Bergmann Offensive
Bergmann Offensive | |
---|---|
Erzurum Vilayet, Ottoman Empire | |
Result | Ottoman victory |
German Empire
75,000 & 168 guns[4]
- 1st Caucasian Army Corps (32 battalions): 40-42,000 infantry & 96 guns[4]
- 1st Caucasian Cossack Division (30 sotnia) and one odd Cossack regiment (6 sotnia): 4,500 cavalry & 24 guns[4]
- 1st Kuban Plastun Brigade (5 battalions): 3,500 infantry[4]
- Armenian volunteers (4 druzhina): 4,000 infantry[4]
- 2st Kuban Plastun Brigade (6 battalions): 4,000 infantry
- General Reserve: 2nd Turkistan Army Corps (21 battalions, 12 sotnia); 17,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry, 48 guns [4]
12,000[5]
Total: 14,023
at least 20,000 deserted before battle (mostly Armenian soldiers) [3]
7,000[5]
The Bergmann Offensive (
General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire.[7]When the war started, Russia had 25 battalions at Sarikamish, 8 battalions at
At the outbreak of war, the Russians decided to occupy the Eleşkirt valley as a defensive measure to prevent the incursion of Kurdish Hamidiye units. The Russians considered the Turkish forces to be too weak to mount any offensive before winter weather would make any such offensive impossible, and no other offensive moves were intended by the Russian high command of the Caucasian army – their strategy envisaged an active defense against a locally superior force. However, local Russian commanders had the authority to authorize limited advances.[10]
On 2 November, Bergmann's troops crossed the border in the general direction of
By 5 November Bergmann had completed the objectives expected of him. However, he expanded his mission by ordering further advances into Ottoman territory. By 6 November contact was made between the opposing armies, and heavy fighting continued into the 7th, with temporary Russian successes. Further Russian advances were held in check as a result of heavy fighting between 7 and 10 November. On 11 November Ottoman forces counterattacked and the Russian flanks quickly became at risk, forcing a Russian retreat. By the 12th they had retreated back to the lines they occupied on the 4th, and still at risk of being outflanked, further retreats followed. Only the arrival of Russian reinforcements headed by General Przevalski checked the situation and halted the Russian retreat. On 16–17 November Przevalski crossed the Aras river and at dawn attacked part of the Turkish XI Corps, halting their advance. After two more days the fighting finally petered out.[11]
Russian losses were 1,000 killed and 4,000 wounded, 1,000 men died of exposure[5](with the Bakinski regiment suffering 40% losses), while the Ottomans lost 1,983 men killed, 6,170 wounded, 3,070 were taken prisoner, and 2,800 deserted.[5] Yudenich and his staff were disappointed by the unsuccessful attack. Turkish forces then crossed the border and, advancing into the lower Choruh valley, destroyed on 15 November a Russian column sent to protect the copper mines at Borçka, forcing the Russians to evacuate Borçka, Artvin and Ardanuç.[12] Turkish success during these first engagements encouraged Enver Pasha in his plan to attack at Sarıkamıș.[7][13]
Muratoff and Allen describe Bergman as "an officer who liked to imitate in appearance and manner the type of the old Caucasian hero-leaders", but who had "none of the qualities which are necessary as a commander; he had no experience of field operations, and was merely blindly obstinate when he thought to show strength of character".[14]
Strength of forces
Unit | Men | (Pack) Animal | Rifle | Mitrailleuse | Gun |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
9th Corps | 71.474 | 17.865 | 42.456 | 24 | 72 |
10th Corps | 63.700 | 16.197 | 35.326 | 20 | 56 |
11th Corps | 49.017 | 12.147 | 24.251 | 16 | 60 |
13th Corps | 9.590 | 3.546 | 7.075 | 4 | 20 |
Total | 193.781 | 49.755 | 109.108 | 64 | 208 |
Erzurum Fortress | 32.769 | 1.710 | 2.947 | 0 | 323 |
Turks had 227 thousand men (At the time, Turk Army tend to have available soldiers 70% of sum (160.000) approximately) on paper but Turk lost huge number of their troops due to illness, frostbite and desertion before reaching battlefield. 34th Division of 11th Corps had initially 12.000 men but Commander of 34th Division Ali İhsan Pasha could bring only 8.000 men. 33rd Division (initial number isn't mentioned in sources but it is close to 34th Division) decreased to 3.000 soldiers. At the beginning of the Battle of Sarikamish, Turkish forces was 90.000 soldiers. 40.000 soldiers came from 10th Corps. 9th Corps was 28.000 and 11th Corps 22.000 soldier. 13th Corps came from Baghdad and it could bring only 2.000 soldiers. 37th Division was sent to Bayazit against Oganovski's forces. Considering Turkish losses was 11.800 in Bergmann Offensive, We can estimate that Turkish Army was 62.000 soldiers in Bergmann Offensive. As for Russian side, Muratoff and Allen gave vague numbers. They said that "at an average of 1000 men per battalion, Caucasian Army amounted to about 100.000 infantry, 15.000 cavalry (117 sotni) and 256 guns".[15] Muratoff and Allen also said that Plastun (3 Plastun Brigade: 18 battalion) and Turkistan battalions (21 Battalions) was rarely above 800 men and 39th and 20th (16 battalions both) infantry division, after mobilization, became 25-30% above normal strength. Amount of normal strength isn't mentioned but it is probably 1000 men. In Bergmann Offensive, initially Russian had 39th, 20th Divisions (40.000-42000 infantry), 5 Battalions of 1st Plastun Brigade (3.500 infantry) and 36 sotni (4.000 cavalry) and 120 guns. On the 15th, 4th Turkistan Rifle Brigade arrived. Strength of 4th Turkistan Rifle Brigade isn't mentioned by Muratoff and Allen but it constituted half of the Turkistan Army Corps (21 battalions, 42 guns).
In conclusion, Russians started battle with 45.000 infantry, 4.000 cavalry and 120 guns. They gained 7–8.000 strong reinforcement in 15 November. On the other hand, Turkish 17th Division caught Battle in 17 November. Consequently, both side had approximately 50.000 soldiers with equal gunpower (120 Russian guns against 128 Turkish guns).
From Turkish Side
On 1 November, Russians crossed the border and started the move on Erzurum. The Ottoman frontier guards couldn't detect the power of the Russian forces because they were killed, routed or captured abruptly by Russians.
Hasan İzzet planned to rout this vanguard force and retreat again to the Erzurum fortifications. 7 November was a rainy and foggy day. Two divisions of XI Corps moved from
Willing Retreat
On 21 November, the Ottomans regained 30 kilometers but Hasan İzzet decide to retreat 15 kilometers because he got some exaggerated information about Russian troops toward Narman. He withdrew all armies on the night of 21 November. A terrible blizzard showed up. Hundreds of soldiers died from hypothermia and presence of Ottoman troops decreased by 50%. Russia didn't anticipate the Ottomans would retreat, because the Ottomans had successfully fought for 2 weeks. Ziya Yergök said: "If Russia would make use of this retreat, they could capture all our army with just one cavalry division". IX Corps commander Ahmet Fevzi Pasha criticized Hasan İzzet for this unnecessary retreat. Hasan İzzet Pasha wanted approval from Enver Pasha to dismiss of Ahmet Fevzi Pasha by making the argument that "Although he is commanding one of the most privileged Corps of 3rd Army, he is pessimistic about the result of the war". Enver Pasha gave the approval and Ahmet Fevzi Pasha was both dismissed and retired. 34th Division commander Ali İhsan Pasha was appointed IX Corps commander by Hasan İzzet Pasha. This retreat caused intrigue against Hasan İzzet Pasha. Enver Pasha wanted to see the situation on the scene. The council of ministers suggested that he should stay in Istanbul and send a proxy in his place, as he was minister of war and vice-generalissimo. Enver Pasha sent second chief of staff Hafiz Hakki Pasha instead of himself, but a few days later he also went to the Ottoman 3rd Army. This arrivals led to Sarikamish outflanking manoeuvre and pitched battle.
References
- ^ Rob Johnson. "The Great War and the Middle East". Oxford University. Page 156.
- ^ a b c d e Hafız Hakkı Paşa'nın Sarıkamış Günlüğü, p. 46.
- ^ a b Şerif ilden (1922). Sarıkamış. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- ^ a b c d e f P. Muratoff, W. E. D. Allen (1953). Caucasian Battlefields. New York: Cambridge Library Collection. p. 242.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Eugene Rogan. The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East. Hachette UK. 2015. P. 78
- ^ Царствование Императора Николая 2/ Сергей Ольденбург.-М.:Центрполиграф, 2022.-654 с. ISBN 978-5-227-09905-1
- ^ ISBN 0-86307-181-3.
- ^ General Nikolski, Sarıkamış Harekatı, p. 3.
- ^ Köprülülü Şerif İlden, Sarıkamış, p. 161.
- ^ W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, "Caucasian Battlefields", Cambridge 1953, page 242.
- ^ W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, "Caucasian Battlefields", Cambridge 1953, pages 246-247.
- ^ W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, "Caucasian Battlefields", Cambridge 1953, page 248.
- ISBN 5-89173-082-0.
- ^ W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, "Caucasian Battlefields", Cambridge 1953, page 244.
- ^ W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, "Caucasian Battlefields", Cambridge 1953, page 241.
- ^ a b Köprülülü Şerif İlden, Sarıkamış, p. 56.
- ^ İlden, Sarıkamış, p. 68-71.
- ^ Birinci Dünya Savaşında Kafkas Cephesinde Muharebeler, yazan Alman Yarbay Guze, çev. Yarbay Hakkı (Akoğuz), p. 28.