Barasana
Barasana (alternate names Barazana, Panenua, Pareroa, or Taiwano
The Barasana refers to themselves as the jebá.~baca, or people of the jaguar (Jebá "jaguar" is their mythical ancestor).[8]
Geography, ecology
Barasana territory lies in the central sector of the Colombian Northwest
Its climate is marked by four seasons, a long dry spell from December to March followed by the wet season from March to August, a short dry season between August and September, followed by a rainy season from September until December. The average temperature varies between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius (68 and 86 °F).[9] It is notorious for its treacherous rivers that are choked with dangerous rapids and falls. The number of faunal species is not rich, and individual animals not common, though hunting game is prized as the fundamentally male mode of procuring food. Fish also, despite the many rivers, do not abound.[11]
Ethnic group context
The Vaupés area is inhabited by roughly 20 tribes or descent groups.
History
The various Tukanoan myths of origin refer to a westward upstream migration from Brazil, and Reichel-Dolmatoff believes that there is a ‘kernel of historical truth’ behind these uniform traditions.
Economy
The Barasana are
Social structure
The Tukunoan descent groups are subdivided into ranked and named sibs. The dominant feature of their social organization is language group exogamy, which requires that one must always marry a spouse speaking a language different from one’s own.[50] Among the Barasana themselves, exceptions however do exist to the principle of linguistic exogamy, since they intermarry with Taiwanos whose language is regarded as almost identical to their own.[51] This means that one’s father’s language determines one’s inclusion or exclusion in Barasana identity, which accounts for the custom of virilocality. Women marrying out, though speaking Barasana as their native tongue, are therefore excluded from Barasana identity.[52] Concern for exogamy is obsessive and is considered by Reichel-Dolmstoff to be the most important social rule of all.[53]
The Vaupés social system may be divided in four units in ascending hierarchy, namely (a) the local descent group, (2) the sib, (3) the language-aggregate, and finally (4) the
The Barasana have seven exogamous phratries,
Language
Barasana is classified as one of the eastern Tucanoan languages. It is mutually intelligible with Taiwano, and both are considered dialect variations of each other, though it is reported that Taiwano speakers are assimilating to the Barasana with whom they have very close relations of exchange, leading them to adopt the Barasana tongue.[60]
Popular culture
The Barasana were the subject of
Notes
- ISBN 978-0521358903.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.23
- ^ Christine Jones,From the Milk River.p.12.
- ^ Determining their exact number is difficult, because inclusion in the group is determined by one’s father’s language. The figure of 500 refers to this Vaupés group, and excludes people whose mother language is Barasana.
- JSTOR 1265845.
- ISBN 978-0415563314., and Bignell, Paul (13 December 2009). "The beckoning silence: Why half of the world's languages are in serious danger of dying out". The Independent.
- ^ "Conselho Indigenista Missionário". CIMI. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- JSTOR 1265845.
- ^ a b pp.18-19
- ^ a b Jean Elizabeth Jackson, ‘Language Identity of the Vaupés Indians,’ p.50
- ISBN 978-0226707310. For a list of edible foods and animals in the Vaupés area see pp. 11-14, and Appendix 3, pp. 274-5
- Pirá-Tapuya, Siriano, Taiwano, Tanimuka, Tatuyo, Tariana, Tucano, Tuyuca, Uanano, Yauna, and Yurutí. See François Correa Rubio, Por el Camino de la Anaconda Remedio, Univ. Nacional de Colombia, 1996 p.375
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson, ‘Language Identity of the Vaupés Indians,’ p.50,
- ^ Elsa Gomez Imbert, ‘Conceptual categories and linguistic classification’, in John Joseph Gumperz, Stephen C. Levinson (eds.) Rethinking linguistic relativity, Cambridge University Press, 1996 Cambridge University Press, 1996 pp.438-469 .p.442
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, pp.22-23
- ^ ’i.e. ‘a large geographical area in which people are basically similar and distance and differentiation are seen in terms of degrees rather than absolutes’ Jean Elizabeth Jackson, The fish people: linguistic exogamy and Tukanoan identity in northwest Amazonia, p.7: Reichel-Dolmatoff, following Goldman, called this system ‘cosmopolitan’ . See Irving Goldman 1963 p.15; Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff ‘Review of The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon by Irving Goldman ,’ p.1378. For multilingualism see Jean Elizabeth Jackson, ‘Language Identity of the Vaupés Indians,’ p.56: Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.21.
- ^ a b Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Shamanism and art of the eastern Tukanoan Indians: Colombian northwest Amazon, p.1
- ^ a b Jean Elizabeth Jackson, ‘Language Identity of the Vaupés Indians,’ p.53
- ^ Michael Shermer, In Darwin's shadow: the life and science of Alfred Russel Wallace : a biographical study on the psychology of history, Oxford University Press US, 2002 p.67
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson, The fish people, p.21.
- ^ Aleksandra Yurievna Aĭkhenvald, Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford University Press, 2002 reprint, p.24
- ^ Jonathan David Hill, Made-from-bone: trickster myths, music, and history from the Amazon, University of Illinois Press, 2008 p.66
- ^ Alcionilio Brüzzi Alves da Silva, A civilização indígena do Uaupés: observações antropológicas etnográficas e sociológicas, São Paulo, 1962 p.22, cited Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.21
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones,The Palm and the Pleiades, p.4.
- ^ Irving Goldman, The Cubeo Indians of the Northwest Amazon, University of Illinois Press, 1963 p.12 puts the date as 1853. The difference may reflect the fact that Wallace’s book, Palm Trees of the Amazon and their uses, was published in 1853.
- ^ He composed ten syllabaries and synonymies, published in the first edition of his account, but dropped from subsequent editions. See Michael Shermer, In Darwin's shadow: the life and science of Alfred Russel Wallace, p.67
- ^ Camilo Domínguez, Augusto Gómez, La economía extractiva en la Amazonia colombiana, 1850-1930, Corporación Colombiana Para la Amazonia Araracuara, 1990 p.124
- ^ Robin M.Wright & Jonathan D.Hill, ‘Venancio Kamiko: Wakuenai Shaman and Messiah,’ in E. Jean Langdon and. Gerhard Baer, (eds.) Portals of Power: : Shamanism in South America, University of New Mexico Press, 1992 1992 pp. 257-286.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, ‘Shamans, Prophets, Priests and Pastors,’ pp.47ff.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.6.
- sacred and taboo.’ Irving Goldman, The Cubeo Indians of the Northwest Amazon, p.255.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, pp.4.5
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, ‘Shamans, Prophets, Priests and Pastors,’ p.57
- ^ Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff , ‘Review of The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon by Irving Goldman ,’ in American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 65, No. 6 (Dec., 1963), pp. 1377-1379, p.1377.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, 1979 preface
- ^ Stephen p.25
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson, The fish people, p.21
- ^ Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Shamanism and art of the eastern Tukanoan Indians: Colombian northwest Amazon, p.1
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades:Initiation and Cosmology ion Northwest Amazonia, p.5
- ^ Goldman, The Cubeo Indians of the Northwest Amazon, p.85
- ^ ISBN 978-0521358897.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.65
- ^ There are two varieties of peccary (kii jece) hunted, the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu tajacu: kii jece) and the collared peccary. R.A. Donkin, ‘The Peccary’, in Transactions, American Philosophical Society, (vol. 75), Part 5, 1985 pp.1-152, p.61)
- ^ Gomez-Imbert, Elsa, & Kenstowicz, Michael, ‘Barasana Tone and Accent, p.434
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, pp.29-30
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.163.
- botanist Richard Sprucemade the first report of this drink in his journey among the Tukuano Indians in 1852, roughly contemporaneously with Wallace’s visit. For details see Andrei A. Znamenski, The beauty of the primitive: shamanism and Western imagination, pp.148ff.
- ISBN 978-0195172317.
- ISBN 978-0912383378.); this text contains a photo of a Barasana tracing religious patterns while under the influence of the yagé decoction on p. 124
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff, Shamanism and art of the eastern Tukanoan Indians: Colombian northwest Amazon, p.1. However, the Cubeo do not practice language group exogamy, since they marry among same language phratries, that is they practice linguistic endogamy, The Cubeo Indians of the Northwest Amazon, pp.42ff.: Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, pp.23-24. For failing to observe this principle, their status as ‘real people’ becomes a matter of doubt among the Eastern Tukunoans, of which the Barasana are one. See Jonathan David Hill, History, power, and identity: ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992, University of Iowa Press, 1996 p.144.
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson The fish people: linguistic exogamy and Tukanoan identity in northwest Amazonia, p.20, p.246 n.11.
- ^ Gomez-Imbert, Elsa, & Kenstowicz, Michael, ‘Barasana Tone and Accent,’ , p.420
- ^ Shamanism and art of the eastern Tukanoan Indians: Colombian northwest Amazon, p.1
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson, ‘Language Identity of the Vaupés Indians,’ p.53.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.22
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson The fish people: linguistic exogamy and Tukanoan identity in northwest Amazonia, p.246 n.11. Hugh-Jones lists only 5 neighbouring groups with whom the Barasana intermarry: the Bará, Tatuyo, Taiwano, Kabiyeri and Makuna. Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, p.27.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones, The Palm and the Pleiades, pp.25-26.
- ^ Stephen Hugh-Jones , The Palm and the Pleiades, preface
- ^ Jean Elizabeth Jackson The fish people: linguistic exogamy and Tukanoan identity in northwest Amazonia, p.194
- ^ Elsa Gomez-Imbert, 'Conceptual categories and linguistic classification,' in John J. Gumperz, Stephen C. Levinson (eds.) Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, Cambridge University Press, 1996 p.443.
References
- Wilbert, Johannes; Levinson, David (1994). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Volume 7: South America. Boston: G. K. Hall. ISBN 0-8161-1813-2
- ISBN 0-19-925785-X
- Bignell, Paul ‘The beckoning silence: Why half of the world's languages are in serious danger of dying out’, The Independent, 13 December 2009
- Brüzzi Alves da Silva, A civilização indígena do Uaupés: observações antropológicas etnográficas e sociológicas, (Centro de Pesquisas de Iauareté, São Paulo, 1962), 2nd.ed. LAS, 1977
- Conselho Indigenista Missionário
- Donkin, R.A. 'The Peccary', in Transactions, American Philosophical Society, (vol. 75), Part 5, 1985 pp. 1–152
- Goldman, Irving ‘The Tribes of the Uapes-Caqueta Region,’ in J.W.Steward (ed.) Handbook of South American IndiansSmithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143, 3, Washington D.C. 1948 pp. 763–798
- Goldman, Irving, The Cubeo Indians of the Northwest Amazon, (1963) University of Illinois Press, 2nd.ed. 1979 ISBN 0-252-00770-0
- Gomez-Imbert,Elsa 'Conceptual categories and linguistic classification,' in John J. Gumperz, Stephen C. Levinson (eds.) Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, Cambridge University Press, 1996 ISBN 978-0-521-44890-1
- Hill, Jonathan David, History, power, and identity: ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992, University of Iowa Press, 1996 ISBN 0-87745-547-3
- Hill, Jonathan David Made-from-bone:: trickster myths, music, and history from the Amazon, University of Illinois Press, 2008 ISBN 0-252-07570-6
- Hugh-Jones, Christine, From the Milk River: Spatial and temporal processes in Northwest Amazonia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979 ISBN 0-521-35889-2,
- Hugh-Jones, Stephen, The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in Northwest Amazonia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979 ISBN 0-521-21952-3
- Stephen Hugh-Jones, ‘Shamans, Prophets, Priests and Pastors,’ in Nicholas Thomas & Caroline Humphrey (eds.), Shamanism, history, and the state, University of Michigan Press, (1994)1996 pb. pp. 32–75 ISBN 0-472-08401-1
- Gomez-Imbert, Elsa, ‘Conceptual categories and linguistic classification’, in John Joseph Gumperz, Stephen C. Levinson (eds.) Rethinking linguistic relativity, Cambridge University Press, 1996 Cambridge University Press, 1996 pp. 438–469 ISBN 0-521-44890-5
- Gomez-Imbert, Elsa, & Kenstowicz, Michael, ‘Barasana Tone and Accent,’ in International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Oct., 2000), pp. 419–463
- Jackson, Jean Elizabeth, ‘Language Identity of the Vaupés Indians,’ in Richard Bauman, Joel Sherzer (eds.) Explorations in the ethnography of speaking, Cambridge University Press, 1974 ch.2 pp. 50–64
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- Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 1971 ISBN 0-226-70731-8
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- Wright, Robin M. & Hill, Jonathan D ‘Venancio Kamiko: Wakuenai Shaman and Messiah,’ in E. Jean Langdon and. Gerhard Baer, (eds.) Portals of Power: : Shamanism in South America, University of New Mexico Press, 1992 1992 pp. 257–286.
- Znamenski, Andrei A. The beauty of the primitive: shamanism and Western imagination, Oxford University Press US, 2007 ISBN 0-19-517231-0