Baré people
Catholic, Traditional tribal religion[1] |
The Baré, or Hanera, and Werekena are related indigenous people of northwest Brazil and Venezuela. For many years they suffered from violent exploitation by Portuguese and Spanish merchants, forced to work as debt slaves. They moved often to try to avoid the merchants. Today most live by agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering, and extract piassava fiber for income to buy goods from traders.
Languages and population
The Baré
Locations
1°20′19″N 67°14′22″W / 1.338682°N 67.239410°W The Baré and Werekena people in Brazil mostly live on the Xié River and the upper reaches of the Rio Negro. Most were forced to move here due to violent contact and exploitation by Europeans.[3] They form the bulk of the population of the Xié River and the upper Rio Negro above the mouth of the Vaupés River. More than 60% of the indigenous people of the Xié are Werekena.[5] The communities downstream from the Cumati waterfall on the Xié are mostly Protestant, influenced by the
Most of the people live in small communities of log houses built around a wide area of clean sand. Some settlements have a Catholic or Protestant chapel, a small school and perhaps a medical station, while other only have houses. The largest settlements are Cucuí, Vila Nova and Cué-Cué in the Cué-cué/Marabitanas Indigenous Territory.[5] During most of the year the communities are mostly engaged in agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering. The main source of cash comes from extraction of piassava fiber. This is used by buy goods from small or medium traders.[7] The towns of Santa Isabel and São Gabriel da Cachoeira, particularly the latter, are magnets to people looking for better education, paid work and access to cheaper goods than those provided by trading boats on the rivers.[5]
In Venezuela the remaining Baré live along the Casiquiare canal, with small numbers in Puerto Ayacucho, San Fernando de Atabapo, Solano, San Carlos de Río Negro, Santa Rosa de Amanadon and Santa Lucía.[2]
Traditional life
The Baré people once lived along the Río Negro upstream from the present location of Manaus to the Casiquiare canal and the Pasimoni River.[2] During the long struggle with European colonialists much of their culture has been forgotten and most of their precolonial artifacts lost. Like related groups on the Rio Negro they probably practiced slash-and-burn agriculture, hunted small game using blowpipes and bows and arrows, gathered forest products and fished using harpoons, arrows, hooks, traps and nets. They would have manufactured their own tools, wooden boats and paddles, textiles, hammocks, baskets and pottery. For weaving they used the fibers of cumare, curagua, and moriche, which they dried in the sun and dyed red, purple and yellow. For fishing lines they used chiquichique fiber.[2]
History of contact
The first contacts of the Werekena with European colonists probably date to the early 18th century. The Jesuit
The Italian Count Ermano Stradelli descended the Rio Negro from Cucuí in 1881. He wrote that the Xié River was almost deserted. Possibly the indigenous people were living in the headwaters and small streams to avoid destructive contact with whites. At the start of the 20th century many families that had moved to Venezuela returned to Brazil to escape the merchants who were violently exploiting them in
Notes
- ^ a b c d e "Baré- Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
- ^ a b c d Discover the people of the Orinoco#Baré.
- ^ a b c Baré – ISA, Introdução.
- ^ Baré – ISA, Línguas.
- ^ a b c Baré – ISA, Localização e população.
- ^ Baré – ISA, Vida religiosa.
- ^ Baré – ISA, Atividades econômicas.
- ^ a b Baré – ISA, Histórico do contato.
Sources
- "Baré", Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2017-02-27
- "Discover the people of the Orinoco#Baré", orinoco.org, archived from the original on 2010-08-02, retrieved 2017-02-27