests its A&E Networks minority stake |
2013 | Comcast buys GE's remaining 49% of NBCU Comcast/NBCU assumes full ownership of Sprout |
2014 | Comcast attempts to acquire Time Warner Cable for $45.2 billion NBCUniversal reaches a new long-term deal with WWE |
2016 | NBCU acquires DreamWorks Animation |
2017 | Sprout relaunches as Universal Kids |
2018 | Comcast acquires Sky after a heated bidding war with 21st Century Fox |
2019 | NBCU acquires Cineo Lighting |
2020 | NBCU launches Peacock |
2021 | Grand opening of Universal Beijing Resort |
2023 | The Super Mario Bros. Movie becomes Illumination's highest-grossing film |
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2020) |
Early years
Universal was founded by
Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with his brothers-in-law
The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York City on April 30, 1912.
Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912, the company was focusing its production efforts in the Hollywood area.
Universal Weekly and Moving Picture Weekly[15] were the alternating names of Universal's internal magazine that began publication in this era; the magazine was intended to market Universal's films to exhibitors.[16] Since much of Universal's early film output was destroyed in subsequent fires and nitrate degradation, the surviving issues of these magazines are a crucial source for film historians.[16]
On March 15, 1915,[18]: 8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km2) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood.[19] Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns, and serials.
In 1916, Universal formed a three-tier branding system for their releases. Unlike the top-tier studios, Universal did not own any theaters to market its feature films. Universal branding their product gave theater owners and audiences a quick reference guide. Branding would help theater owners judge films they were about to lease and help fans decide which movies they wanted to see. Universal released three different types of feature motion pictures:[20][21]
- Red Feather Photoplays – low-budget feature films
- Bluebird Photoplays – mainstream feature release and more ambitious productions
- Jewel – prestige motion pictures featuring high budgets using prominent actors
Directors of "Jewel" films included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall, and Lois Weber, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.[18]: 13
Starting in the mid-1920s, Universal branded its most expensive and heavily-promoted feature films as "Super-Jewel" productions. These included films such as
Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals
During the early 1920s Laemmle entrusted most of Universal's production policy decisions to
In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of
In the early years, Universal had a "clean picture" policy. However, by April 1927, Carl Laemmle considered this a mistake as "unclean pictures" from other studios generated more profit while Universal lost money.[23]
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
In early 1927, Universal had been negotiating deals with cartoon producers since they wanted to get back into producing them. On March 4, Charles Mintz signed a contract with Universal in the presence of its vice president, R. H. Cochrane. Mintz's company, Winkler Pictures, was to produce 26 "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" cartoons for Universal.[24] Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created the character and the Walt Disney Studio provided the animation for the cartoons under Winkler's supervision.
The films enjoyed a successful theatrical run, and Mintz would sign a contract with Universal ensuring three more years of Oswald cartoons.
In February 2006, NBCUniversal sold all the Disney-animated Oswald cartoons, along with the rights to the character himself, to The Walt Disney Company. In return, Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC's recently acquired Sunday night NFL football package. Universal retained ownership of the remaining Oswald cartoons.
Keeping leadership of the studio in the family
In 1928, Laemmle Sr. made his son, Carl Jr., head of Universal Pictures, a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl". Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle". Among these relatives was future Academy Award-winning director/producer William Wyler.
"Junior," Laemmle persuaded his father to bring Universal up to date. He bought and built theaters, converted the studio to sound production, and made several forays into high-quality production. His early efforts included the critically panned
Laemmle Jr. created a niche for the studio, beginning a series of
The Laemmles lose control
Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the
The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of
Although Universal's 1936 Show Boat (released a little over a month later) became a critical and financial success, it was not enough to save the Laemmles' involvement with the studio. They were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded. Because the Laemmles personally oversaw production, Show Boat was released (despite the takeover) with Carl Laemmle and Carl Laemmle Jr.'s names on the credits and in the film's advertising campaign. Standard Capital's
Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in the United States. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly resolved the studio's financial problems. The film's success led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career, produced her most successful pictures.
When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin's pictures, and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles, the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939; she went on to star with Bing Crosby, W. C. Fields, and Donald O'Connor. A popular Universal film of the late 1930s was Destry Rides Again (1939), starring James Stewart as Destry and Marlene Dietrich in her comeback role after leaving Paramount.
By the early 1940s, the company was concentrating on lower-budget productions that were the company's main staple: westerns, melodramas, serials, and
Universal could seldom afford its own stable of stars and often borrowed talent from other studios or hired freelance actors. In addition to Stewart and Dietrich,
During the war years, Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer
As Universal's main product had always been lower-budgeted films, it was one of the last major studios to contract with
Universal International and Decca Records
In 1945, J. Arthur Rank, who had already owned a stake in the studio almost a decade before, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company
Goetz set out an ambitious schedule. Universal-International became responsible for the American distribution of Rank's British productions, including such classics as
The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like
In the 1950s, Universal-International resumed their series of Arabian Nights films, many starring
Although Decca would continue to keep picture budgets lean, it was favored by changing circumstances in the film business, as other studios let their contract actors go in the wake of the 1948
MCA takes over
In the early 1950s, Universal set up its own distribution company in France. In the late 1960s, the company also started a production company in Paris, Universal Productions France S.A., although sometimes credited by the name of the distribution company, Universal Pictures France. Except for the two first films it produced, Claude Chabrol's Le scandale (English title The Champagne Murders, 1967) and Romain Gary's Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou (English title Birds in Peru), it was only involved in French or other European co-productions, including Louis Malle's Lacombe, Lucien, Bertrand Blier's Les Valseuses (English title Going Places, 1974), and Fred Zinnemann's The Day of the Jackal (1973). It was only involved in approximately 20 French film productions. In the early 1970s, the unit was incorporated into the French Cinema International Corporation arm.
By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain breakup and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The
The long-awaited takeover of Universal Pictures by MCA, Inc. happened in mid-1962 as part of the MCA-
Television production made up much of the studio's output, with Universal heavily committed, in particular, to deals with NBC (which much later merged with Universal to form NBC Universal;
At this time, Hal B. Wallis, who had recently worked as a major producer at Paramount, moved over to Universal, where he produced several films, among them a lavish version of Maxwell Anderson's Anne of the Thousand Days (1969) and the equally lavish Mary, Queen of Scots (1971).[29] Although neither could claim to be a big financial hit, both films received Academy Award nominations, and Anne was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Richard Burton), Best Actress (Geneviève Bujold), and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Quayle). Wallis retired from Universal after making the film Rooster Cogburn (1975), a sequel to True Grit (1969), which Wallis had produced at Paramount. Rooster Cogburn co-starred John Wayne, reprising his Oscar-winning role from the earlier film, and Katharine Hepburn, their only film together. The film was only a moderate success.
In 1983, Universal Pictures launched an independent film arm designed to release specialty films, Universal Classics, and the division has sights on separation.[30] In 1987, Universal Pictures, MGM/UA Communications Co., and Paramount Pictures teamed up to market feature film and television products to China. Consumer reach was measured in terms of the 25 billion admission tickets that were clocked in China in 1986, and Worldwide Media Sales, a division of the New York-based Worldwide Media Group, had been placed in charge of the undertaking.[31]
In the early 1980s, the company had its own pay television arm Universal Pay Television (a.k.a. Universal Pay TV Programming, Inc.), which spawned in 1987, an 11-picture cable television agreement with then-independent film studio New Line Cinema.[32]
In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with
Matsushita, Seagram and Vivendi
Anxious to expand the company's broadcast and cable presence, longtime MCA head Lew Wasserman sought a rich partner. He located Japanese electronics manufacturer Matsushita Electric (now known as Panasonic), which agreed to acquire MCA for $6.6 billion in 1990.
On December 9, 1996, the new owners dropped the MCA name; the company became Universal Studios, Inc.
Afterward, Universal Pictures acquired the United States distribution rights of several of StudioCanal's films, such as David Lynch's Mulholland Drive (2001) and Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001) which became the sixth-highest-grossing French-language film of all time in the United States.[38][39] Universal Pictures and StudioCanal also co-produced several films, such as Love Actually (2003); a $40 million-budgeted film that eventually grossed $246 million worldwide.[40] In late 2000, the New York Film Academy was permitted to use the Universal Studios backlot for student film projects in an unofficial partnership.[41]
Expansions
In September 2013, Adam Fogelson was ousted as co-chairman of Universal Pictures, promoting Donna Langley to the sole chairperson. In addition, NBCUniversal International chairman Jeff Shell would be appointed as chairman of the newly created Filmed Entertainment Group. Longtime studio head Ron Meyer would give up oversight of the film studio and appointed vice chairman of NBCUniversal, providing consultation to CEO Steve Burke on all of the company's operations. Meyer retained oversight of Universal Parks and Resorts.[42]
Universal's multi-year film financing deal with
In June 2014, Universal Partnerships took over licensing consumer products for NBC and Sprout with the expectation that all licensing would eventually be centralized within NBCUniversal.[45] In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus Features as a genre label concentrating on action, sci-fi, and horror films.[46]
On December 16, 2015, Amblin Partners announced that it entered into a five-year distribution deal with Universal Pictures by which the films will be distributed and marketed by either Universal or Focus Features.[47][48]
In early 2016, Perfect World Pictures announced a long-term co-financing deal with Universal, representing the first time a Chinese company directly invests in a multi-year slate deal with a major U.S. studio.[49]
On April 28, 2016, Universal's parent company, NBCUniversal, announced a $3.8 billion deal to buy
On February 15, 2017, Universal Pictures acquired a minority stake in Amblin Partners, strengthening the relationship between Universal and Amblin.[52]
In December 2019, Universal Pictures entered early negotiations to distribute upcoming feature film properties based on the Lego toys. Although the original Lego Movie characters are still owned by Warner Bros. Pictures, Universal Pictures will serve as a distributor of future releases and will develop additional Lego films. The future of the already in-development films is believed to remain the same.[53]
In June, it was announced longtime Universal International Distribution President Duncan Clark would be stepping down. He would transition to a consulting role with the studio in August and would be replaced by Veronika Kwan Vandenberg.[54]
Units
- Universal Pictures International
- Universal International Distribution
- Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
- Universal Home Entertainment Productions
- Universal 1440 Entertainment
- DreamWorks Animation Home Entertainment
- Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Australia (joint venture with Sony Pictures Home Entertainment)
- Universal Playback
- Studio Distribution Services (joint venture with Warner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment)
- Focus Features
- Universal Pictures International Entertainment
- Working Title Films
- WT2 Productions
- Working Title Television
- Carnival Films
- )
- Illumination
- Illumination Studios Paris
- Illumination Labs
- Moonlight
- DreamWorks Animation
- DreamWorks Animation Television
- DreamWorks Classics
- Big Idea Entertainment (in-name-only unit of DreamWorks Animation)
- Bullwinkle Studios (JV)
- Harvey Entertainment(in-name-only unit of DreamWorks Animation)
- DreamWorks Theatricals
- DreamWorks New Media
- DreamWorksTV
- DreamWorks Press
- OTL Releasing
- Back Lot Music
- Universal Products & Experiences
- United International Pictures (50%, joint venture with Paramount Global's Paramount Pictures)
- Amblin Partners (minor stake)[47][48] (JV)[52]
- Amblin Entertainment
- Amblin Television
- DreamWorks Pictures
- Storyteller Distribution[55]
- Blumhouse Holdings, LLC (minority stake with Jason Blum and James Wan)[56]
- Blumhouse Productions
- Atomic Monster
- BH Tilt (with Neon)
- BlumHansonAllen Films
- Blumhouse Books
- Blumhouse Games
- Blumhouse International
- Blumhouse Television (55%)
- Haunted Movies
- Blumhouse Productions
Film library
Main article: Lists of Universal Pictures films
In addition to its own library, Universal releases the EMKA, Ltd. catalog of 1929–1949 Paramount Pictures, owned by sister company Universal Television.
Film series
Title | Release date | No. Films | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Universal Monsters
|
1931–56 | 31 | |
The Mummy | 1932–2017; TBA | 11 | coproduction with Relativity Media, Sommers Company, Alphaville, K/O Paper Products, and Perfect World Pictures |
Abbott and Costello | 1940–55 | 3 | |
Woody Woodpecker | 1940–present | 2 | coproduction with Walter Lantz Studios and Universal Animation Studios
|
Sherlock Holmes | 1942–46 | 12 | |
Ma and Pa Kettle | 1947–57 | 10 | |
Francis the Talking Mule | 1950–56 | 7 | |
Cape Fear | 1962–91 | 2 | |
The Birds | 1963–94 | ||
McHale's Navy | 1964–97 | 3 | |
Airport | 1970–79 | 4 | |
American Graffiti | 1973–79 | 2 | coproduction with Lucasfilm, Ltd.
|
The Jackal | 1973–97 | coproduction Warwick Films, Alphaville, and Mutual Film Company | |
Jaws | 1975–87 | 4 | |
Smokey and the Bandit | 1977–83 | 3 | Coproduction with Rastar (1-2)
|
The Car | 1977–2019 | 2 | |
The Blues Brothers | 1980–98 | coproduction with SNL Studios | |
Halloween | 1981–82, 2018–present | 5 | coproduction with Compass International, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group, Miramax, and Blumhouse Productions |
Endless Love | 1981–2014 | 2 | |
Conan the Barbarian
|
1982–84; TBA | ||
The Thing | 1982–2011; TBA | coproduction with the Turman-Foster Company, Morgan Creek Productions, and Strike Entertainment
| |
Psycho | 1983–98 | 5 | |
Firestarter | 1984–2022 | 2 | |
Back to the Future | 1985–90 | 3 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment |
An American Tail | 1986–99 | 4 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment, Amblimation, and Sullivan Bluth Studios |
The Land Before Time
|
1988–2016 | 14 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment, Lucasfilm, and Sullivan Bluth Studios |
K-9 | 1989–2002 | 3 | |
Tremors | 1990–present | 7 | |
Problem Child | 1990–95 | 3 | |
Darkman | 1990–96 | coproduction with Renaissance Pictures | |
Buried Alive | 1990–97 | 2 | |
Child's Play / Chucky | 1990–98; 2013–present | 5 | |
Kindergarten Cop | 1990–2016 | 2 | Coproduction with Imagine Entertainment |
Knight Rider | 1991–2008 | 3 | |
The Little Engine That Could | 1991–2011 | 2 | |
Backdraft | 1991–2019 | coproduction with Imagine Entertainment and Trilogy Entertainment Group | |
Beethoven | 1992–2014 | 8 | |
VeggieTales | 1993–present | 2 | coproduction with Big Idea Entertainment |
Jurassic Park | 1993–2001; 2015–present | 6 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment, Legendary Entertainment, and The Kennedy/Marshall Company |
Carlito's Way | 1993–2005 | 2 | |
Hard Target | 1993–2016 | ||
The Flintstones | 1994–2000 | coproduction with Hanna-Barbera and Amblin Entertainment | |
Timecop | 1994–2003 | coproduction with Renaissance Pictures | |
The Little Rascals | 1994–2014 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment | |
Babe | 1995–98 | ||
Casper | 1995–2000 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment, Harvey Films, and Saban Ltd. | |
Balto | 1995–2005 | 3 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment and Amblimation |
Apollo films | 1995–2019 | coproduction with Imagine Entertainment, Statement Pictures, CNN Films, and Neon | |
Sudden Death | 1995–2020 | 2 | |
Dragonheart | 1996–present | 5 | |
Twister | 1 | coproduction with Amblin Entertainment and Warner Bros. (both 1996) | |
Mr. Bean | 1997–2007 | 2 | coproduction with |
Alvin and the Chipmunks | 1999–2000 | ||
Jay Ward films | From Dudley Do-Right to The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle | ||
The Best Man | 1999–2013 | ||
American Pie | 1999–2020 | 9 | (including the spin-off series) |
Meet the Parents | 2000–10 | 3 | coproduction with DreamWorks Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and TriBeCa Productions |
The Chronicles of Riddick | 2000–13 | coproduction with USA Films, Original Film, and Relativity Media
| |
Dr. Seuss films | 2000–18 | 4 | From The Grinch; coproduction with Imagine Entertainment, DreamWorks Pictures, and Illumination
|
Bring It On | 2000–22 | 6 | coproduction with Strike Entertainment |
Gladiator | 2000–present | 1 | coproduction with Red Wagon Entertainment , DreamWorks Pictures (2000), Paramount Pictures (2024)
|
Hannibal Lecter | 2001–02 | 2 | coproduction with the Weinstein Company and De Laurentiis Entertainment Group |
Fast & Furious | 2001–present | 10 | coproduction with Original Film, Relativity Media, and One Race Films |
Bourne
|
2002–present | 5 | coproduction with the Kennedy/Marshall Company and Relativity Media |
The Scorpion King | coproduction with Alphaville and WWE Studios | ||
Blue Crush | 2002–11 | 2 | coproduction with Imagine Entertainment |
Undercover Brother | 2002–19 | ||
Almighty | 2003–07 | coproduction with Spyglass Entertainment, Shady Acres Entertainment , and Original Film
| |
Hulk
|
2003–08; TBA | including Hulk films; coproduction with Marvel Studios
| |
Johnny English | 2003–18 | 3 | coproduction with StudioCanal and Working Title Films |
Honey | 4 | ||
...of the Dead
|
2004–05 | 2 | coproduction with Cruel and Unusual Films, and Strike Entertainment
|
Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy
|
2004–13 | 3 | coproduction with Rogue Pictures, Relativity Media, Focus Features, Working Title Films, and StudioCanal |
White Noise | 2005–07 | 2 | coproduction with Gold Circle Films |
Nanny McPhee | 2005–10 | coproduction with Working Title Films | |
Doom | 2005–19 | coproduction with Di Bonaventura Pictures, Bethesda Softworks, and id Software | |
Smokin' Aces | 2006–10 | coproduction with Relativity Media | |
Curious George | 2006–21 | 6 | coproduction with Imagine Entertainment |
Battlestar Galactica | 2007–09 | 2 | |
Mamma Mia! | 2008–18 | coproduction with Relativity Media, Playtone, LittleStar, Legendary Entertainment, and Perfect World Pictures | |
Death Race | 5 | coproduction with New Horizons, Cruise/Wagner Productions, and Relativity Media | |
Hit-Girl & Kick-Ass | 2010–13 | 2 | coproduction with Marv Films
|
Despicable Me | 2010–present | 5 | coproduction with Illumination |
Ted
|
2012–15 | 2 | coproduction with Bluegrass Films, and Fuzzy Door Productions
|
The Man with... | coproduction with Bluegrass Films
| ||
Pitch Perfect
|
2012–17 | 3 | coproduction with Gold Circle Films and Brownstone Productions |
The Purge
|
2013–present | 5 | coproduction with Blumhouse Productions and Platinum Dunes |
R.I.P.D. | 2013–22 | 2 | |
Ouija | 2014–16 | coproduction with Blumhouse Productions, Hasbro Studios, Genre Films , and Platinum Dunes
| |
Neighbors | coproduction with Point Grey, Relativity Media, and Good Universe | ||
Ride Along | coproduction with Relativity Media and Perfect World Pictures | ||
Insidious | 2015–18 | coproduction with FilmDistrict, Focus Features, Gramercy Pictures, IM Global, Alliance Films, Stage 6 Films, Entertainment One, and Blumhouse Productions | |
Fifty Shades | 3 | coproduction with Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions
| |
The Secret Life of Pets | 2016–present | 2 | coproduction with Illumination |
Sing | |||
Unbreakable | 2016–19 | coproduction with Touchstone Pictures, Blinding Edge Pictures, and Blumhouse Productions | |
My Big Fat Greek Wedding | 2016–23 | coproduction with HBO Films, Playtone Films, Gold Circle Films, and Focus Features | |
Happy Death Day | 2017–present | coproduction with Blumhouse Productions | |
The Addams Family | 2019–21 | International distributor; coproduction with Bron Creative
| |
How to Train Your Dragon | 2019–present | 1 | coproduction with Marc Platt Productions
|
Trolls | 2020–23 | 2 | coproduction with DreamWorks Animation |
Shrek | 2022–present | 1 | |
The Bad Guys | |||
M3GAN | coproduction with Blumhouse Productions and Atomic Monster | ||
The Super Mario Bros. Movie | 2023–present | coproduction with Illumination and Nintendo | |
Five Nights at Freddy's | coproduction with Blumhouse Productions and Scott Cawthon Productions | ||
Kung Fu Panda | 2024–present | 1 | coproduction with DreamWorks Animation |
Highest-grossing films
Universal was the first studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Minions.[57]
- † Indicates films playing in theatres in the week commencing 10 May 2024.
|
|
‡ Includes theatrical reissue(s).
See also
Notes
- ^ Robert H. Cochrane (1879–1973) formed the Cochrane Advertising Agency in Chicago in 1904. He joined the Laemmle Film Service as advertising manager in 1906 and, for the next 30 years, devoted himself to promoting Carl Laemmle as the "star" of various motion picture enterprises. In 1912 Cochrane was elected vice-president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company and served as president of Universal in 1936–37 after Laemmle sold his interests.[5]
- ^ International distribution only. Released by Warner Bros. domestically in North America.
References
- ^ "Comcast Reports 4Th Quarter And Full Year 2022 Results" (PDF). cmcsa.com. Comcast. January 26, 2022. p. 4. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
- ^ "Contact Us". NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ^ "Brad Weston Launches Production Company With Backing From Universal, eOne". Variety. May 17, 2017.
- ^ "Our Story". MPAA.
- S2CID 191585832. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
- OCLC 1273678339.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-1617852527. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
- ^ Rose, Liza (April 29, 2012), "100 years ago, Fort Lee was the first town to bask in movie magic", The Star-Ledger, retrieved November 11, 2012
- ISBN 0-86196-653-8
- ^ "Studios and Films". Fort Lee Film Commission. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
- ISBN 0-7385-4501-5
- ^ "Florence Lawrence". www.cemeteryguide.com. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- ^ "About Us: Universal Studios History". The Filmmakers Destination. NBCUniversal. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
- ^ "LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". The Library of Congress.
- ^ Hoyt, Eric (2015). "Early Cinema – Moving Picture Weekly". Lantern Media History Project, Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
- ^ S2CID 246343126.
- ^ "The Universal Program". Motion Picture News. Motion Picture News, inc. May 6, 1916. p. 2704. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 0-7064-1873-5.
- ^ "Universal Studios Lot | Universal Studios". Universal Studios Lot. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-7864-9668-6.
- ^ B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)#Roots of the B movie: 1910s–1920s
- ^ Opam, Kwame (June 6, 2017). "Universal is adding The Phantom of the Opera and The Hunchback of Notre Dame to its cinematic universe". The Verge. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- ^ Leonard Leff and Jerold Simmons The Dame in the Kimono, 1990 (original edition)
- Moving Picture World. March 12, 1927. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ "Universal Signs for 3 More Years of Oswald". Motion Picture News. February 18, 1928. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
- ^ "International Pictures and the merger with Universal Pictures". cobbles.com. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ^ "Universal-International and the Early MCA Years". Film Reference. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- ^ "Classics "On Line" with Universal As Unit Has Sights on Separation". Variety. March 2, 1983. p. 8.
- ^ "MGM/UA, Par, Universal Team To Market U.S. Products In China". Variety. June 3, 1987. p. 6.
- ^ "New Line, Universal Pay TV Sign Cable Deal For Theatrical Pics". Variety. June 10, 1987. p. 46.
- ^ Carver, Benedict; Dawtrey, Adam (February 10, 1999). "U to start int'l distrib". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ Groves, Don (October 8, 1999). "'Eyes' to close UPI slate". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ Dawtrey, Adam; Petrikin, Chris (October 4, 1999). "A Universal appeal". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ Petrikin, Chris (October 15, 1999). "U, Par extend UIP pact". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ Reckard, E. Scott (December 9, 1996). "MCA changes name to Universal Studios Inc". Orlando Business Journal.
- ^ "Genre Keyword, Foreign Language". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
- ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 21, 2000). "ALL-TIME FOREIGN-LANGUAGE FILMS IN NORTH AMERICA". Variety. p. 16.
- ^ "Love Actually (2003) – Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo.
- ^ "New York Film Academy – Los Angeles". nyfa.edu.
- ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (September 9, 2013). "Universal Shakeup: Adam Fogelson Out, Donna Langley Sideways, Jeff Shell In, And Ron Meyer Up As Studio Taken By Surprise". Deadline. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ Masters, Kim (December 13, 2012). "Why Studios Don't Pay to Make Movies Anymore". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 4. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- ^ Faughnder, Ryan (July 10, 2013). "Legendary Entertainment strikes five-year deal with NBCUniversal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
- ^ Goldstein, Lindsay (June 19, 2014). "Universal Partnerships & Licensing to Expand to Consumer Products Covering NBC and Sprout". The Wrap. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
- ^ "Focus Revives Gramercy Pictures Label For Genre Films". Deadline Hollywood. May 20, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
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