Barghawata
Barghawata Confederacy | |||||||||
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744–1058 | |||||||||
Common languages | Berber (Lisan al-Gharbi) | ||||||||
Religion | Official : Islam-influenced Traditional Berber religion (adopted by 12 tribes) Other : Islam (Khariji)(adopted by 17 tribes) | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy Tribal confederacy (29 tribes) | ||||||||
King | |||||||||
• 744 | Tarif al-Matghari | ||||||||
• 961 | Abu Mansur Isa | ||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 744 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1058 | ||||||||
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History of Morocco |
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The Barghawatas (also Barghwata or Berghouata) were a
Etymology
Some historians believe that the term Barghawata is a phonetic deformation of the term Barbati, a nickname which Tarif carried. It is thought that he was born in the area of Barbate, near Cádiz in Spain.[2] However, Jérôme Carcopino and other historians think the name is much older and the tribe is the same as that which the Romans called Baquates, who up until the 7th century lived near Volubilis.[3]
History
Few details are known about Barghawata. Most of the historical sources are largely posterior to their rule and often present a contradictory and confused historical context. However, one tradition appears more interesting. It comes from
The Barghawatas, along with the
The Barghawatas ruled in the Tamesna region for more than three centuries (744–1058). Under the successors of
Religion
It is possible that the Barghawata had a Judeo-Berber background, though accounts of entire Berber tribes practicing Judaism appear later and are unreliable.[7]: 167
After the conversion to Islam at the beginning of the 8th century and the Maysara uprising (739-742), the Barghawata Berbers formed their own state on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Salé.[citation needed]
The Barghawata kingdom followed a syncretic religion inspired by
Tribes
The Barghawata confederacy was made of 29 tribes. 12 of these tribes adopted the Barghawata religion while 17 adhered to Islam.[8][unreliable source?]
Barghawata religion (syncretic with Islam) tribes
- Gerawa
- Zouagha
- Branès
- Banu Abi Nacer
- Menjasa
- Banu Abi Nuh
- Banu Waghmar
- Matghara
- Banu Borgh
- Banu Derr
- Matmata
- Banu Zaksent
Khariji Muslim tribes
- Zenata-Jbal
- Banu Bellit
- Nemala
- Ounsent
- Banu Ifren
- Banu Naghit
- Banu Nuaman
- Banu Fallusa
- Banu Kuna
- Banu Sebker
- Assada
- Regana
- Azmin
- Manada
- Masina
- Resana
- Trara
Some constituent tribes, such as Branès, Matmata, Ifren and Trara, were fractions of much larger tribal groups, and only the Tamesna-based fractions joined the Barghawata Confederacy.
Barghawata kings
- Tarif al-Matghari
- Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf (744-?), who declared himself prophet[9] in 744 and went away at the age of 47, promising to return.
- Ilyas ibn Salih (?792-842),[10] who is said to have professed Islām publicly but Ṣāliḥ's religion secretly, and died in the 50th year of his reign.
- Yunus ibn Ilyas (?842-888), who made Ṣāliḥ's religion official and fought those who would not convert (killing 7770 people, according to Ibn Khaldun's sources, some at a place called Tamlukeft). Curiously enough, he is also said to have performed the Hajj. He died in the 44th year of his reign.
- Abu-Ghufayl Muhammad (?888-917), who may also have been called a prophet (according to a poem Ibn-Khaldun cites) and who had 44 wives and more sons. He died in the 29th year of his reign.
- Abu al-Ansar Abdullah (?917-961), buried at Ameslakht. He died in the 44th year of his reign.
- Abu Mansur Isa (?961-?), who was 22 when he became king.
See also
- Kingdom of Nekor
- Maghrawa
- Banu Ifran
References
Citations
- ISBN 9004081143.
- ^ Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine by Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto - (in Spanish)
- ^ see e.g. this article originally published in Hesperis Archived April 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine and for a contrary view the reference by Mohammed Talbi cited above
- ^ Talbi (ref. cited above) believes, however, that it contains a certain amount of myth or propaganda
- Almoravids
- ISBN 9004081143.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-4681-4.
- ^ "مركز أبي الحسن الأشعري للدراسات و البحوث العقدية". Archived from the original on 2014-11-26. Retrieved 2014-11-14.
- ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, retrieved 2023-09-20
- ^ Dates with question marks are calculated on the basis of a secondary source [1][permanent dead link]. Other info is from Ibn Khaldun.
Bibliography
- Ulrich Haarmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Welt. C.H. Beck München, 2001.
- John Iskander, Devout Heretics: The Barghawata in Maghribi Historiography, in The Journal of North African Studies Volume 12, 2007, pages 37–53.
- Stephan und Nandy Ronart, Lexikon der Arabischen Welt. Artemis Verlag, 1972.
- Mohammed Talbi, Hérésie, acculturation et nationalisme des berbères Bargawata, in Premier congrès des cultures Méditerranéennes d'influence arabo-berbère, Alger 1973,217-233.